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د
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Myology
Myology: is the science deal with study of the description of the whole of the
muscle of the body including tendon, apenurosis, and accessory
structures of the muscles like fascia, synovial bursa, and synovial
sheath of the tendon. The function of the muscles, movement of the
bony articulate together, for that the body can do several movements
wanted during life.
Types of muscle: There are 3 types of muscle
1-Skeletal muscle: striated; generally attached to bone; usually under
voluntary control consist of bundles of multinucleated fiber,
cylindrical shape, surrounded by the connective tissue. Contraction
of these muscles leads to the muscle pulling a tendon, which in turn
pulls a bone. Moving bone results in either flexing or extending a joint.
Skeletal muscles are usually arranged in pairs so that they oppose
each other (they are "antagonists"), with one flexing the joint (a flexor
muscle) and the other extending it (extensor muscle). Therefore, one
muscle of the pair must be relaxed in order for the other muscle in
the pair to contract and bend the joint properly. A muscle or muscles
and its/their tendon(s) that operate together to cause flexion or
extension of a joint are referred to respectively as a flexor unit and
an extensor unit.
Note: Skeletal muscle will not contract in the absence of a functional
nerve supply (denervation atrophy occurs). One neuron innervates a
variable number of muscle fibers. The neuron plus the muscle fibers
it innervates constitute a motor unit. To produce a stronger
contraction, the nervous system activates more motor units.
2-Cardiac: striated , involuntary muscle which consist of short
myofibers which have striation and large rounded nucleus and
intercalated disc disconnect between two fibers makes up the
heart. Action of it's under autonomic nervous system (ANS).
3-Smooth: are not striated, involuntary muscles consisting of spindle
–shape myofibers, and have central round nucleus. Action of it's
under automatic nervous systems associated with viscera (gut,
vessels, glands, etc.)
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Skeletal muscle: made up of several muscle bundles, which in turn are made
up of muscle fibers. Muscle fibers have bundles of myofibrils, which are all
parallel to one another, and are able to contract due to actin and myosin.
Muscle is covered by a fibrous tissue called fascia, to which other muscles can
attach, and muscles attach to bone via tendon.
Arrangement of myofilaments in striated muscle
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Tendons attach muscles and bone, and are classified as flexors (flex a joint) or
extensors (extend a joint). However, some tendons will flex multiple joints and
extend another (the flexor tendons of the hind limb, for example, will flex the
fetlock, pastern, and coffin joint, but extend the hock joint). In this case, they
are classified according to whether they flex or extend the joints of the digit.
Muscle-related connective tissue:
Muscle fibers are within a connective tissue framework that is continuous with
tendons. As a result, passive muscles are able to serve as ties that reinforce
joints & oppose forces on bones.
Structure of the skeletal muscles
The skeletal muscles consist of multinucleated fibers, each fiber surrounded
by thin limited membrane called sarcolemma.
1-epimysium = loose or dense connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle
2. Perimysium = loose connective tissue defining muscle fascicles
3. Endomysium = small amounts of loose c.t. surrounding individual muscle
fibers.
4-the connective tissue separating muscle from each other and binding them
into position are called fascia.
5- Each muscle have body (flesh part –belly) and two extremities make the
tendon or apeneurosis with connect with the other muscle or with skeleton.
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Origin and insertion: the proximal end called as origin which is more fixed
while the insertion called as distal end which are more movable.
Associated structures related to the skeletal muscles are:
1-Tendon protection:
A. bursa = synovial pocket have synovial fluid inserted between a tendon and a
bony prominence for prevent fraction and make the movement is easy. Also
may be found under the skin (subcutaneously) at pressure point.
B. tendon synovial sheath = long sac have synovial fluid cover the tendon of
the muscle when passing through bony canal or fibrous groove as (lubrication
where tendons are bound), e.g., by retinaculum. Each sac consists of two
layers.
A-inner layer surrounded closely to the tendon.
B-outer layer which lining the bony canal or to the groove.
The inner layer reflect to connect the outer layer by thin membrane have the
blood vessels and nerve which supply the tendon called mesotendon.
2-fascia: are connective tissue consist of white fibers mainly and some elastic
fibers. It is found in two layers:
A-superficial fascia found under the skin and has fat, blood, nerve, and
lymphatic system which supply the skin.
b-deep fascia contain from thick fibrous layer under the superficial layer and
cover the muscle , blood nerve , and make trabeculae between the muscles
(intermuscular septa ) also connect with bones to make interosseous
membrane or annular membrane.
3-sesamoid bones: small bones originate in the joint capsule and in the
direction of the tendons. It function are to change the direction of the tendon
and protect it from the fraction at these joint.
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Muscle names:
Muscle names may be Latinized (flexor digitorum profundus) or anglicized
(deep digital flexor). Muscle are named for their shape (deltoideus) or
location(brachialis) or attachments (sternohyoideus) or structure (biceps) or
function (supinator) or combinations of these (pronator quadratus; superficial
digital flexor; serratus ventralis; flexor carpi radialis; etc
Muscle architecture:
Multiple muscles and multiple parts or heads (head = a separate belly and
origin) exist to distribute (as opposed to concentrate) stresses on bones and
to provide movement diversity.
Fascicle & fiber arrangement:
1-Strap: Parallel arrangement, e.g., strap or spindle arrangement,
fibers/fascicles arranged parallel to the tendon of insertion. This results in a
greater range of shortening and thus yields greater movement velocity
(distance per time).
2-Fusiform: the belly is fusiform in shape and have tendon on one or two end.
3-Digasrtic: have two bellies connect together by tendon.
4-Pinnate arrangement = fibers/fascicles arranged at an angle to the direction
in which the tendon moves. This results in a greater area of muscle fibers
along axes of contraction and produces more strength (at the expense of a
reduced range of contraction).
Three types of pinnate arrangement are:
— unipinnate, e.g., ulnar & radial heads of the deep digital flexor muscle;
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— bipinnate, e.g., infraspinatus muscle;
— multipinnate, e.g., humeral head of the deep digital flexor muscle.
Note: The amount of force that a muscle can generate is proportional to the
area of muscle fibers, i.e., number of contractile protein molecules, multiplied
by the cosine of the muscle-tendon angle
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