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Unit 1 : Singular and Plural Nouns
a) A singular noun means one person or one object.
b) A plural noun means more than one or many
c) Plural nouns can be formed as follows:
1. By adding ‘s’ to the singular:
Examples:
Singular Plural
aeroplane aeroplanes
tree trees
day days
2. By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in ‘s’, ‘sh’, ‘ch’ and ‘x’:
Examples:
Singular Plural
bus buses
glass glasses
box boxes
bench benches
brush brushes
branch branches
fox foxes
class classes
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3. By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in ‘o’:
Examples:
Singular Plural
buffalo buffaloes
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
Some exceptions to this rule are:
Singular Plural
radio radios
piano pianos
photo photos
zero zeros
zoo zoos
shampoo shampoos
bamboo bamboos
4. By changing ‘y’ after a consonant into ‘ies’:
Examples:
Singular Plural
fly flies
lady ladies
baby babies
curry curries
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By adding ‘s’ if ‘y’ comes after a vowel (a, e, i, o, u):
Examples:
Singular Plural
boy boys
turkey turkeys
joy joys
key keys
5. By changing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ into ‘ves’:
Examples:
Singular Plural
thief thieves
leaf leaves
knife knives
wife wives
Some exceptions to this rule are:
Singular Plural
cliff cliffs
handkerchief handkerchiefs
roof roofs
turf turfs
hoof hoofs
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6. By changing the vowel(s):
Examples:
Singular Plural
man men
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice
woman women
7. By adding ‘en’ or ‘ren’ to the singular:
Examples:
Singular Plural
ox oxen
child children
8. By adding ‘s’ to compound nouns:
Examples:
Singular Plural
father-in-law fathers-in-law
daughter-in-law daughters-in-law
looker-on lookers-on
passer-by passers-by
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Some nouns are always singular.
Examples:
advice knowledge baggage
music cattle news
deer furniture sheep
Some nouns are always plural and they take a plural verb.
Examples:
trousers scissors shorts
spectacles pyjamas pants
clothes goods thanks
Some nouns ending in ‘ics’are plural in form and usually take a
plural verb.
Examples:
athletics politics economics
mathematics ethics
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Unit 2 : Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They
have a singular form and a plural form.
For example:
Singular Plural
chair chairs
bottle bottles
student students
car cars
child children
dog dogs
Uncountable
Uncountable nouns are words which cannot be counted. Therefore,
they only have a singular form. They have no plural forms.
For examples:
Singular
money rice furniture
information sugar milk
dust flour pepper
food tea oil
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Using Countable & Uncountable Nouns
When using countable or uncountable nouns, pay attention to
articles and adjectives! Some articles and adjectives can be used with
both countable and uncountable nouns. However, others can be
used with only countable or only uncountable nouns.
Used with Countable Nouns Only
a a doctor, a pen, a meal, a class, a college
many many cups, many books, many libraries, many flights
few few questions, few tables, few apples, few holidays
a few a few questions, a few problems, a few issues,
Used with Uncountable Nouns Only
much much money, much time, much food, much water,
little little equipment, little meat, little patience
a little bit of a little bit of sleep, a little bit of snow
Used with Countable & Uncountable Nouns
some some tables, some stores, some grapes, some cities,
some nurses, some time, some news, some bread, some
salt, some mail
any any forks, any socks, any bathrooms, any waiters, any
beliefs, any advice, any soap, any transportation, any
gold, any homework
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a lot of a lot of animals, a lot of coins, a lot of immigrants, a
lot of babies, a lot of help, a lot of aggravation, a lot
of happiness, a lot of fun
plenty of plenty of houses, plenty of concerts, plenty of
guitars, plenty of oil, plenty of sugar, plenty of
cheese, plenty of space
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Unit 3: Articles
‘a’ , ‘an’ , & ‘the’ are called articles. They are used with countable
nouns.
A) ‘a’ is used;
1. with a singular noun.
2. with words that begin with a consonant and
3. words that begin with a ‘you’ sound.
Examples:
a. Words beginning with a consonant
a boy a kite a dog a lemon
a fish a man a goat a pen
b. Words which begin with ‘you’ sound
a union a university a uniform a unicorn
a unit a European
B) ‘an’ is used for;
1. singular nouns which begin with vowel sounds, that is ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘i’,
‘o’, ‘u’
2. singular nouns which begin with silent ‘h’ sound.
Examples:
a. Vowel sounds
an aeroplane an elephant an igloo
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b. Silent ’h’ sounds
an hour an honest man an honour
C. ‘the’ is used;
1. when there is only one of its kind.
the sun the moon the world the sky
2. when we are speaking about a specific thing or person.
the headmistress the Mount Kinabalu the Twin Towers
3. when mentioning a person or thing for the second time.
John has a big car. The car is red in colour.
Mr. Lee has a dog but the dog is very fierce.
4. before a superlative in comparisons of Adjectives or Adverbs.
Peter is the tallest boy in the class.
That building is the oldest in Seremban.
5. before certain groups of people or things.
The bee is a very hardworking insect.
The Chinese like to eat rice.
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Unit 4: The Simple Present Tense
The Simple Present Tense is used to show a habitual action which we
do as in ‘everyday’, ‘always’, ‘sometimes’, ‘often’, ‘seldom’, ‘never’,
‘frequently’, etc.
Examples:
1. She cycles to school everyday.
2. We go fishing every weekend.
3. Peter often visits his grandmother.
Notice:
a. We add ‘s’ to the verb when the subject is singular except for ‘I’
and ‘you’.
b. We do not add ‘s’ to the verb when the subject is more than one
or plural.
He runs
She cooks
It eats
I run
You cook
They eat
We talk
The Simple Present Tense is also used for universal facts or truths.
Examples:
1. The sun sets in the west.
2. Elephants live on land.
3. The earth is round.
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Unit 5: The Simple Past Tense
We use the simple past tense to show an action that happened in the
past. Timeline: yesterday, last week, this morning, just now, two
days ago.
Present Tense Past Tense
Add Added
Arrive Arrived
Awake Awake
Beat Beat
Become Became
Bite Bit
Choose Chose
Come Came
Dig Dug
Do Did
Draw Drew
Drink Drank
Eat Ate
Fall Fell
Feed Fed
Fly Flew
Forget Forgot
Forgive Forgave
Freeze Froze
Get Got
Give Gave
Go Went
Hear Heard
Hide Hid
Hold Held
Keep Kept
Know Knew
Lead Led
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Unit 6: Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are words that show possession or ownership.
The common ones are: mine, hers, theirs, yours, his, ours.
Examples:
1. I am the owner of the house. It is mine.
2. That car belongs to Peter. It is his.
3. This new pen is ours. The old pen is theirs.
4. These shoes belong to Amy. They are hers.
5. This umbrella belongs to you. It is yours.
6. That is my bag. It is mine.
7. You have a ruler. The ruler is yours.
8. We have a big house. The house is ours.
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Unit 7: Prepositions
Prepositions are used to tell position, direction, time and manner of
a noun or pronoun.
1. Prepositions of place and position tell where things are.
Examples:
The television is on the table.
My dog is outside the door.
Amy sits between Susan and Amy.
The children rested under a tree.
2. Prepositions of direction tell of the way or direction where the
thing is going to or coming from.
Examples:
My brother is coming down the stairs.
This letter is from my sister.
The cat jumped out of the basket.
Vincent walk along the road.
3. Prepositions of time tell us when an action was done or will be
done.
Examples:
John stayed with his aunt for three weeks.
The match will start at 5 o’clock on Sunday.
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4. Prepositions of manner tell us how an action was done or will be
done.
Examples:
Susan opened the can with a can opener.
The choir will come by bus.
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Unit 8: Conjunctions
Conjunctions are used to join words, phrases or sentences together.
1. ‘and’ is used to join two similar ideas or value together.
Example:
I bought an eraser. I bought a sharpener.
I bought an eraser and a sharpener.
2. ‘but’ is used to show two ideas which are different/ in contrast.
Examples:
Peter is thin. Peter is strong.
Peter is thin but strong.
A fish can swim. It cannot fly.
A fish can swim but cannot fly.
3. ‘because’ and ‘as’ are used to give reasons.
Examples:
Emma did not come. Emma was sick.
Emma did not come because she was sick.
It was going to rain. The match was cancelled.
As it was going to rain, the match was cancelled.
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4. ‘or’ is used to show a choice; to choose between two things.
Example:
Do you want some coffee? Do you want some tea?
Do you want some coffee or tea?
5. ‘although’ is used to show two ideas which are in contrast or
opposite.
Example:
Mr Wong was tired. He attended the meeting.
Although Mr Wong was tired, he attended the meeting.
6. ‘so’ is used to show the outcome of an action.
Examples:
He was not feeling well. He went to see a doctor.
He was not feeling well so he went to see a doctor.
Susan was sick. Susan did not go to school.
Susan was sick so she did not go to school.
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Unit 9: Short Answers
When we ask the following questions, we get Yes / No replies.
Examples:
1. Are they spending wisely?
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
2. Does she spend on cars?
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t.
3. Did she buy the expensive clothes?
Yes, she did.
No, she didn’t
4. Do you know how to sell?
Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.
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Unit 10: Question Words
Question words are words we use at the beginning of questions.
They are as follows:
Who - asks about people
What - asks about people, things and animals
Where - asks about places
How - asks about manner or way
When - asks about time
Why - asks about reason
Examples:
1. Who sent you the letter?
2. What is the name of your brother?
3. Where did you buy your clothes?
4. How do you solve this problem?
5. When are you going to visit your grandfather?
6. Why is the shop closed?
We end a question with a question mark (?).
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Unit 11: Adjectives
An adjectives is used to tell us more about a noun or pronoun
(people, animals, places or things).
There are three types of Adjectives.
1. Descriptive Adjectives tell us more about a noun as to the colour,
shape, condition or size.
Examples:
Susan is a beautiful girl.
The elephant is a big animal.
That is a tall building.
This is a blue pencil.
‘beautiful’, ‘big’, ‘tall’ and ‘blue’ tell us more about the nouns –
Susan, elephant, building and pencil.
2. Demonstrative Adjectives are used to point out a noun.
Examples:
Have you seen that movie?
Can you read those words?
‘that’ and ‘those’ are Demonstrative Adjectives.
3. Possessive Adjectives are used to show ‘belonging to’ or
possession.
Examples:
This is my house.
That is your shoes.
Those are his pens.
‘my’, ‘your’ and ‘her’ are Possessive Adjectives.
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Unit 12: Adverbs
An adverb tells us more about a verb-action words.
1. Adverb of Manner is used to tell how an action is done.
Examples:
She talks softly.
He walks slowly.
They eat hungrily.
‘softly’, ‘slowly’ and ‘hungrily’ are Adverbs of Manner.
2. Adverb of Time is used to tell when an action happens.
Examples:
They will be home soon.
I will come after my dinner.
Please wash your hands before you eat.
‘soon’, ‘after’ and ‘before’ are Adverbs of Time.
3. Adverb of Place is used to tell where an action is done.
Examples:
Don’t sit here.
I met him there.
The pupils threw rubbish everywhere.
‘here’, ‘there’ and ‘everywhere’ are Adverbs of Place.
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4. Adverb of Frequency is used to tell how often an action is done.
Examples:
She seldom comes to see me.
He always sleeps in the afternoon.
They are never late for school.
‘seldom’, ‘always’ and ‘never’ are Adverbs of Frequency.
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