Introduction In
Refrigeration
System
What is
Refrigeration?
PROCESS OF REMOVING HEAT.
What are the
components in the
Refrigerator System?
• Evaporator
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Expansion Valve
Bacteria, yeast, mold,
enzymes, and others were
known in the early 1900s. It
was found that
microorganism
development is
temperature-dependent,
slows at temperatures
below +10 °C, and reduces
as temperature falls.
People in India and Egypt were able to make ice
around 4000 years ago by leaving water in porous
pots outside their homes during the night. Even
though the surrounding air was warmer than the
freezing point of water, ice formed because water
evaporated in almost cool, dry air, and heat moved
from the water to the deep sky.
In 1834, Jacob Perkins made ether the working fluid
for a hand-operated refrigeration system. The hand-
cranked compressor sucked in ether vapor, which
was then cooled and compressed in the water-cooled
chamber that served as the condenser. When the
pressure of the liquid ether was finally lowered, it
was evaporated in a chamber called an evaporator.
About 1860, the first
mechanical refrigerators
that could make ice came
on the market. In 1880, the
first ammonia compressors
and insulated cold stores
were use in the US.
After the Second World War,
small hermetic refrigeration
compressors were made, and
refrigerators and freezers began
to be used in homes.
Since the 1920s, refrigeration systems have
grown in many ways, leading to innovations
like vortex tubes, thermoelectric systems,
pulse tubes, steam jets, centrifugal
compression systems, etc.
Application of Refrigeration and
Air System
● Food preservation ● Refrigerated containers
● Process refrigeration ● Heat pumps
● Air conditioning plants ● Ice-making
● Drying plants ● Freeze-drying
● Freshwater installations ● Transportation refrigeration
7
Fundamental
Quantities
PREFIXES
Thermodynamics
Properties
➢ is an objective measurement of how hot
or cold an object is.
➢ The most important and the central
property in Refrigeration.
➢ The main purpose of refrigeration
system is to reduce the temperature of
an object like the air in the room or the
Temperature objects store in that room.
➢ In refrigeration system the degree
Celsius (°C) is more practical unit to use.
➢ In scientific part refrigeration
differences are often describe using
Kelvin (K) instead of degree Celsius (°C).
➢ The boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which its vapor
pressure is equal to the pressure of
the gas above it. The normal boiling
point of a liquid is the temperature
at which its vapor pressure is equal
Boiling
Point
to one atmosphere (1.013 bar).
➢ By varying the pressure, the boiling
point can be change
Force and Pressure
SI unit of pressure is bar which is equivalent to
Pressure is defined 105𝑁/𝑚2 or 0.1𝑀𝑁/𝑚2 or 100𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
as the force exerted 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = (105/9.80665𝑘𝑔𝑓)/ (104𝑐𝑚2) = 1.02
kgf/cm2 or
on an area divided by 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 14.5𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2
the size of the area. 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.033 𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2 = 14.696 𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2 =
1.033/1.02 = 1.01325 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 𝑜𝑟 760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
1 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 1𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 = 1 /760𝑎𝑡𝑚 =133𝑁/𝑚2
P = F/A 1𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 1𝑘𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2 = 9.80665(104) =
9.80665𝑁/𝑚2 14.22𝑙𝑏𝑓/𝑖𝑛2
1 𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 9806.5/133 = 736 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟
The SI-unit for force is Newton (N) which is actually a
[𝑘𝑔 𝑚/s2]
1𝑁 = (1kg)(1 m/s2) = 1kg m/s2
1kgf = 1/9.80665 (1kg) = (9.80665 kg m/s2) = 1kgf
1 kgf = (1kg)(9.80665 m/s2) = 9.80665N
1 lbf = 0.453592 kgf
Heat, Energy, Work and Power
Heat is the Heat and work are The SI unit that
transfer of both forms of quantify heat,
thermal energy energy that can be energy and work is
between systems, transferred Joule (J).
while work is the between objects
transfer of or systems.
mechanical energy
between two
systems.
Heat, Energy, Work and Power
1𝑁𝑚 = 1𝐽 = 1𝑘𝑔. 𝑚/s2
1𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 427𝑘𝑔𝑓. 𝑚 = 4186.8 𝑁𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝐽 = 4.1868𝑘𝐽
1kcal = (1 kg of water )( 1°C ) = (1/453)(9/5) lb°F =
3.968 Btu
1 KJ = 0.948 Btu = 0.239 kcal
1 Btu = 0.252 kcal = 1.055 kJ
Heat, Energy, Work and Power
Power is the rate The SI-unit for power is Watt (W).
of which an energy 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N m/s
is being 1 hp = 550 ft lbf/s = 746 W
transferred. 1 KWH = 3,600,000 J = 860 kcal
= 3,410 Btu
1 hp/hr = 614 kcal = 2,540 Btu
Super heat
Process where The evaporation
refrigerant vapour is process in a
heated from its refrigeration system is
saturated condition to a one of the processes
condition at higher where the term
temperature. superheat is used.
Thermodynamics System
➢ Define as a ➢ Surroundings ➢ Classified into
quantity of is everything closed system,
fixed mass external to open system
and identify the system and an
upon which isolated
attention is system.
focused for
the study.
Enthalphy
● 𝐻 = 𝑢 + 𝑃v
● Matter may also have other
forms of energy, potential or
kinetic, depending on pressure,
position and movement.
● Tabulated enthalpies found in
reference works are often shown
above a base temperature of –
40°C, since this is also – 40° on the
old Fahrenheit scale.
If a change of
enthalpy can be
sensed as a change
of temperature, it is
called sensible heat.
Unit of Enthalpy
1 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 .𝐾 = 0.239 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑔 =
0.42𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏
1𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑔 = 4.19𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 =
1.8 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 1𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 = 0.556
𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑔 = 2.33𝑘𝐽/𝑘�
For water, the latent
heat of freezing is 334
kJ/kg and the specific
heat capacity averages 𝐻 = 𝑢 + 𝑃v
4.19 kJ/(kg K). The
quantity of heat to be 4.19 30 − 0 + 334 =
removed from 1 kg of 459.7 kj
water at 30°C in order
to turn it into ice at 0°C
is:
Entropy
Entropy does appear in
many charts and tables of
properties and is
mentioned here so that it
will not be unfamiliar. The
following are two
implications of this
property:
1. If a gas or vapor is 2. In the process
compressed or expanded described in implication 1,
frictionlessly without the change in enthalpy
adding or removing heat represents the amount
during the process, the of work per unit mass
entropy of the substance required by the
remains constant. compression or delivered
by the expansion
Units of Entropy
1 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 .𝐾 = 0.239 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑔 0 𝐶 𝑜𝑟
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏 0 𝐹
1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔*𝐶 = 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝑙𝑏 *𝐹 =
4.1868𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔*K
Density and Specific Volume
Density Specific Volume
● The density p of a fluid is the mass ● the specific volume of
occupying a unit volume; the a substance (symbol: ν, nu) is
specific volume v is the volume an intrinsic property of the
occupied by a unit mass. substance, defined as the ratio of
𝑚 the substance's volume (V) to
● 𝜌=
𝑉
● Unit of Density is Kg/𝑚3 its mass (m).
𝑉
● v=
𝑚
● Unit of Specific Volume is 𝑚3 /Kg
Specific Heat
The amount of heat (measured in BTU) to raise
one pound of substance one degree Fahrenheit
1 ∆𝑄
𝑠=
𝑚 ∆𝑇
𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐽
SI unit: 𝑘𝑔 ∗𝐶 or 𝑘𝑔 ∗𝐶
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Heat Energy
Latent Sensible
• Is the energy of • Is the energy of
molecular separation and molecular motion
arrangement. • Causes a change in
• Cause a change in state, temperature, with No
while there is no change change in state
in temperature • Sensible heat causes an
• It cannot be measured increase in molecular
with a thermometer motion
• The addition or removal
of sensible heat is
measurable with a
thermometer
Example of Latent Heat
Example of Sensible Heat
Unit of Refrigeration and COP
Rating for Refrigeration indicates the rate of removal heat. The unit
of refrigeration is expressed in terms of ton of refrigeration (TR).
One ton of refrigeration is defined as the amount of refrigeration
effect (heat transfer rate) produced during uniform melting of one
shot ton (2000lb; 907kg) of pure ice at 0 degree Celsius to the water
at the 0 degree Celsius in 24hours.
shot ton (2000lb; 907kg) of pure ice at 0 degree Celsius to the
water at the 0 degree Celsius in 24hours.
Latent heat ice is 335kJ/kg (heat absorbed during melting of
one kg ice)
1ton of refrigeration (TR) = (latent heat of ice)(1short ton) /
24hrs
= [(335kJ/kg)(907kg)] / [(24 hrs)(3600s)
= 3.5kJ/s or 3.5kW
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
Refrigeration effect is an important term in refrigeration that defines
the amount of cooling produced by a system. This cooling is
obtained at the expense of some form of energy. Therefore, it is
customary to define a term called coefficient of performance (COP)
as the ratio of the refrigeration effect to energy input.
COP = Refrigeration Effect (kW) / Work done on compressor (kW)
Always greater than 1
General Gas Law
• The idealized model of gas behavior which relates the
pressure, temperature and specific volume of a perfect
gas provides an example:
𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑅 = 287 𝐽 𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟)
= 462 𝐽 𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Example:
What is the density of dry air at 101 kPa and
28𝐶?
𝜌 = 1 / 𝑣 = 𝑝 /𝑅𝑇
= (101,000𝑃𝑎) / [(287 𝐽 𝑘𝑔.𝐾)( 25+273𝐾)]
= 1.17𝑘𝑔/𝑚^3
Boyle’s Law
➢ Boyle’s Law states that, for an ideal gas, the product of
pressure and volume at constant temperature is a constant:
● 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
● P1V1= P2V2
Example:
A 17.50mL sample of gas is at 4.500 atm. What will be the volume if the
pressure becomes 1.500 atm, with a fixed amount of gas and temperature?
Solution
V2=P1⋅V1/P2
=[(4.500atm)(17.50mL)]/1.500atm
=52.50mL
➢ Charles’ Law states that, for an ideal
gas, the volume at constant pressure is
Charle’s proportional to the absolute
Law temperature:
●
● 𝑉/𝑇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛t
● V1/T1 = V2/T2
Example:
A sample of Carbon dioxide in a pump has volume of 20.5 mL and it is at
40.0 C. When the amount of gas and pressure remain constant, find the new
volume of Carbon dioxide in the pump if temperature is increased to 65.0 C.
Solution:
V2=(V1⋅T2) / T1
=20.5mL⋅(60+273.15K) / 40+273.15K
=22.1mL
➢ Boyle’s and Charles’ laws can
combined into the ideal gas equation:
be Boyle’s
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑥 T
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅T And
Charle’s
Law
Example:
What is the volume of 5 kg of an ideal gas, having a specific gas constant of
287 J/(kg K), at a pressure of one standard atmosphere and at 25°C?
Solution:
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇 / 𝑝
= 5 𝑥 287 273.15+25) / 101 325
= 4.22𝑚3
Modes of Heat Transfer
Laws
Of
Thermodynamics
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
(CONSERVATION OF ENERGY)
2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
3RD LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Refrigerating
Machine
✓ a device used to
remove heat from an
object that is to be
cooled to a
temperature below
✓ Power consumption 𝑊 the e nvironmental
of refrigerating temperature.
machine is determined The operation of
in kw refrigerating
✓ Power Consumption of
a Refrigerating
machine
Reverse
Carnot
Cycle
Carnot Cycle
T2 = T1 = Tmax
T4 = T3 = Tmin
QA = Tmax (S2 -S1)
QR = Tmin (S2 -S1)
𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕 𝑸𝑨−𝑸𝑹 𝑸𝑹 (𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏)(𝐒𝟐 −𝐒𝟏
Efficiency = = =1- =1- )
𝑸𝑨 𝑸𝑨 𝑸𝑨 (𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙)(𝐒𝟐 −𝐒𝟏
)
𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
Efficiecy = 1 - 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙− 𝑻𝒎𝒊𝒏
= 𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
Reverse Carnot Cycle
Reverse Carnot Cycle
A reversed Carnot Process 1 – 2 Process 2 – 3
cycle is shown in Isentropic isothermal heat
figure on T – s compression, 𝑠1 = 𝑠2 rejection to the hot
reservoir at 𝑇𝐻 =
diagram. The cycle
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
consist of two
isothermals and two
isentropics as
follows:
Process 4 – 1
Process 3 – 4 Isothermal heat
Isentropic expansion, absorption from cold
𝑠3 = 𝑠4 reservoir at 𝑇𝐿 =
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛t
T3 = T2 = TH REFRIGERATOR
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑸𝑨
T1 = T4 = TL COPREF = 𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒎
= 𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒎 =
QA = TH (S2 -S1) 𝐓𝐋 (𝐒𝟐 −𝐒𝟏)
(𝐓𝐇 −𝐓𝐋 )(𝐒𝟐 −𝐒𝟏)
QR = TL (S2 -S1) 𝐓𝐋
COPREF = (𝐓 −𝐓𝐋
Wcom = QR - QA 𝐇
)
= (TH -TL )(S2 -S1)
HEAT PUMP
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑸𝒓 𝐓𝐇 (𝐒𝟐 −𝐒𝟏)
COPHP = = =
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑫.𝑬. 𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒎 (𝐓𝐇 −𝐓𝐋 )(𝐒𝟐 −𝐒𝟏)
𝐓𝐇 𝐓𝐇 𝐓
COPHP = +1–1= - 𝐇−𝐓𝐋 +1 =
(𝐓𝐇 −𝐓𝐋 ) (𝐓𝐇 −𝐓𝐋 ) (𝐓𝐇 −𝐓𝐋 )
𝐓𝐇 𝐓𝐇 𝐓𝐋
− + +1
(𝐓𝐇 −𝐓𝐋 )
𝐓𝐋
COPHP = +1
(𝐓𝐇 −𝐓𝐋 )
COPHP = COPREF + 1
Example:
A reversed Carnot refrigeration cycle has an evaporator temp of -100 C and
condenser temp of 300C. If compressor power is 10kw, find the heat rejected in
the condenser.
A reversed Carnot refrigeration cycle has an evaporator temp of -100 C and
condenser temp of 300C. If compressor power is 10kw, find the heat rejected in
the condenser.
A reverse Carnot refrigeration cycle has an evaporator temperature of -10 C and condenser
temperature of 30 C. If compressor power is 10kW, find the heat rejected in condenser.
Given:
TL = -10 C
TH = 30 C
W = 10 kW
Solution:
𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑸𝑨 W= QR – QA
COPREF = =
𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒎 𝑾𝒄𝒐𝒎
10kW = QR – 65.75 kW
𝑾 (𝑻𝑳) 𝟏𝟎(−𝟏𝟎+𝟐𝟕𝟑)
QA = = = 65.75 kW QR = 75.75 kW
𝑻𝑯−𝑻𝑳 𝟑𝟎+𝟐𝟕 −(−𝟏𝟎+𝟐𝟕𝟑)
ACTUAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE
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