Chapter 14: Statistics

Exercise 14.1

Q1. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment

awareness programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the
number of plants in 20 houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per
house.

Number of plants 0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8 8 – 10 10 –12 12–14

Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3

Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?

Difficulty Level:
Easy

Known:
The number of plants in 20 houses in a locality.
Unknown:
The mean number of plants per house and the method used for finding the mean.

Reasoning:
We can solve this question by any method of finding mean but here we will use direct
method to solve this question because the data given is small.

The mean (or average) of observations, as we know, is the sum of the values of all the
observations divided by the total number of observations.

We know that if x1, x2, . . ., xn are observations with respective frequencies f1, f2, . . ., fn,
then this means observation x1 occurs f1 times, x2 occurs f2 times, and so on.

x is the class mark for each interval, you can find the value of x by using
upper limit + lower limit
class mark, xi =
2

Now, the sum of the values of all the observations = f1x1 + f2x2 + . . . + fnxn, and the
number of observations = f1 + f2 + . . . + fn.
So, the mean of the data is given by

f1 x1 + f 2 x2 + + f n xn
x=
f1 + f 2 + + fn

x=
fx i i
where i varies from 1 to n.
f i
Solution:

Number of plants Number of houses

xi fi xi
fi
0–2 1 1 1
2–4 2 3 6
4–6 1 5 5
6–8 5 7 35
8 – 10 6 9 54
10 – 12 2 11 22
12 – 14 3 13 39
f i = 20 fx i i = 162

From the table it can be observed that,

 f = 20
i

 f x = 162
i i

Mean, x = 
fi xi
f i

162
=
20
= 8.1

Thus, the mean number of plants each house has 8.1.

Here, we have used the direct method because the value of xi and fi are small.

Q2. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory.

Daily wages (in Rs) 500 – 520 520 – 540 540 –560 560 – 580 580 – 600

Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10

Find the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate
method.

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
Distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory is given-

Unknown:
The mean daily wages of the workers of the factory.
Reasoning:
We will use Assumed Mean Method to solve this question because the data given is large.

Sometimes when the numerical values of xi and fi are large, finding the product of xi and fi
becomes tedious. We can do nothing with the fi, but we can change each xi to a smaller
number so that our calculations become easy. Now we have to subtract a fixed number
from each of these xi.

The first step is to choose one among the xi as the assumed mean and denote it by ‘a’.
Also, to further reduce our calculation work, we may take ‘a’ to be that xi which lies in the
centre of x1, x2, . . ., xn. So, we can choose a.

The next step is to find the difference ‘di’ between a and each of the xi, that is, the deviation
of ‘a’ from each of the xi. i.e., di = xi − a

The third step is to find the product of di with the corresponding fi, and take the sum of all
the f i d i

Now put the values in the below formula

Mean, x = a +  
 f i di 

  f i 

Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Taking assumed mean, a = 550

Daily wages No of workers

xi di = xi − a fi di
(in ₹) fi
500 – 520 12 510 – 40 – 480
520 – 540 14 530 – 20 – 280
540 – 560 8 550 (a) 0 0
560 – 580 6 570 20 120
580 – 600 10 590 40 400
f i = 50 fd
i i = −240

It can be observed from the table,

 f = 50
i

 f u = −240
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 fd 

i i

 f i 
  −240 
= 550 +  
 50 
24
= 550 −
5
= 550 − 4.8
= 545.2

Thus, the mean daily wages of the workers of the factory is ₹ 545.20

Q3. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a
locality. The mean pocket allowance is ₹ 18. Find the missing frequency f.

Daily pocket
11 – 13 13 – 15 15 – 17 17 – 19 19 – 21 21 – 23 23 – 25
allowance (in ₹)
Number of children 7 6 9 13 f 5 4

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The mean pocket allowance is ₹ 18.

Unknown:
The missing frequency f.

Reasoning:
We will use assumed mean method to solve this question.

Mean, x = a +  
 f i di 

  fi 
Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Taking assumed mean, a = 18

Daily pocket No of children

xi di = xi − a fi di
allowance (in ₹) fi
11 – 13 7 12 –6 –42
13 – 15 6 14 –4 –24
15 – 17 9 16 –2 –18
17 – 19 13 18 (a) 0 0
19 – 21 f 20 2 2f
21 – 23 5 22 4 20
23 – 25 4 24 6 24
f i = 40 + f fd
i i = 2 f − 40
From the table, we obtain
 f = 40 + f
i

 f d = 2 f − 40
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 f i di 

  fi 


 2 f − 40 
18 = 18 +  
 40 + f 
2 f − 40
18 − 18 =
40 + f
2 f − 40 = 0
f = 20

Hence, the missing frequency f is 20.

Q4. Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of heart
beats per minute were recorded and summarised as follows. Find the mean heart
beats per minute for these women, choosing a suitable method.

Number of heart
65 – 68 68 – 71 71 – 74 74 – 77 77 – 80 80 – 83 83 – 86
beats per minute
Number of women 2 4 3 8 7 4 2

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The heart beats per minute of 30 women.

Unknown:
The mean heart beats per minute for these women.

Reasoning:
We will use Step-deviation Method to solve this question because the data given is large
and will be convenient to apply if all the di have a common factor.

Sometimes when the numerical values of xi and fi are large, finding the product of xi and fi
becomes tedious. We can do nothing with the fi, but we can change each xi to a smaller
number so that our calculations become easy. Now we have to subtract a fixed number
from each of these xi.

The first step is to choose one among the xi as the assumed mean and denote it by ‘a’.
Also, to further reduce our calculation work, we may take ‘a’ to be that xi which lies in the
centre of x1, x2, . . ., xn. So, we can choose a.
The next step is to find the difference ‘di’ between a and each of the
xi, that is, the deviation of ‘a’ from each of the xi. i.e., di = xi − a
di
The third step is to find ‘ui’ by dividing di and class size h for each of the xi. i.e., ui =
h
The next step is to find the product of ui with the corresponding fi, and take the sum of all
the fi ui
The step-deviation method will be convenient to apply if all the di have a common factor.

Now put the values in the below formula

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  fi 


Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Class size, h = 3
Taking assumed mean, a = 75.5

Number of heart No. of women di

xi di = xi − a ui = fi ui
beats per minute fi h
65 – 68 2 66.5 –9 –3 –6
68 – 71 4 69.5 –6 –2 –8
71 – 74 3 72.5 –3 –1 –3
74 – 77 8 75.5 (a) 0 0 0
77 – 80 7 78.5 3 1 7
80 – 83 4 81.5 6 2 8
83 – 86 2 84.5 9 3 6
f i = 30  fu i i =4

From the table, we obtain

 f = 30
i

 fu =4
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  f i 
 4 
= 75.5 +    3
 30 
2
= 75.5 −
5
= 75.5 − 0.4
= 75.9

Hence, the mean heartbeat per minute for these women is 75.9
Q5. In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing boxes.
These boxes contained varying number of mangoes. The following was the
distribution of mangoes according to the number of boxes.

Number of mangoes 50 – 52 53 – 55 56 – 58 59 – 61 62 – 64

Number of boxes 15 110 135 115 25

Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box. Which method of finding
the mean did you choose?

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The distribution of mangoes according to the number of boxes.

Unknown:
The mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box.

Reasoning:
We will solve this question by step-deviation method.
Hence, the given class interval is not continuous. First, we have to make it continuous.
There is a gap of 1 between two class intervals. Therefore, half of the gap i.e., 0.5 has to
be added to the upper-class limit and 0.5 has to be subtracted from the lower-class limit of
each interval.
Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  fi 

Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Class size, h = 3
Taking assumed mean, a = 57

Number of Number of boxes di

xi di = xi − a ui = fi ui
mangoes fi h
49.5 – 52.5 15 51 –6 –2 –30
52.5 – 55.5 110 54 –3 –1 –110
55.5 – 58.5 135 57 (a) 0 0 0
58.5 – 61.5 115 60 3 1 115
61.5 – 64.5 25 63 6 2 50
f i = 400  fu
i i = 25
From the table, we obtain
 f = 400
i

 f u = 25
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h

  f i 
 25 
= 57 +  3
 400 
1
= 57 +  3
16
3
= 57 +
16
= 57 + 0.19
= 57.19

The mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box are 57.19.

Q6. The table below shows the daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a
locality.

Daily expenditure (in ₹) 100 – 150 150 – 200 200 – 250 250 – 300 300 – 350
Number of households 4 5 12 2 2

Find the mean daily expenditure on food by a suitable method.

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The daily expenditure on food of 25 households in a locality.

Unknown:
The mean daily expenditure on food.

Reasoning:
We will solve this question by step deviation method.

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  f i 

Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Class size, h = 50
Taking assumed mean, a = 225
 Number of
Daily expenditure households di
xi di = xi − a ui = fi ui
(in ₹) f h
i

100 – 150 4 125 –100 –2 –8

150 – 200 5 175 –50 –1 –5
200 – 250 12 225 (a) 0 0 0
250 – 300 2 275 50 1 2
300 – 350 2 325 100 2 4
f i = 25  fu
i i = −7

From the table, we obtain

 f = 25
i

 f u = −7
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  i f
 −7 
= 225 +    50
 25 
= 225 − 14
= 211

Thus, the mean daily expenditure on food is ₹ 211.

Q7. To find out the concentration of SO2 in the air (in parts per million, i.e., ppm),
the data was collected for 30 localities in a certain city and is presented below:

Concentration of SO2 (in ppm) Frequency

0.00 – 0.04
4
0.04 – 0.08
9
0.08 – 0.12
9
0.12 – 0.16
2
0.16 – 0.20
4
0.20 – 0.24
2

Find the mean concentration of SO2 in the air.

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The concentration of SO2 in the air (in parts per million, i.e., ppm), for 30 localities in a
certain city.

Unknown:
The mean concentration of SO2 in the air.

Reasoning:
We will solve this question by step-deviation method.

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  fi 

Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Class size, h = 0.04
Taking assumed mean, a = 0.14

Concentration of Frequency di
xi di = xi − a ui = fi ui
SO2 (in ppm) fi h
0.00 – 0.04 4 0.02 – 0.12 –3 – 12
0.04 – 0.08 9 0.06 – 0.08 –2 – 18
0.08 – 0.12 9 0.10 – 0.04 –1 –9
0.12 – 0.16 2 0.14 (a) 0 0 0
0.16 – 0.20 4 0.18 0.04 1 4
0.20 – 0.24 2 0.22 0.08 2 4
f i = 30  fu
i i = −31

From the table, we obtain

 f = 30
i

 f u = −31
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  fi 
 −31 
= 0.14 +    0.04
 30 
= 0.14 − 0.041
= 0.099

The mean concentration of SO2 in the air is 0.099.

Q8. A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for
the whole term. Find the mean number of days a student was absent .

Number of days 0–6 6 – 10 10 – 14 14 – 20 20 – 28 28 – 38 38 – 40

Number of students 11 10 7 4 4 3 1

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole term.

Unknown:
The mean number of days a student was absent.

Reasoning:
We will solve this question by assumed mean method.
Mean, x = a +  
 f i di 

  fi 


Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Taking assumed mean, a = 17

Number of days Number of students

xi di = xi − a fi di
fi
0–6 11 3 –14 –154
6 – 10 10 8 –9 –90
10 – 14 7 12 –5 –35
14 – 20 4 17 (a) 0 0
20 – 28 4 24 7 28
28 – 38 3 33 18 48
38 – 40 1 39 22 22
f i = 40 fd i i = −181

From the table, we obtain

 f = 40
i

 f d = −181
i i
Mean, x = a +  
 f i di 

  fi 

 −181 
= 17 +  
 40 
= 17 − 4.525
= 12.475
= 12.48
Thus, the mean number of days a student was absent is 12.48.

Q9. The following table gives the literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities. Find the
mean literacy rate.

Literacy rate (in %) 45 – 55 55 – 65 65 – 75 75 – 85 85 – 95

Number of cities 3 10 11 8 3

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The literacy rate (in percentage) of 35 cities.

Unknown:
The mean literacy rate.

Reasoning:
We will solve this question by assumed mean method.

Mean, x = a +  
 f i di 

  fi 
Solution:
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Taking assumed mean, a = 70
Literacy rate No of cities
xi di = xi − a fi di
fi

45 – 55 3 50 – 20 – 60
55 – 65 10 60 – 10 – 100
65 – 75 11 70 (a) 0 0
75 – 85 8 80 10 80
85 – 95 3 90 20 60
f i = 35 fd
i i = −20
From the table, we obtain
 f = 35
i

 f d = −20
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 f i di 


  f i 
 − 20 
= 70 +  
 35 
= 70 − 0.57
= 69.43

Thus, the mean literacy rate is 69.43%.

 Chapter 14: Statistics
Exercise 14.2

Q1. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during
a year:

Age (in years) 5 – 15 15 – 25 25 – 35 35 – 45 45 – 55 55 – 65

Number of Patients 6 11 21 23 14 5

Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two
measures of central tendency.

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year.

Unknown:
The mode and the mean of the data and their comparison and interpretation.

Reasoning:
We will find the mean by direct method.
Mean, x = 
fi xi
f i

Modal Class is the class with highest frequency

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
Where,
Class size, h
Lower limit of modal class, l
Frequency of modal class, f1
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2

Solution:
To find Mean

We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
 Age Number of patients xi fi xi
(in years) fi
5 – 15 6 10 6
15 – 25 11 20 220
25 – 35 21 30 630
35 – 45 23 40 920
45 – 55 14 50 700
55 – 65 5 60 300
f i = 80 fxi i = 2830

From the table it can be observed that,

 f = 80
i

 f x = 2830
i i

Mean, x = 
fi xi
f i

2830
=
80
= 35.37

To find mode
We know that, Modal Class is the class with highest frequency

Age Number of patients

(in years) fi
5 – 15 6
15 – 25 11
25 – 35 21
35 – 45 23
45 – 55 14
55 – 65 5

From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 23, belonging to
class interval 35 − 45.

Therefore, Modal class = 35 − 45

Class size, h = 10
Lower limit of modal class, l = 35
Frequency of modal class, f1 = 23
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0 = 21
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2 = 14
 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 1 0 2
2 f − f − f
 23 − 21 
= 35 +    10
 2  23 − 21 − 14 
 2 
= 35 +   10
 46 − 35 
2
= 35 + 10
11
= 35 + 1.8
= 36.8
So, the modal age is 36.8 years which means maximum patients admitted to the hospital
are of age 36.8 years.

Mean age is 35.37 and average age of the patients admitted is 35.37 years.

Q2. The following data gives information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225
electric components

Lifetime (in hours) 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100 100 – 120

Frequency 10 35 52 61 38 29

Determine the modal lifetimes of the components.

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225 electric components.

Unknown:
The modal lifetimes of the components.

Reasoning:
Modal Class is the class with highest frequency
 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
Where,
Class size, h
Lower limit of modal class, l
Frequency of modal class, f1
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2
Solution:

Lifetime (in hours) Frequency

0 – 20 10

20 – 40 35

40 – 60 52

60 – 80 61

80 – 100 38

100 – 120 29

From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 61, belonging to
class interval 60 − 80

Therefore, Modal class = 60 − 80

Class size, h = 20

Lower limit of modal class, l = 60

Frequency of modal class, f1 = 61

Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0 = 52

Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2 = 38

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
 61 − 52 
= 60 +    20
 2  61 − 52 − 38 
 9 
= 60 +    20
 122 − 90 
9
= 60 +  20
32
= 60 + 5.625
= 65.625

Hence, the modal lifetimes of the components are 65.625 hours.

Q3. The following data gives the distribution of total monthly household expenditure
of 200 families of a village. Find the modal monthly expenditure of the families.
Also find the mean monthly expenditure.

Expenditure (in ₹) Number of families

1000 – 1500 24
1500 – 2000 40
2000 – 2500 33
2500 – 3000 28
3000 – 3500 30
3500 – 4000 22
4000 – 4500 16
4500 – 5000 7
Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The total monthly household expenditure of 200 families of a village.

Unknown:
The modal and mean monthly expenditure of the families.

Reasoning:
We will find the mean by step-deviation method.

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  f i 
Modal Class is the class with highest frequency
 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
Where,
Class size, h
Lower limit of modal class, l
Frequency of modal class, f1
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2

Solution:
To find mean, we know that,
 Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Class size, h = 500
Taking assumed mean, a = 2750

Expenditure Number of families di

xi di = xi − a ui = fi ui
(in ₹) fi h
1000 – 1500 24 1250 –1500 –3 –72
1500 – 2000 40 1750 –1000 –2 –80
2000 – 2500 33 2250 –500 –1 –33
2500 –3000 28 2750 (a) 0 0 0
3000 – 3500 30 3250 500 1 30
3500 – 4000 22 3750 1000 2 44
4000 – 4500 16 4250 1500 3 48
4500 – 5000 7 4750 2000 4 28
f i = 200  fu
i i = −35

From the table, we obtain

 f = 200
i

 f u = −35
i i

Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  f i 
 −35 
= 2750 +    500
 200 
175
= 2750 −
2
= 2750 − 87.5
= 2662.5

To find mode
Expenditure (in ₹) Number of families
1000 – 1500 24
1500 – 2000 40
2000 – 2500 33
2500 – 3000 28
3000 – 3500 30
3500 – 4000 22
4000 – 4500 16
4500 – 5000 7
From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency
is 40, belonging to class interval 1500 − 2000
Therefore, Modal class = 1500 − 2000

Class size, h = 500

Lower limit of modal class, l = 1500
Frequency of modal class, f1 = 40
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0 = 24
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2 = 33

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
 40 − 24 
= 1500 +    500
 2  40 − 24 − 33 
 16 
= 1500 +    500
 80 − 57 
16
= 1500 +  500
23
= 1500 + 347.83
= 1847.83

The modal monthly expenditure of the families is ₹ 1847.83

and the mean monthly expenditure of the families is ₹ 2662.50

Q4. The following data gives the state- wise teacher- student ratio in higher
secondary schools of India. Find the mode and mean of the data and interpret
the two.

Number of students per teacher Number of states / U.T.

15 – 20 3
20 – 25 8
25 – 30 9
30 – 35 10
35 – 40 3
40 – 45 0
45 – 50 0
50 – 55 2

Difficulty Level:
Moderate
Known:
The state- wise teacher- student ratio in higher secondary schools of India.

Unknown:
The mode and mean of the data and their interpretation.

Reasoning:
We will find the mean by direct method.
Mean, x = 
fi xi
f i

Modal Class is the class with highest frequency

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
Where,
Class size, h
Lower limit of modal class, l
Frequency of modal class, f1
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2

Solution:
To find mean
We know that,
Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Class size, h = 500
Taking assumed mean, a = 2750

Number of students per Number of states / U.T.

xi fi xi
teacher fi
15 – 20 3 17.5 52.5
20 – 25 8 22.5 180
25 – 30 9 27.5 247.5
30 – 35 10 32.5 325
35 – 40 3 37.5 112.5
40 – 45 0 42.5 0
45 – 50 0 47.5 0
50 – 55 2 52.5 105
f i = 35 fx
i i = 1024

Mean, x = 
fi xi
f i

1024
=
35
= 29.26
To find mode

Number of students per teacher Number of states / U.T.

15 – 20 3
20 – 25 8
25 – 30 9
30 – 35 10
35 – 40 3
40 – 45 0
45 – 50 0
50 – 55 2

From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 10, belonging to
class interval 30 − 35

Therefore, Modal class = 30 − 35

Class size, h = 5
Lower limit of modal class, l = 30

Frequency of modal class, f1 = 10

Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0 = 9
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2 = 3

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
 10 − 9 
= 30 +  5
 2 10 − 9 − 3 
 1 
= 30 +  5
 20 − 12 
5
= 30 +
8
= 30 + 0.625
= 30.625
= 30.6

The modal teacher- student ratio is 30.6 and mean teacher- student ratio is 29.26.
Most states/U.T. have a teacher- student ratio of 30.6 and on an average the ratio is 29.26
Q5. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsman
of the world in one- day international cricket matches.

Runs scored Number of batsmen

3000 – 4000 4
4000 – 5000 18
5000 – 6000 9
6000 – 7000 7
7000 – 8000 6
8000 – 9000 3
9000 – 10000 1
10000 –11000 1

Find the mode of the data.

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The number of runs scored by some top batsman of the world in one- day international
cricket matches.

Unknown:
The mode of the data.

Reasoning:
Modal Class is the class with highest frequency
 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
2 f −
 1 0 2f − f
Where,
Class size, h
Lower limit of modal class, l
Frequency of modal class, f1
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2

Solution:
From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 18, belonging to
class interval 4000 − 5000
Therefore, Modal class = 4000 − 5000
Class size, h = 1000
Lower limit of modal class, l = 4000
Frequency of modal class, f1 = 18
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0 = 4
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2 = 9

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
 18 − 4 
= 4000 +   1000
 2 18 − 4 − 9 
 14 
= 4000 +   1000
 36 − 13 
14
= 4000 + 1000
23
= 4000 + 608.695
= 4608.695
= 4608.7

Hence the mode is 4608.7

Q6. A student noted the number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100
periods each of 3 minutes and summarised it in the table given below. Find mode of
the data.

Number of cars 0 –10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80

Frequency 7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8

Difficulty Level:
Moderate

Known:
The number of cars passing through a spot on a road for 100 periods each of 3 minutes.

Unknown:
The mode of the data.

Reasoning:
Modal Class is the class with highest frequency
 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
Where,
Class size, h
Lower limit of modal class, l
Frequency of modal class, f1
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2

Solution:
From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 20, belonging to
class interval 40 − 50
Therefore, Modal class = 40 − 50

Class size, h = 10
Lower limit of modal class, l = 40
Frequency of modal class, f1 = 20
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0 = 12
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2 = 11

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 1 0 2
2 f − f − f
 20 − 12 
= 40 +   10
 2  20 − 12 − 11 
 8 
= 40 +   10
 40 − 23 
8
= 40 + 10
17
= 40 + 4.705
= 40.705
= 40.7

Hence the mode is 40.7

 Chapter 14: Statistics
Exercise 14.3

Q1. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of

electricity of 68 consumers of a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data
and compare them.

Monthly consumption (in units) Number of consumers

65 – 85 4

85 – 105 5

105 – 125 13

125 – 145 20

145 – 165 14

165 – 185 8

185 – 205 4

Difficulty Level:
Medium

Known:
The frequency distribution of the monthly consumption of electricity of 68 consumers of
a locality

Unknown:
The median, mean and mode of the data and the comparison between them.

Reasoning:
We will find the mean by step-deviation method.
Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  f i 
Modal Class is the class with highest frequency
 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
2 f −
 1 0 2f − f
Where,
Class size, h
Lower limit of modal class, l
Frequency of modal class, f1
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2

n
Median Class is the class having Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than
2
n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
Class size, h
Number of observations, n
Lower limit of median class, l
Frequency of median class, f
Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf

Solution:
To find mean, the following relation is used.

Upper class limit + Lower class limit

Class mark, xi =
2

Class size, h = 20

Taking assumed mean, a = 135

di, ui and fiui are calculated according to step-deviation method as follows:

Monthly consumption Number of consumers Class mark di = xi − a di fi ui

ui =
(in units) fi xi h

65 – 85 4 75 -60 -3 -12

85 – 105 5 95 -40 -2 -10

105 – 125 13 115 -20 -1 -13

125 – 145 20 135 (a) 0 0 0

145 – 165 14 155 20 1 14

165 – 185 8 175 40 2 16

185 – 205 4 195 60 3 12

Total 68 7
From the table, we obtain
 f = 68
i

 fu =7
i i

Mean, X = a +  
 fi ui 
  h

  f i 
 7 
= 135 +    20
 68 
140
= 135 +
68
= 135 + 2.05
= 137.05

To find mode

Monthly consumption (in units) Number of consumers

65 – 85 4

85 – 105 5

105 – 125 13

125 – 145 20

145 – 165 14

165 – 185 8

185 – 205 4

From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 20, belonging to
class interval 125 − 145.

Class size, h = 20

Modal class = 125 − 145

Lower limit of modal class, l = 125

Frequency of modal class, f1 = 20

Frequency of class preceding modal class, f0 = 13

Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f2 = 14

  f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
 20 − 13 
= 125 +    20
 2  20 − 13 − 14 
 7 
= 125 +    20
 40 − 27 
7
= 125 +  20
13
140
= 125 +
13
= 125 + 10.76
= 135.76

To find the median of the given data, cumulative frequency is calculated as follows

Monthly consumption Number of consumers Cumulative frequency

(in units) f cf
65 – 85 4 4

85 – 105 5 4+5=9

105 – 125 13 9+13 = 22

125 – 145 20 22 + 20 = 42

145 – 165 14 42 + 14 = 56

165 – 185 8 56 + 8 = 64

185 – 205 4 64 + 4 = 68
n = 68

From the table, we obtain

n
n = 68  = 34
2

n
Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than is 42, belonging to class-interval 125 − 145.
2
Therefore, median class = 125 – 145

Class size, h = 20

Lower limit of median class, l = 125

Frequency of median class, f = 20

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf = 22

 n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 34 − 22 
= 125 +    20
 20 
12
= 125 +  20
20
= 125 + 12
= 137

Therefore, median, mode, mean of the given data is 137, 135.76, and 137.05 respectively.
The three measures are approximately the same in this case.

Q2. If the median of the distribution given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y.

Class Interval Frequency

0 – 10 5

10 – 20 x

20 – 30 20

30 – 40 15

40 – 50 y

50 – 60 5
Total 60

Difficulty Level:
Medium

Known:
The median of the distribution is 28.5

Unknown:
The values of x and y

Reasoning:
n
Median Class is the class having Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than
2
n 
 − cf 
Median = l +  2  h
 f 
 
Class size, h

Number of observations, n

Lower limit of median class, l

Frequency of median class, f

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf

Solution:
The cumulative frequency for the given data is calculated as follows.

Class Interval Frequency Cumulative frequency

0 – 10 5 5

10 – 20 x 5+x

20 – 30 20 25 + x

30 – 40 15 40 + x

40 – 50 y 40 + x + y

50 – 60 5 45 + x + y
n = 60

From the table, it can be observed that

n
n = 60  = 30
2
45 + x + y = 60
x + y = 15 (i)

Median of the data is given as 28.5 which lies in interval 20 − 30.

Therefore, median class = 20 – 30

Class size, h = 10

Lower limit of median class, l = 20

Frequency of median class, f = 20

Cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class, cf = 5 + x

 n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 30 − ( 5 + x ) 
28.5 = 20 +   10
 20 
 25 − x 
28.5 − 20 =   10
 20 
25 − x
8.5 =
2
25 − x = 8.5  2
x = 25 − 17
x =8

Putting x = 8 in equation (i)

8 + y = 15
y=7

Hence, the values of x and y are 8 and 7 respectively.

Q3. A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100
policy holders. Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to persons having
age 18 years onwards but less than 60 year.

Age (in years) Number of policy holders

Below 20 2

Below 25 6

Below 30 24

Below 35 45

Below 40 78

Below 45 89

Below 50 92

Below 55 98

Below 60 100

Difficulty Level:
Medium
Known:
The data for distribution of ages of 100 policy holders. The policies are given only to
persons having age 18 years onwards but less than 60 years.

Unknown:
The median age.

Reasoning:
Here, class width is not the same. There is no requirement of adjusting the frequencies
according to class intervals. The given frequency table is of less than type represented
with upper class limits.
n
Median Class is the class having Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than
2
n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
Class size, h
Number of observations, n
Lower limit of median class, l
Frequency of median class, f
Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf

Solution:

Class intervals with their respective cumulative frequency can be defined as below.

Age (in years) Cumulative frequency Number of policy holders

cf f
18 – 20 2 2

20 – 25 6 6–2=4

25 – 30 24 24 – 6 = 18

30 – 35 45 45 – 24 = 21

35 – 40 78 78 – 45 = 33

40 – 45 89 89 – 78 = 11

45 – 50 92 92 – 89 = 3

50 – 55 98 98 – 92 = 6

55 – 60 100 100 – 98 = 2

From the table, it can be observed that

n
n = 100  = 50
2
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than 50 is 78, belonging to class-interval 35 − 40.
Therefore, median class = 35 – 40
Class size, h = 5
Lower limit of median class, l = 35
Frequency of median class, f = 33
Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf = 45

n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 50 − 45 
= 35 +  5
 33 
5
= 35 +  5
33
25
= 35 +
33
= 35 + 0.76
= 35.76

Therefore, median age is 35.76 years.

Q4. The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to the nearest
millimetre, and the data obtained is represented in the following table :

Length (in mm) Number of leaves

118 – 126 3

127 – 135 5

136 – 144 9

145 – 153 12

154 – 162 5

163 – 171 4

172 – 180 2

Find the median length of the leaves.

(Hint: The data needs to be converted to continuous classes for finding the median,
since the formula assumes continuous classes. The classes then change to 117.5 -
126.5, 126.5 - 135.5, . . ., 171.5 - 180.5.)

Difficulty Level:
Medium
Known:
The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured in millimetre.

Unknown:
The median length of the leaves.

Reasoning:
n
Median Class is the class having Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than
2
n 
 − cf 
Median = l +  2  h
 f 
 
Class size, h
Number of observations, n
Lower limit of median class, l
Frequency of median class, f
Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf

Solution:

Length (in mm) Number of leaves Cumulative frequency

f cf
117.5 – 126.5 3 3

126.5 – 135.5 5 3+5=8

135.5 – 144.5 9 8 + 9 = 17

144.5 – 153.5 12 17 + 12 = 29

153.5 – 162.5 5 29 + 5 = 34

162.5 – 171.5 4 34 + 4 = 38

171.5 – 180.5 2 38 + 2 = 40
n = 40

From the table, it can be observed that

n
n = 40  = 20
2
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than 20 is 29, belonging to class 144.5 – 153.5

Therefore, median class = 144.5 – 153.5

Class size, h = 9

Lower limit of median class, l = 144.5

Frequency of median class, f = 12

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf = 17

n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 20 − 17 
= 144.5 +  9
 12 
3
= 144.5 +  5
12
5
= 144.5 +
4
= 144.5 + 1.25
= 145.75

Therefore, median length of leaves is 146.75 mm.

Q5. The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps :

Lifetime (in hours) Number of lamps

1500 – 2000 14

2000 – 2500 56

2500 – 3000 60

3000 – 3500 86

3500 – 4000 74

4000 – 4500 62

4500 – 5000 48

Find the median lifetime of a lamp.

Difficulty Level:
Medium

Known:
The lifetime of 400 neon lamps.

Unknown:
The median lifetime of a lamp.
Reasoning:
n
Median Class is the class having Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than
2
n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
Class size, h

Number of observations, n

Lower limit of median class, l

Frequency of median class, f

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf

Solution:

Lifetime Number of lamps Cumulative frequency

(in hours) f cf
1500 – 2000 14 14

2000 – 2500 56 14 + 56 = 70

2500 – 3000 60 70 + 60 = 130

3000 – 3500 86 130 + 86 = 216

3500 – 4000 74 216 + 74 = 290

4000 – 4500 62 290 + 62 = 352

4500 – 5000 48 352 + 48 = 400

n = 400

From the table, it can be observed that

n
n = 400  = 200
2
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than 200 is 216, belonging to class 3000 – 3500.
Therefore, median class = 3000 – 3500

Class size, h = 500

Lower limit of median class, l = 3000

Frequency of median class, f = 86

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf = 130

 n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 200 − 130 
= 3000 +    500
 86 
70
= 3000 +  500
86
17500
= 3000 +
43
= 3000 + 406.98
= 3406.98

Therefore, median lifetime of lamps is 3406.98 hours.

Q6. 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the
frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabets in the
surnames was obtained as follows:

Number of letters 1–4 4–7 7 – 10 10 – 13 13 – 16 16 – 19

Number of surnames 6 30 40 16 4 4

Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of
letters in the surnames? Also, find the modal size of the surnames.

Difficulty Level:
Hard

Known:
The frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabets for 100
surnames.

Unknown:
The median and mean number of letters in the surnames and the modal size of the
surnames.

Reasoning:
We will find the mean by step-deviation method.
Mean, x = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  fi 

Modal Class is the class with highest frequency

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
Where,
Class size, h

Lower limit of modal class, l

Frequency of modal class, f1

Frequency of class preceding modal class, f 0

Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f 2

n
Median Class is the class having Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than
2
n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
Class size, h

Number of observations, n

Lower limit of median class, l

Frequency of median class, f

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf

Solution:
To find the median

Number of letters Number of surnames Cumulative frequency

f cf
1–4 6 6

4–7 30 6 + 30 = 36

7 – 10 40 36 + 40 = 76

10 – 13 16 76 + 16 = 92

13 – 16 4 92 + 4 = 96

16 – 19 4 96 + 4 = 100
n = 100

From the table, it can be observed that

n
n = 100  = 50
2
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than 50 is 76, belonging to class 7 – 10.
Therefore, median class = 7 – 10

Class size, h = 3

Lower limit of median class, l = 7

Frequency of median class, f = 40

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf = 36

n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 50 − 36 
= 7+ 3
 40 
14
= 7 + 3
40
21
=7+
20
= 7 + 1.05
= 8.05

To find the mean

Upper class limit + Lower class limit
Class mark, xi =
2
Taking assumed mean, a = 11.5

Number of letters Number of surnames Class mark di

di = xi − a ui = fi ui
fi xi h
1–4 6 2.5 –9 –3 – 18

4–7 30 5.5 –6 –2 – 60

7 – 10 40 8.5 –3 –1 – 40

10 – 13 16 11.5 0 0 0

13 – 16 4 14.5 3 1 4

16 – 19 4 17.5 6 2 8
Total 100 – 106

From the table, we obtain

 f = 100
i

 f u = −106
i i

Class size, h = 3
Mean, X = a +  
 fi ui 
  h
  fi 

 −106 
= 11.5 +  3
 100 
318
= 11.5 −
100
= 11.5 − 3.18
= 8.32

To find mode

Number of letters Number of surnames

1–4 6

4–7 30

7 – 10 40

10 – 13 16

13 – 16 4

16 – 19 4
n = 100

From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 40, belonging to
class interval 7 − 10.

Class size, h = 3

Modal class = 7 − 10
Lower limit of modal class, l = 7
Frequency of modal class, f1 = 40
Frequency of class preceding modal class, f0 = 30
Frequency of class succeeding the modal class, f2 = 16

 f1 − f 0 
Mode = l +   h
 2 f1 − f 0 − f 2 
 40 − 30 
= 7+ 3
 2  40 − 30 − 16 
 10 
= 7 +  3
 34 
15
=7+
17
= 7 + 0.88
= 7.88
Therefore, median and mean number of letters in surnames is 8.05 and 8.32 respectively
and modal size of surnames is 7.88.

Q7. The distribution below gives the weights of 30 students of a class. Find the
median weight of the students.

Weight (in kg) 40 – 45 45 – 50 50 – 55 55 – 60 60 – 65 65 – 70 70 – 75

Number of students 2 3 8 6 6 3 2

Difficulty Level:
Medium

Known:
The weights of 30 students of a class.

Unknown:
The median weight of the students.

Reasoning:
n
Median Class is the class having Cumulative frequency(cf) just greater than
2
n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
Class size, h
Number of observations, n
Lower limit of median class, l
Frequency of median class, f
Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf

Solution:
Weight Number of students Cumulative frequency
(in kg) f cf
40 – 45 2 2

45 – 50 3 2+3=5

50 – 55 8 5 + 8 = 13

55 – 60 6 13 + 6 = 19

60 – 65 6 19 + 6 = 25

65 – 70 3 25 + 3 = 28

70 – 75 2 28 + 2 = 30
n = 30
From the table, it can be observed that
n
n = 30  = 15
2
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than 15 is 19, belonging to class 55 – 60.

Therefore, median class = 55 – 60

Class size, h = 5

Lower limit of median class, l = 55

Frequency of median class, f = 6

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf = 13

n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 15 − 13 
= 55 +  5
 6 
2
= 55 +  5
6
5
= 55 +
3
= 55 + 1.67
= 56.67

Therefore, median weight is 56.67 kg.

 Chapter 14: Statistics
Exercise 14.4

Q1. The following distribution gives the daily income of 50 workers of a factory.

Daily income (in ₹) 100 − 120 120 − 140 140 − 160 160 – 180 180 – 200

Number of workers 12 14 8 6 10

Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution
and draw its ogive.

Difficulty Level:
Medium

Known:
The daily income of 50 workers of a factory.

Unknown:
The less than type cumulative frequency distribution and its ogive.

Reasoning:
The representation of cumulative frequency distribution graphically is known as a
cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.

Solution:
The frequency distribution table of less than type is as follows:

Daily income (in ₹) Cumulative Frequency

(Upper class Limits)
Less than 120 12
Less than 140 12 + 14 = 26
Less than 160 26 + 8 = 34
Less than 180 34 + 6 = 40
Less than 200 40 + 10 = 50

Taking upper class limits of class intervals on x-axis and their respective frequencies on
y-axis, its ogive can be drawn as follows:
Q2. During the medical check-up of 35 students of a class, their weights were
recorded as follows:

Weight in (Kg) Number of students

Less than 38 0
Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 14
Less than 48 28
Less than 50 32
Less than 52 35

Draw a less than type ogive for the given data. Hence obtain the median weight from
the graph and verify the result by using the formula.

Difficulty Level:
Medium

Known:
The weight of 35 students of a class.

Unknown:
The less than type ogive and median weight.

Reasoning:
The representation of cumulative frequency distribution graphically is known as a
cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.
Solution:
The given cumulative frequency distributions of less than type are:

Weight in (Kg) Number of students

Less than 38 0
Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 14
Less than 48 28
Less than 50 32
Less than 52 35

Taking upper class limits on x-axis and their respective cumulative frequencies on y-axis,
its ogive can be drawn as follows.

n
Here, n = 35  = 17.5
2

Mark the point ‘A’ whose ordinate is 17.5 and its x-coordinate is 46.5.

Therefore, median of this data is 46.5.

It can be observed that the difference between two consecutive upper-class limits is 2.

The class marks with their respective frequencies are obtained as below

Weight (in Kg) Frequency Cumulative Frequency

Less than 38 0 0
38-40 3−0 = 3 3
40-42 5−3 = 2 5
42-44 9−5 = 4 9
44-46 14 − 9 = 5 14
46-48 28 − 14 = 14 28
48-50 32 − 28 = 4 32
50-52 35 − 32 = 3 35
Total n = 35
Cumulative frequency (cf) just greater than 17.5 is 28, belonging to class 46 – 48.

Therefore, median class = 46 – 48

Class size, h = 2

Lower limit of median class, l = 46

Frequency of median class, f = 14

Cumulative frequency of class preceding median class, cf = 14

 n 
 2 − cf 
Median = l +   h
 f 
 
 17.5 − 14 
= 46 +   2
 14 
3.5
= 46 +
7
= 46 + 0.5
= 46.5

Therefore, median of this data is 46.5.

Hence, the value of median is verified.

Q3. The following table gives production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of
a village.

Production yield
50 – 55 55 – 60 60 – 65 65 – 70 70 – 75 75 – 80
(in kg/ha)
Number of farms 2 8 12 24 38 16

Change the distribution to a more than type distribution and draw ogive.

Difficulty Level:
Medium

Known:
The production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a village.

Unknown:
The more than type distribution and its ogive.

Reasoning:
The representation of cumulative frequency distribution graphically is known as a
cumulative frequency curve or an ogive.

Solution:
The cumulative frequency distribution of more than type can be obtained as follows.

Production Yield (in kg/ha) Cumulative Frequency

(Lower class limits)
More than or equal to 50 100
More than or equal to 55 100 − 2 = 98
More than or equal to 60 98 − 8 = 90
More than or equal to 65 90 −12 = 78
More than or equal to 70 78 − 24 = 54
More than or equal to 75 54 − 38 = 16
Taking the lower-class limits on x-axis and their respective cumulative frequencies on
y-axis, its ogive can be obtained as follows.