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Lecture 5

This document discusses the preparation of rainfall data for hydrological applications. It explains that rainfall data needs to be checked for continuity and consistency before use. Continuity refers to having a continuous rainfall record, while consistency means the data matches the current environmental conditions. When data is missing or inconsistent, various methods can be used to estimate values or correct inconsistencies, including calculating averages from nearby stations or using a normal ratio method. An example problem demonstrates estimating missing rainfall data using these techniques. The document also introduces the double mass curve method for testing consistency by analyzing accumulated rainfall plots.

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170 views16 pages

Lecture 5

This document discusses the preparation of rainfall data for hydrological applications. It explains that rainfall data needs to be checked for continuity and consistency before use. Continuity refers to having a continuous rainfall record, while consistency means the data matches the current environmental conditions. When data is missing or inconsistent, various methods can be used to estimate values or correct inconsistencies, including calculating averages from nearby stations or using a normal ratio method. An example problem demonstrates estimating missing rainfall data using these techniques. The document also introduces the double mass curve method for testing consistency by analyzing accumulated rainfall plots.

Uploaded by

Aritro
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Water Resource Engineering

CEC 601

Lecture # 05
PREPARATION OF RAINFALL DATA

National Institute of Technology Durgapur


Normal Precipitation

❑ The normal rainfall is the average value of rainfall at a particular date, month or year over a
specified 30-year period.

❑ 30 year normal rainfall are recomputed every decade to account for change in environment
and land use, because these factors may affect amount of rainfall on that area.
PREPARATION OF RAINFALL DATA

N
❑ Before using of rainfall data for any hydrological application, It is necessary to check
I the data for continuity and consistency.
T
A❑ Continuity: means availability of continuous record of previous rainfall
G
Cause of Discontinuity of data
A Absent of Observer
R Failure of Instruments
T
A
L
A
3
PREPARATION OF RAINFALL DATA
Consistency: means that rainfall data of previous year should be consistent with the
Npresent environmental condition.
I
T Causes of inconsistency in records
A • Shifting of rain gauge to a new location: Change in environment
G • Change in the surrounding environment
A
R
T
A
L
A
4
Continuity: Estimation of Missing Data
• It is necessary to estimate that missing data.
N
I• To estimate the data, three or more stations close to this station are selected.
T
• Following are the different methods to calculate the missing data:
A
1) Arithmetic Mean Method.
G
2) Normal Ratio Method.
A
R
T
A
L
A
5
Arithmetic Mean Method:-

Px = P1 + P2 + P3 + ... + Pm 
1
m
Where, Px, P1, P2,…,Pn = Rainfall at different station.
m = number of known rainfall station.
• Disadvantage when there is wide variation of rainfall in the area

6
Normal Ratio Method

N x  P1 P2 P3 Pm 
Px =  + + + ... + 
m  N1 N 2 N3 Nm 

Where, Px, P1, P2,…,Pn = Rainfall at different station.

Nx, N1, N2…, Nn = normal rainfall

m = Number of known rainfall station.

7
Which Method to use?

Take 10 % from both side (Less or more than 10 %) of the normal rainfall of the missing
stations
Check whether this range falls within the Normal value of other stations or not.
If Yes goes for Arithmetic mean method, otherwise go for Normal Ratio

NA=75cm, PA=60cm
NB=100cm, P B=70cm
NC=60cm, P C=90cm
ND=80cm, P D=? cm

90% of 80cm to 110% of 80cm


0.9*80 to 1.1*80
(72cm to 88cm)

8
PROBLEM 1

NThe normal annual rainfall at stations A, B, C, and D in a basin are


I 80.97, 67.59,76.28 and 92.01 cm respectively. In the year 1975, the
Tstation D was inoperative and the stations A, B and C recorded annual
Aprecipitations of 91.11, 72.23 and 79.89 cm respectively. Estimate the
Grainfall at station D in that year
A
R
T
A
L
A
9
SOLUTION

10
Test for consistency record
Double mass curve techniques
• Select a group of 5 to 10 base stations in the neighborhood of
the problem station 𝑋
• Arrange the data of 𝑋 station rainfall and the average of the
neighboring stations in reverse chronological order (from
recent to old record)
• Accumulate the precipitation of station x i.e (ΣPx ) and the
x
average values of the group base stations (ΣPaverage ) starting
from the latest record
• A decided break in the slope of the resulting plot is observed
that indicates a change in precipitation regime of station 𝑋, i.e.
inconsistency.
• Therefore, it should be corrected by the factor
Test for consistency record
Double Mass Curve Analysis

4.5

4
accumulated annual rainfall of X stn in 10^3 cm

3.5
a
3
Mc c
2.5 c
=
2 Ma a
1.5

0.5

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5


Accumulated annual rainfall of neigbouring stns in 10^3 cm
0

Pcx – corrected precipitation at any time period t1 at station X


Mc
Pcx = Px Px – Original recorded precipitation at time period t1 at station X Mc –
corrected slope of the double mass curve
Ma
Ma – original slope of the mass curve
13
14
DOUBLE MASS CURVE

15
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