MATHEMATICS-I
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
AND IT’S APPLICATIONS
A PRESENTATION BY: MOLUGU ANUDEEP
22911A6664
CSE [AI & ML]
INTRODUCTION
Sequence and series are the basic topics in Arithmetic. An itemized collection of
elements in which repetitions of any sort are allowed is known as a Sequence,
whereas a Series is the sum of all the elements. Sequences, following specific
patterns are called progressions. An arithmetic progression is one of the common
examples of sequence and series. In short,
A sequence is a list of items/objects which have been arranged in a sequential way.
A series can be highly generalized as the sum of all the terms in a sequence.
However, there has to be a definite relationship between all the terms of the
sequence.
For example,
2, 4, 6, 8 is a sequence,
then the series is written as 2+4+6+8
SEQUENCE AND SERIES DEFINITION
A sequence is an arrangement of any objects or a set of numbers in a particular order followed by some
rule. If a1, a2, a3, a4,……… etc. denote the terms of a sequence, then 1,2,3,4,…..denotes the position of the
term.
A sequence can be defined based on the number of terms i.e. either finite sequence or infinite sequence.
The summation of all the terms of the sequence is called a Series. It is denoted as Sn. For example, If a1,
a2, a3, a4, ……. is a sequence, then the corresponding series is given by
SN = a1+a2+a3 + .. + an
TYPES OF SEQUENCE AND SERIES
Some of the most common examples of sequences are:
➢ Arithmetic Progression (AP)
➢ Geometric Progression (GP)
➢ Harmonic Progression (HP)
➢ Arithmetic Geometric Progression (AGP)
➢ Fibonacci Sequence
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)
A sequence of numbers is called an arithmetic progression when there is a common difference between two
consecutive terms, nth term of AP is an = a + (n – 1) d
Sum of n terms of an AP is Sn = n/2[2a + (n – 1)d]
Where a is the first term and d is the common difference.
Properties of Arithmetic sequences
1) The resulting sequence of an AP remains the same if a constant is added or subtracted from each term of an AP.
2) If we select terms in the regular interval from an A.P, these selected terms will also be in AP.
3) The resulting sequence of an AP remains the same if a constant non-zero number is divided or multiplied by each
Term of an AP.
Selection of terms in AP, if
3 terms: a – d, a, a + d
4 terms: a – 3d, a – d, a + d, a + 3d
5 terms: a – 2d, a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP)
A geometric progression or a geometric sequence is the sequence, in which each term is varied by another
by a common ratio. The next term of the sequence is produced when we multiply a constant (which is non-
zero) to the preceding term. The general form of Geometric Progression is: a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4,…, arn-1
Where, a = First term r = common ratio
The formula to find the nth term of GP is an = tn = arn-1 Common ratio r= (Any term) / (Preceding term)
Then the sum of n terms of finite GP is given by: Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +…+ arn-1
Sn = a[(rn – 1)/(r – 1)] if r ≠ 1 and r > 1 , if r=1 then, Sn = na.
sum of infinite GP is S∞ = a / (1 - r)
Properties of Geometric Progression (GP)
Three non-zero terms a, b, c are in GP if and only if b2 = ac
In a GP,
Three consecutive terms can be taken as a/r, a, ar
Four consecutive terms can be taken as a/r3, a/r, ar, ar3
Five consecutive terms can be taken as a/r2, a/r, a, ar, ar2
If each term of a GP is multiplied/divided by a non-zero constant, then the resulting sequence is also a GP with same common
ratio
The product and quotient of two GP’s is again a GP
If each term of a GP is raised to the power by the same non-zero quantity, the resultant sequence is also a GP
If a1, a2, a3,… is a GP of positive terms then log a1, log a2, log a3,… is an AP (arithmetic progression) and vice versa
HARMONIC PROGRESSION (HP)
A Harmonic Progression (HP) is defined as a sequence of real numbers which is determined by
taking the reciprocals of the arithmetic progression that does not contain 0. In harmonic
progression, any term in the sequence is considered as the harmonic means of its two neighbors.
For example, the sequence a, b, c, d, …is considered as an arithmetic progression;
the harmonic progression can be written as 1/a, 1/b, 1/c, 1/d, …
The nth term of the Harmonic Progression (H.P) an = 1/ [a+(n-1)d]
Where
“a” is the first term of A.P
“d” is the common difference
“n” is the number of terms in A.P
If 1/a, 1/a+d, 1/a+2d, …., 1/a+(n-1)d is given harmonic progression, Sum of n terms is
ARITHMETIC GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (AGP)
This is a sequence in which each term consists of the product of an arithmetic progression and a
geometric progression. In variables, it looks like
where a is the initial term, d is the common difference, and r is the common ratio.
General term of AGP
The sum of the first n terms of the AGP is
Sum to infinity of AGP, If ∣r∣<1, then the sum to infinity is given by
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
By adding the value of the two terms before the required term, we will get the next term. Such
a type of sequence is called the Fibonacci sequence. There is no visible pattern.
The Fibonacci sequence, also known as Fibonacci numbers, is defined as the sequence of
numbers in which each number in the sequence is equal to the sum of two numbers before it.
The Fibonacci Sequence is given as:
Fibonacci Sequence = 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, ….
Here, the third term “1” is obtained by adding the first and second term. (i.e., 0+1 = 1)
Similarly,
“2” is obtained by adding the second and third term (1+1 = 2)
“3” is obtained by adding the third and fourth term (1+2) and so on.
For example, the next term after 21 can be found by adding 13 and 21. Therefore, the next
term in the sequence is 34.
APPLICATIONS OF SEQUENCE AND SERIES
Arithmetic Sequences & Series
For example, population of human beings or bacteria at different times form a sequence. The amount of money deposited
in a bank, over a number of years form a sequence. Depreciated values of certain commodity occur in a sequence.
Sequences have important applications in several spheres of human activities.
• If a quantity is changing repeatedly by having a fixed amount added to or subtracted from it then the use
of arithmetic sequences and arithmetic series is appropriate to model the situation
• A common application of arithmetic sequences and series is simple interest. Simple interest is when an initial
investment is made and then a percentage of the initial investment is added to this amount on a regular basis (usually
per year)
• Arithmetic sequences can be used to make estimations about how something will change in the future
• An arithmetic sequence can help you calculate the time you will have to wait before the next bus arrives
Geometric Sequences & Series
• Suppose you own a car that you purchased for some amount. If the price of the car depreciates (decreases) by same
percentage every year, you can find out the value of the car after n years, using the geometric sequence.
• If you put your money in a bank and the bank provides you a fix annual rate of interest, then you can calculate the
amount you will have in your account after certain years by using the concept of geometric progression.
Harmonic Sequence & Series
• In everyday life, the harmonic formulae can also be used by scientists to conclude the value of their experiments.
• Harmonic progression is used to establish how water boils each time the temperature is changed with the same value.
• The notes used in music uses the concept of harmonic sequence.
• Harmonic progression is used to measure the number of raindrops – calculating the amount of rainfall creates the
illusion that it could be estimated when the series is infinite.
• Traffic bunches – it is also a real-life example of a harmonic sequence.
Fibonacci Sequence
• The Fibonacci sequence is very famous because it is the same pattern that is found in many natural wonders such as
petals of flowers, shapes of eggs, etc.
• This sequence is also used to determine the golden ratio, which is a very important component in design and
photography. The golden ratio is the ratio between any two numbers of the Fibonacci sequence. The rule of thirds in
photography and graphic design is inspired by the golden ratio.
• Humans exhibit Fibonacci characteristics. Every human has two hands, each one of these has five fingers and each
finger has three parts which are separated by two knuckles. All of these numbers fit into the sequence. Moreover, the
lengths of bones in a hand are in the Fibonacci numbers.
THANK YOU
