Elevators

An Elevator (or Lift) is a form of vertical transportation between building floors, levels or decks,
commonly used in offices, public buildings and other types of multi-storey building.

Lifts can be essential for providing vertical circulation, particularly in tall buildings, for
wheelchair and other non-ambulant building users and for the vertical transportation of goods.
Some lifts may also be used for firefighting and evacuation purposes.

 Lift — An appliance designed to transport persons or materials between two or more

levels in a vertical or substantially vertical direction by means of a guided car or
platform. The word ‘elevator’ is also synonymously used for ‘lift’.
 Lift Car — The load carrying unit with its floor or platform, car frame and enclosing
bodywork.
 Lift Landing — That portion of a building or structure used for discharge of passengers
or goods or both into or from a lift car.
 Lift Machine — The part of the lift equipment comprising the motor and the control
gear therewith, reduction gear (if any), brake(s) and winding drum or sheave, by which
the lift car is raised or lowered.
 Lift Pit — The space in the lift well below the level of the lowest lift landing served.
 Lift Well — The unobstructed space within an enclosure provided for the vertical
movement of the lift car(s) and any counterweight(s), including the lift pit and the space
for top clearance.
 Lift Well Enclosure — Any structure which separates the lift well from its surroundings.
 Passenger Lift — A lift designed for the transport of passengers.
 Position and/or Direction Indicator — A device which indicates on the lift landing or in
the lift car or both, the position of car in the lift well or the direction or both in which
the lift car is traveling.
 Rated Load (Lift) — The maximum load for which the lift car is designed and installed to
carry safely at its rated speed.
 Rated Speed (Lift) — The mean of the maximum speed attained by the lift car in the
upward and downward direction with rated load in the lift car.
Types of elevators:
According to:

 Hoist Mechanism
 Building Height
 Building Types

According to Hoist mechanism elevators are classified to 4 main types as follows:-

1. Hydraulic Elevator: An above ground or in-ground piston is used to raise or lower the lift
under hydraulic pressure. Hydraulic lifts are generally only suitable in buildings of up to 8
storeys. Hydraulic elevators are elevators which are powered by a piston that travels inside a
cylinder. An electric motor pumps hydraulic oil into the cylinder to move the piston. The piston
smoothly lifts the elevator cab. Electrical valves control the release of the oil for a gentle
descent.

There are three types of hydraulic elevator; holed hydraulic, holeless hydraulic and roped
hydraulic:
Holed hydraulic - With holed hydraulic systems (also known as direct acting lift), the elevator
car is mounted on a piston that travels inside a cylinder. The cylinder extends into the ground to
a depth equal to the height the elevator will raise. As hydraulic fluid is pumped into the cylinder
through a valve, the car rises. As the fluid returns to the reservoir, the car descends. This
system is often called Inground hydraulic.

Holeless hydraulic - Holeless hydraulic elevators of pistons mounted inside the hoist way to
raise and lower the car. This is especially a solution for buildings built in bedrock, a high water
table or unstable soil conditions locations that can make digging the hole required for a
conventional hydraulic elevator impractical. Holeless hydraulic systems use a direct-acting
piston to raise the car.

Roped hydraulic - Roped hydraulic elevator (also known as indirect acting lift) extends the rise
of the holeless elevator to 18 meters (60 ft), without the need for a belowground cylinder. As
the higher power of the hydraulic cylinder and the power unit. Roped hydraulic elevator
systems have the piston attached to a sheave which has a rope passing through it. One end is
attached to the car while the other is secured at the bottom of the hoistway.

2. Traction/pulley Elevator: Electrically-powered cable-operated lifts driven by steel ropes

rolled over a pulley and balanced by a counterweight (sometimes a second lift moving in the
opposite direction). These type of elevator cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes
over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. Sometimes two
elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions, and are
each other's counterweight. Nowadays, some traction elevators are using flat steel belts
instead of conventional steel ropes. Flat steel belts are extremely light due to its carbon fiber
core and a high-friction coating, and does not require any oil or lubricant. Because of these
qualities, elevator energy consumption in high-rise buildings can be cut significantly.

Geared traction elevators - Geared traction machines are driven by electric motors. As the
name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a worm-and-gear-type reduction unit,
which turns the hoisting sheave. While the lift rates are slower than in a typical gearless
elevator, the gear reduction offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the
sheave. These elevators typically operate at speeds from 38 to 152 meters (125-500 ft) per
minute and carry loads of up to 13,600 kilograms. An electrically controlled brake between the
motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the desired floor level.

Gearless traction elevators - This type of drive system could be employed in buildings of any
height and operated at much higher speeds. In a gearless traction machine, five to eight lengths
of wire cable, known as hoisting ropes (or wire ropes), are attached to the top of the elevator
and wrapped around the drive sheave in special grooves. The other ends of the cables are
attached to a counterweight that moves up and down in the hoistway on its own guiderails. The
combined weight of the elevator car and the counterweight presses the cables into the grooves
on the drive sheave, providing the necessary traction as the sheave turns. To reduce the load
on the motor, the counterweight is calculated to match the weight of the car and a half-load of
passengers. As the car rises, the counterweight descends, balancing the load. This reduces
energy consumption because the motor is required to lift no more than the weight of half a car
load at any time.

3. Climbing Elevator: Climbing lifts, which include their own means of propulsion, rather than
being pulled or pushed from elsewhere. They hold their own power device on them, mostly
electric or combustion engine. Climbing elevators are often used in work and construction
areas.

4. Pneumatic Elevator: Pneumatic elevators are raised and lowered by controlling air
pressure in a chamber in which the elevator sits. By simple principles of physics; the difference
in air pressure above and beneath the vacuum elevator cab literally transports cab by air. It is
the vacuum pumps or turbines that pull cab up to the next Floor and the slow release of air
pressure that floats cab down. They are especially ideal for existing homes due to their compact
design because excavating a pit and hoist way is not required.
According to Building height:

1. Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories):- Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use

hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost
2. Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories):- Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use
Geared Traction Elevators
3. High-Rise buildings (12 + stories):- Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-
Less Traction Elevators

According to building types elevators will be classified according as follows:

1. Hospital elevators: Naturally, the hospitals, which have a high movement of people and
other effects, have to have lifts for transporting patients and equipment. Hospital elevators
should make: Transfer of people: doctors, nurses, patients and visitors outpatient.
Passenger transport: patients in wheelchairs or stretchers, food, clothing, tools carts, etc.
Hospital elevators can be classified into two types:
 Hospital Bed Elevators - Hospital bed elevators generally transport patients who are not
well enough to sit up even in a wheelchair. One of the features of bed elevators should
be its ability to transport the patient as smoothly as possible with minimal amount of
bumping and jostling. Because hospital bed elevators are only used for transporting
patients and hospital staff they arrived at their location quite quickly, eliminating
lengthy waits. Many of these bed elevators are key operated so as to prohibit use by the
general public.
 Hospital Stretcher Elevators - They usually are smaller than bed elevators. This
particular type of elevator is usually hydraulic or traction based depending on the
location of the machine room. They are specifically manufactured to be low-noise
elevators that smoothly transport patients, doctors, nurses and hospital staff between
floors, allowing them the utmost in comfort.

2. Residential /domestic elevators: Domestic elevators which are intended to move

passengers up and down stairs in a multilevel residence are quite similar to those used in large
public buildings. They can be built either inside the home or outside the home and can be
pneumatic vacuum, electric, hydraulic or cable elevators. Most often domestic elevators
designed for carrying passengers in a residential setting only carry perhaps two to four people
safely and comfortably.

3. Industrial elevators: These types of elevators are built to carry huge amounts of weight
effortlessly, therefore the term industrial elevators. These type of elevators is used in
construction, warehouses, and shipyards. The most common types of industrial elevators are
hoist elevators and incline elevators:
Hoist elevators – These are operated by a pulley or series of pulleys and they can be a simple
platform or a cage in which humans or heavy materials are moved up and down during
industrial applications. Generally, a pulley operates a rope or chain that wraps around a drum
causing the elevator to rise or descend. It is said that hoist elevators are powered by either
electricity or air, but even that isn't quite true because electricity is needed to pump air. Hoist
elevators carrying materials and equipment to upper levels as needed while the building is
being constructed. They are also commonly used to load equipment and supplies on large
seagoing vessels.

Inclined - The equipment and supplies are placed on a form of conveyor belt that continues
turning bringing the cargo up to its destination where it is quickly unloaded as the belt
continues turning around. This is a much quicker method of loading and unloading cargo than
with a hoist elevator because there is no stopping to unload. Everything happens in one fluid
motion. Incline elevators when used for industrial purposes are usually temporary and mobile.
Many are on wheels and can be easily moved from one dock or location to the next.

Elevator components:
Major components in elevators are:

 Machine Room: Machine rooms for traction elevators generally located directly above
the hoistway. Hydraulic elevator machine rooms typically located at the basement or
lowest level adjacent to the hoistway.
 Hoist Machine: Can be geared traction machines in which the power from the
motor is transmitted to the drive sheave through reduction gears, or a gearless machine
in which the hoist ropes pass over a traction drive sheave which is an
integral part of the armature. The grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine
over which the hoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted to the car and
counterweight by the hoist ropes.

 Hoist Motor: Also called drive machines and used for traction elevators. They are the
power units that apply the energy to the hoist machines. Can be AC or DC.

 Generator: Generators are electromechanical devices that convert mechanical energy to

electrical energy (usually direct current).

 Governor: A mechanical speed control mechanism. Usually a wire-rope driven

centrifugal device used to stop and hold the movement of its driving rope. This initiates
the activation of the car safety device. It opens a switch which cuts off power to the
drive motor and brake if the car travels at a preset overspeed in the down direction.
 Controllers: A device, or group of devices, which serve to control, in a predetermined
manner, the floor selection, drive speeds, car selection and general operation of the
elevators.

 Hoist way / Pits:

 Roller Guides: Roller guides or guide rails are steel T-section with machined guiding
surfaces installed vertically in a hoistway to guide and direct the course of travel of an
elevator car and elevator counterweights.

 Counterweights: A weight that counter-balances the weight of an elevator car plus

approximately 40% of the capacity load.

 Door Interlocks: An electro-mechanical device that prevents operation of an elevator

unless the hoistway doors are in the closed and locked position; and prevents opening
 of a hoistway door from the landing side unless the elevator is in the landing zone and is
either stopped or being stopped.

 Top-of-Car Station: Controls on the top of the car used by an elevator maintenance
contractor to operate the car at inspection speed. It provides a means of operating an
elevator from on top of the car at slow speed during adjustment, inspection,
maintenance and repair.

 Buffers: A device designed to stop a descending car beyond its normal limit of travel by
storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic energy of the car. Spring buffers are
used for elevators with speeds less than 200 fpm. Oil buffers (for speeds greater than
200 fpm) use a combination of oil and spring to cushion the elevator.

 Elevator Cabs/Cars:
 Cab Finishes: Decorative features in a passenger elevator including carpet or other
flooring, wall panels, door finishes, ceilings and lighting.

 Cab Controls: A car-operating panel with a faceplate that is mounted in a fixed (non-
swing) panel or sidewall.
 Safety Features:
 Phones: Two way communication devices in the cab required by ADA and national
elevator codes for safety.

 Door Safety Edges: A door protective and automatic door reopening device, used with
automatic power door operators.

 Door Operators: The Door Operator monitors the speed and position of the car doors
and compares performance against standards. Deviations in kinetic energy during door
travel are corrected within milliseconds.

Design considerations:

Number of Lifts and Capacity: Two basic considerations, namely, the quantity of service
required and the quality of service desired, determine the type of lifts to be provided in
a particular building.

Quantity of service gives the passenger handling capacity of the lifts during the peak
periods and the quality of service is measured in terms of waiting time of passengers at
various floors. Both these basic factors require proper study into the character of the
building, extent and duration of peak periods, frequency of service required, type and
method of control, type of landing doors etc. In busy cities patience, coefficient being
low satisfaction cannot be obtained if lifts with adequate capacities and speeds are not
provided. In view of many variables, no simple formula is possible for determining the
most suitable lifts.
The number of passenger lifts and their capacities that are load and speed, required for
a given building depend on the characteristics of the building.

The most important of these are:

a) Number of floors to be served by the lift;

b) Floor to floor distance;

c) Population of each floor to be serve~ and

d) Maximum peak demand; this demand maybe unidirectional, as in up and down peak
periods, or a two-way traffic movement.

Preliminary Lift Planning: Methods of calculating the trtilc handling capabilities of lifts
were first devised for office buildings. In due course detailed modifications were devised
to suit other applications ‘without altering the basic principles. The application to office
buildings is still the most frequently used. Therefore, the following method may be used
as general guidance on preliminary lift planning for offices, bearing in mind the
differences set out.

A lift installation for office building is normally designed to populate the building at a
given rate and the three main factors to be considered are:

a) population or the number of people who require lift service.

b) handling capacity of the maximum flow rate required by these people.
c) interval or the quality of service required.

Layout:
 P-’--

4.9.3.2 Travel d) The forces required on the structure in the

event of car buffering directly without safety
The tables have been established for a maximum travel
gear application to be indicated in the general
of 30 m. For travels above 30 m, the lift manufacturer
arrangement drawing.
shotdd be consulted.
4.10.2 Liji Well Enclosures
4.9.3.3 Pit
4.10.2.1 Lift well enclosures shall be provided and
The pit depth of the lifts will normally accommodate
shall extend on all sides from floor-to-floor or stair-
compensating chains. If compensating ropes are
to-stair, and shall have requisite strength and in proper
required, pit depth shall be increased for all loads and
plumb.
speeds and lift manufacturer should be consulted.
4.10.2.2 The inner sides of the lift well enclosures
4.9.3.4 Minimumfloor to j700r height
facing any car entrance shall, as far as practicable form
Minimum floor to floor height for landings on same a smooth, continuous flush surface devoid of
side for horizontally sliding f + 750 mm and
door is projections or recesses.
for vertically biparting doors is 1.5 f+ 250 mm, where
NOTE— Thisrequirementmaybe met in existing lift wells by
‘~’ is clear entrance height in mm. tilting any recesses or spaces between projections or alternatively
by covering them with suitable sheet material. If it is not possible
4.10 Lift Wells and Lift Well Enclosures to render flush any objection or tops of recesses, they should be
beveled on the underside to an angle of 60°, from the horizontal
4.10.1 Lijt Wells by means of metat plates, cement rendering or other fwe-resisting
materiats. Where a car-levelling device is operative with car
4.10.1.1 No equipment except that forming a part of door opening, such interior surfaces shatl always forma smooth
the lift or necessary for its operation and maintenance flush surface below each landing level for a depth to at least the
shall be installed in the lift well. For this purpose, the depth of the car-levelling zone plus the distance through which
main supply lines shall be deemed to be a part of the the lift car may travel of its own momentum when the power is
cut-off.
lift and the underground cable, if laid along the lift
well shaft, shall be properly clamped to the wall. 4.10.2.3 Where an open lift well would increase the fue
risk in a building, the lift well enclosure shall be of fwe-
4.10.1.2 Sufficient space shall be provided between
resisting construction (see Part 4 ‘Fire and Life Safety’).
the guides for the cars and the side walls of the lift
well enclosure to allow safe and “easy access to the 4.10.2.4 Where wire grill or similar constructions is
parts of the safety gears for their maintenance and used, the mesh or opening shall be such that the
repairs; safety gears provided shall be in accordance opening between the bars shall reject the ball of 30 mm
with good practices [8-5(3)]. in diameter and the lift well enclosure shall be of
sufficient strength to resist accidental impact by users
4.10.1.3 Lift wells, together with the whole of the
of the staircase or adjoining floors or by materials or
contained equipment and apparatus, shall be rendered ftre
trucks being moved in the vicinity.
resistant to the greatest possible extent (see also 4.4.1).
4.10.2.5 Where the clearance between the inside of
4.10.1.4 Every counterweight shall travel in juxtaposition
an open-type lift well enclosure and any moving or
to its car in the same lift well.
movable part of the lift equipment of apparatus is less
4.10.1.5 It is undesirable that any room, passage or than 50 mm, the openings in the enclosure shall be
thoroughfare be permitted under any lift well. If further protected by netting of square mesh of aperture
unavoidable spaces for other uses may be permitted not greater than one centimeter and of wire not smaller
under the lift well, with the prior approval of the Lift than one mm. (The provisions of this clause need not
Inspectorate Authority and the following provisions be adhered to for lift wells imfactory premises, coming
shall be made: under the purview of Factories Act. In such cases
provisions of 4.10.2.4 is sufficient.)
a) Spring or Oil buffers shall be provided for
lift car and counterweight; 4.10.2.6 There shall be no opening in the lift well
b) The pit shall be sufficiently strong to enclosure permitting access to the lift car by passing
withstand stt~cessfully the impact of the lift under the counterweight.
car with rated load or the impact of the 4.10.2.7 In case of a completely enclosed lift well, a
counterweight when either is descending at notice with the word ‘Lift’ may be placed outside of
rated speed or at governor tripping speed; each landing door.
c) The car and the counterweight shall be
4.10.2.8 Indicator
provided with a governor-operated safety
gear; and Where lifts are installed in totally enclosed wells,

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 19

position indicators are recommended to be provided 4.11.4 The room shall be kept closed, except to those
at each floor; however, where position indicators are who are concerned with the operation and maintenance
not provided, at least direction indicators or ‘In Use’ of the equipm?nt. When the electrical voltage exceeds
indicators shall be provided at each landing. 220/230 V ac, a danger notice plate shaJl be displayed
permanently on the outside of the door and on or near
4.10.2.9 Landing doors
the machinery. Where standby generator is provided,
Every lift well shall, on each side from which there is it is necessary to connect fire,- lift to ,$e s~dby
access to a car, be fitted with a door. Such a door shall generator. Depending upon the capcity of the standby
be fitted with efficient electromechanical locking so generator one or more other lifts may also b connected
as to ensure that it cannot be opened except when the to the supply.
lift car is at landing and that the lift car cannot be moved
Rescue instniction with required tools and tackles if
away from the landing until the door is closed and
any shall be made available in the machine room.
locked. If the door is mechanically locked, means
should be provided for opening the same by means of All lifts which do not have any automatic transfer
special key during emergency or inspection. facility to an alternate supply, such as generators, shall
be equipped with Battery Operated Automatic Rescue
4.10.2.10 Automatic devices for cutting off power
Device to bring the lift to the nearest floor and open
An efficient automatic device shall be provided and the door in the event of power failure.
maintained in each lift whereby all power shalI be cut
4.11.5 The machine room shall be equipped with an
off from the motor before the car or counterweight
insulated portable hand lamp provided with flexible
lands on buffer.
cord for examining the machinery.
4.10.3 Lift Pits
4.11.6 If any machine room floor or platform does
4.10.3.1 A lift pit shall be provided at the bottom of not extend to the enclosing walls, the open sides shall
every lift. be provided with hand rails or otherwise suitably
guarded.
4.10.3.2 Pits shall be of sound construction and
maintained in a dry and clean condition. Where 4.11.7 The machine room shall not be used as a store
necessary, provision shall be made for permanent room or for any purpose other than housing the lift
drainage and where the pit depth exceeds 1.5 m suitable machinery and its associated apparatus and equipment.
descending arrangement shall be provided to reach the
4.11.8 Machine room floor shall be provided with a
lift pit. And a suitable fixed ladder or other descending
trap door, if necessary. The size of the trap door shall
facility in the form of permanent brackets grouted in
be as per manufacturer’s recommendation.
the wall extending to a height of 0.75 m above the
lowest floor level shall be provided. A light point with 4.11.9 The height of the machine room shall be
a switch shall also be provided for facility of sufficient to allow any portion of equipment to be
maintenance and repair work. accessible and removable for repair and replacement
and shall be not less than 2 m clear from the floor or
4.11 Machine Rooms and Overhead Structures the platform of machine whichever is higher.
4.11.1 The lift machine, controller and all other 4.11.10 It will’ be noted that generally lifts have
apparatus and equipment of a lift installation, excepting machine rooms immediately over the lift well, and this
such apparatus and equipment as function in the lift should be arranged whenever possible without
well or other positions, shall be placed in the machine restricting the overhead distance required for normal
room which shall be adequately lighted and rendered safety precautions. In qase where machine room
fire-proof and weather-proof. provision on top is a limitation, either machine room
4.11.2 The motor generators controlling the speed of less lift or basement drive or side drive lift can be
multi-voltage or variable voltage machines, secondary considered.
sheaves, pulleys, governors, floor selecting equipment 4.11.11 For detailed information regarding nomenclature
may be placed in a place other than the machine room, of floors and storeys, reference maybe made to good
but such position shall be adequately lighted, ventilated practice [8-5(6)].
and rendered fire-proof and weather-proof.
4.11.12 There should be a proper access planned for
4.11.3 The machine room shall have sufficient floor approach to the machine room taking into account need
area as well as permit free access to all parts of the for maintenance personnel to access the machine room
machines and equipment located therein for purposes at all times of day and night and also the need to take
of inspection, maintenance or repair. heavy equipment. Any fixture such as a ladder

20 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

provided should be secured permanently to the 4.12.4 Passenger lifts shall be provided with power
structure and should have railings to reduce the risk of operated doors which are imperforate.
falling.
5 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES
4.11.13 It is desirable that emergency exit may be
provided in case of large machine rooms having four 5.1 Lift Well Dimensions
or more lifts. Plan dimensions of lift wells given by the lift maker
4.11.14 Where the machine room occupies a prominent represent the minimum clear plumb sizes. The
position on roof of a building, provision should be purchaser’s representative, in conjunction with the
made for lightning protection in accordance with good builder, should ensure that adequate tolerances are
practice [8-5(7)] and Part 8 ‘Building Services, included in the building design so that the specified
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations’. minimum plumb dimensions are obtained in the
finished work,
4.11.15 Wherever the machine room is placed, it
should be properly ventilated. The ambient temperature Dimensions in excess of these minimum plumb
of machine room shall be maintained between + 5°C dimensions for lift well and openings (but not less)
and + 40”C. can be accommodated by the lift maker up to certain
maximum values beyond which changes in design
4.11.16 If located in the basement, it should be may be necessary involving additional expense or
separated from the lift well by a separation wall. work by the builder. The purchaser’s representative
should take these factors into account when
4.12 Essential Features Required
specifying the lift well structural dimensions on the
4.12.1 Power operated car doors on automatically basis of the constructional tolerance appropriate to
operated lifts shall be so designed that their closing the building technique.
and opening is not likely to injure a person. The power
operated car door shall be provided with a sensitive 5.2 Landing Door Openings
device which shall automatically initiate reopening of It is very important that finished landing openings
the door in the event of a passenger being struck or is should be accurate to design size and plumb one above
about to be struck by the door, while crossing the the other for the full travel of the lift. In constructing
entrance during closing movement. The effect of the the structural openings in concrete walls to lift wells it
device may be neutralized: is not possible to achieve a degree of accuracy
a) during the last 58 mm of travel of door panel vertically which will allow doors and frames to be
in case of side opening doors inserted in the opening without some form of masking
or packing to overcome inaccuracies. Provisions
b) when panels are within 58 mm of each other
should therefore be made in design by increasing the
in case of center opening doors.
nominal height from design finished floor level and
The force needed to prevent the door from closing shall width of openings to each jamb and head.
not exceed 150 N and this measurement shall not be
In addition, the alignment of the outer face of the front
made in the first third of the travel of the door.
wall of the lift well is of importance when architrave
In order to achieve this it is desirable that all power of fixed dimensions are called for, and in this case the
operated doors have a full length (covering at least 80 alignment of the outer face from floor to floor should
percent of the car door height tiom the bottom) intia not vary to a greater extent than can be accommodate
red light curtain safety to retract the door in the event of by the subsequent front wall finish, the architrave being
coming across any obstacle during closing of the door. set accurately plumb.
4.12.2 Single speed and two speed drives which are To facilitate accurate align’rnent of landing sills it is
poor in levelling accuracy and energy consumption common practice to provide at each landing an
shall not be used for new lifts in view of availability of independent threshold, the position of which can be
latest technology energy efficient Variable Voltage adjusted.
Variable Frequency drive systems with improved
leveling accuracy. 5.3 Structural Limits for Lift Wells at any Level

4.12.3 For passenger lifts with car call button control If the net plumb well (dimensions A and B of Fig. 2)
in car and with capacities of 16 passenger and above, and the nominal structural entrance openings
it is recommended to have an additiomd car operating (dimensions C and D of Fig. 2) are defined by plumb
panel with call buttons on the opposite side to main lines, the actual wall should not encroach on these
pane} for ease of access to buttons. dimensions.

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 21

Dimension K (inside face of wall of Fig. 2) should fall NOTE — It is recommended to do Ttilc Anatysis Study to
ensore optimum provision of lifts for the building in consultation
within the following limits:
with lift manufacturers. In view of the dynamic situation it is
For wells upto 30 m – O-25 mm recommended that a computerised software is used for Traffic
Analysis Study.
For wells upto 60 m – O-35 mm
For wells upto 90 m - 0-50 mm 6.1.2 The number of passenger lifts and their
capacities, that is load and speed, required for a given
When architrave are to be supplied by the lift maker building depend on the characteristics of the building.
dimension L (side of structural opening of Fig. 2) The most important of these are:
should fall within the limits of O and 25 mm and
a) Number of floors to be served by the lift;
dimension M (outer face of the front wall of Fig. 2)
should not vary to a greater extent than can be b) Floor to floor distance;
accommodated by the subsequent front wall finish, the c) Population of each floor to be serve~ and
architrave being set accurately plumb. d) Maximum peak demand; this demand maybe
When the entrance linings are supplied by the builder, unidirectional, as in up and down peak
corresponding provision should be made for the periods, or a two-way traffic movement.
finished openings to be accurately plumb one above It should be appreciated that all calculations on the
the other for the full travel of the lift end to design traffic handling capabilities of lifts are dependent on a
size. number of factors which vary according to the design
of lift and the assumptions made on passenger actions.
-tKr-’q+r It follows, therefore, that the result of such calculations
can only be put to limited use of a comparative nature.
For instance, they can with advantage be used to
compare the capabilities of lifts in a bank with different
loads and speeds provided the same set of factors are
used for all cases. On the other hand, they cannot be
used to compare the capabilities of different makes of
lift used for a given bank of lifts.

Different authorities and manufacturers differ widely

in their methods of calculation, due to the variations
in lift performance, especially with regard to rates of
acceleration and deceleration and door operation times
I --+-+-+L-
I-D-A
1 which form the components of performance
Therefore, the calculations
time.
made by different
L--C-I
organizations will not necessarily agree.
FIG. 2 LIFE WELL TOLERANCE
6.2 Preliminary Lift Planning
6 PRELIMINARY DESIGN
6.2.1 General
6.1 Number of Lifts and Capacity
Methods of calculating the trtilc handling capabilities
6.1.1 Two basic considerations, namely, the quantity of lifts were first devised for office buildings. In due
of service required and the quality of service desired, course detailed modifications were devised to suit other
determine the type of lifts to be provided in a particulm applications ‘without altering the basic principles. The
building. Quantity of service gives the passenger application to office buildings is still the most
handling capacity of the lifts during the peak periods frequently used.
and the quality of service is measured in terms of
waiting time of passengers at various floors. Both these Therefore, the following method may be used as
basic factors require proper study into the character of general guidance on preliminary lift planning for
the building, extent and duration of peak periods, offices, bearing in mind the differences set out
frequency of service required, type and method of in 6.1.2.
control, type of landing doors etc. In busy cities A lift installation for office building is normally
patience, coefficient being low satisfaction cannot be designed to populate the building at a given rate and
obtained if lifts with adequate capacities and speeds the three main factors to be considered are:
are not provided. In view of many variables, no simple
formula is possible for determining the most suitable a) population or the number of people who
lifts. require lift service.

22 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

 b) handling capacity of the maximum flow rate requirement in an office building. The employees of
required by these people. all offices are subject to discipline and are required to
c) interval or the quality of service required. be at their place in time. Consequently, the incoming
traffic flow is extremely high and the arrival time is
6.2.2 Population over a short period.
The first point to be ascertained from the eventual Sometimes it becomes necessary to reduce the
occupier is the total building population and whether maximum traffic flow by staggering the arrival of the
this is likely to increase in the future, employees so that different groups arrive at different
If a definite population figure is unobtainable an times, This reduces the peak and also the requirement
assessment should be made from the net area and of lifts. However, many organizations may object to
probable population density. Average population staggering and prefer to have all employees arrive at
density can vary from about one person per 4 m2 to the same time since it is claimed that staggering will
one person per 20 m2. It is essential, therefore, that affect the proper co-ordination of business.
some indication of the probable population density 6.2.6 Capacity
should be obtained from the building owner. If no
indication is possible (a speculative development for The minimum size of car recommended for a single
example) population in the region of 5 m2 per person purpose buildings is one suitable for a duty load of
for general office buildings is usually assumed. 884 kg. Generally, for large office buildings cars with
capacities up to 2040 kg are recommended according
6.2.3 Quantity of Service to the requirements.
The quantity of service is a measure of the passenger 6.2.7 Speed
handling capacity of a vertical transportation system.
It is measured in terms of the total number of It is dependent upon the quantity of service required
passengers handled during each five-minute peak and the quality of service desired (see 6.2.3 and 6.2.4).
period of the day. A five-minute base period is used as Therefore, no set formulae for indicating the speed
this is the most practical time over which the traffic can be given. However, the following general
can be averaged. recommendations are made:

The recommended passenger handling capacity for No. of Floors Speed

various buildings is as follows:
4t05 0.5 to 0.75 In/s
6 to 12 0.75 to 1.5 rnh
Type of Building Handling Capacity
3 to 20 1.5 tllh to 2.5 dS
Office — Diversified tenants 10 to 15 percent
Above 20 2.5 rrds and above
Office — Single tenant 15 to 25 percent
Residential 7.5 percent
6.2.8 Layout

6.2.4 Quality of Service The shape and size of the passenger lift car bears a
distinct relation to its efficiency as a medium of traffic
The quality of service on the other hand is generally
handling. A study of the most suitable proportions for
measured by the passenger waiting time at the various
these lifts reveal that the width of the lift well entrance
floors. The following shall be the guiding factor for
is in reality, the basic element in the determination of
determining this aspect.
the best proportions. In other words, the width of the
Quali~ of Service or Acceptable Interval car is determined by the width of the entrance and the
depth of the car is regulated by the loading per square
20 to 25 seconds Excellent
metre permissible under this Code. Centre opening
30 to 35 seconds Good doors are more practicable and efficient entrance units
34 to 40 seconds Fair for passenger lifts.
45 seconds Poor
6.2.9 Determination of Transportation or Handling
Over 45 seconds Unsatisfactory Capacity During the Up Peak
NOTE — For residential buildings longer intervals should
be permissible. 6.2.9.1 The handling capacity is calculated by the
following formula:
6.2.5 Trajj$ic Peaks
H 3OOXQX1OO
The maximum traffic flow during the up peak period =
is usually used as a measure of the vertical transportation TxP

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 23

where the design of the equipment related to opening and
closing of the landing and car doors, acceleration,
H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the
deceleration, levelling and passenger movement. These
peak population handled during 5 min
factors are discussed below:
period,
Q = Average number of passengers carried in a a) The most important factor in shortening the
car, time consumed between the entry and the exit
T = Waiting interval in seconds, and of the passengers to the lift car is the correct
design of the doors and the proper car width.
P = Total population to be handled during peak
For comfortable entry and exit for passengers
morning period. (It is related to the area
it has been found that most suitable door
served by a particular bank of lifts.)
width is 1000 mm and that of car width is
The value of Q depends on the dimensions of the car. 2000 mm.
It maybe noted that the car is not loaded always to its b) The utilization of centre opening doors has
maximum capacity during each trip and, therefore, for been a definite factor in improving passenger
calculating H the value of Q is taken as 80 percent of transfer time, since when using this type of
the maximum carrying capacity of the car. door the passengers, as a general rule, begin to
The waiting interval is calculated by the following move before the doors have been completely
formula: opened. On the other hand, with a side
opening door the passengers tend to wait until
T=RIT the door has completely opened before
N moving.
where
The utilization of centre opening doors also favours
T = Waiting interval in seconds, the door opening and closing time periods. Given the
N = Number of lifts, and same door speed, the centre opening door is much
R7T = Round trip time, that is, the average time faster than the side opening type. It is beyond doubt
required by each lift in taking one full that the centre opening door represents an increase in
load of passengers from ground floor, transportational capacity in the operation of a lift.
discharging them in various upper floors
6.2.9.2 An example illustrating the use of the above
and coming back to ground floor for taking
consideration is given below:
fresh passengers for the next trip,
Gross area per floor 1 100m2
RTT is the sum of the time required in the following
Net usable area per floor 950 m’
process:
No. of landings including 15
a) Entry of the passengers on the ground floor,
ground
b) Exit of the passengers on each floor of
Assuming population density 9.5 m2 per person
discharge,
Probable population in
c) Door closing time before each starting
operation, ~ = 14X950
d) Door opening time on each discharging 9.5
operation, Upper floors 1400 persons
e) Acceleration periods,
Taking 20 passengers lift with
f) Stopping and levelling periods, 2.5 nds the calculated RTT 165 S

g) Periods of full rated speeds between stops

Q=20x0.8= 16
going up, and
h) Periods of full rated speeds between stops a) Taking No. of lifts, N = 4
going down.
RTT 165 = ~ls
It is observed that the handling capacity is inversely T=—=—
N4
proportional to waiting interval which in turn is
proportional to R7T. Reducing the RTT of a lift from H . 3OOXQX1OO _ 3OOX16X1OO
120 to 100 increases its handling capacity by TxP – 41x1400
20 percent.
= 8.3 percent
The round trip time can be decreased not only by
increasing the speed of the lift but also by improving b) Taking No. of lifts, N= 6

24 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

 ~=~ 6.4.2 Passenger Lifis
= 27.6 S
6 6.4.2.1 Low and medium class flats

~ = 3OOXQX1OO = 3OOX16X1OO Where a lift is arranged to serve two, three or four

TxP 27.6x1 400 flats per floor, the lift may be placed adjoining a
staircase, with the lift entrances serving direct on to
= 12 percent the landings. Where the lift is to serve a considerable
number of flats having access to balconies or corridors,
6.3 Quiet Operation of Lifts
it may he conveniently placed in a well ventilated tower
Every precaution should be taken with passenger lifts adjoining the building.
to ensure quiet operation of the lift doors and
6.4.2.2 OJfice buildings, hotels and high class flats
machinery. The insulating of the lift machine and any
motor generator from the floor by robber cushions or In general the arrangement as recommended in 6.4.1
by a precast concrete slab with rubber cushions, is to be followed. However, in case this is not possible,
prevents transmission of most of the noise. In this it is desirable to have at least a battery of two lifts at
connection, see also good practice [8-5(8)] and Part 8 two or more convenient points of a building. If this is
‘Building Services, Section 4 Acoustics, Sound not possible, it is advisable to have at least two lifts
Insulation and Noise Control’ for some useful side by side at the main entrance and one lift each
recommendations. at different sections of the building for inter-
communication. When two lifts are installed side by
6.4 Positioning of Lifts
side, the machine room shall be suitably planned with
A thorough investigation should be made for assessing sufficient space for housing the machine equipment.
the most suitable position for lift(s) while planning the The positioning of lifts side by side gives the following
building. It should take into account future expansions, advantages:
if any. Though each building has to be considered
a) all machines and switch gear may be housed
individually for purposes of location of lifts, factors
in one machine room,
influencing the locations of passenger and goods lifts
are given in 6.4.2 to 6.4.4. b) the lifts can be inter-connected more
conveniently from an installation point of
The location of lifts may also conform to the travel view, and
distance requirements specified in Part 4 ‘Fire and Life
c) greater convenience in service owing to the
Safety’.
landing openings and each floor being
6.4.1 Arrangement of Lifls adjacent.

The lifts should be easily accessible from all entrances 6.4.2.3 Shops and departmental stores
to the building. For maximum efficiency, they should
Lifts in shops and stores should be situated so as to
be grouped near the centre of the building. It is preferably
secure convenient and easy access at each floor.
not to have all the lifts out in straight line and, if possible,
not more than three lifts should be arranged in this 6.4.2.4 For buildings with more than 12 floors, it is
manner. It has to be kept in mind that the corridor should recommended to have provision of 1 stretcher/service
be wide enough to allow sufficient space for waiting lift in addition to the passenger lifts.
passengers as well as for through passengers.
6.4.2.5 For buildings with more than 12 floors, where
6.4.1.1 In some cases when there are more than three passenger and service lifts are provided in one lobby
lifts, the alcove arrangement is recommended. With it is recommended to have group control for all the
this arrangement, the lift alcove lead off the main lifts.
corridor so that there is no interference by traffic to
6.4.3 Goods Lifts
other groups or to other parts of the ground floor. This
arrangement permits the narrowest possible corridors The location of lifts in factories, warehouses and
and saves space on the upper floors. Walking distance similar buildings should be planned to suit the
to the individual lift is reduced and passenger standing progressive movement of goods throughout the
in the center of the group can readily see all the lift buildings, having regard to the nature of position of
doors and landing indicators, The ideal arrangement the loading platforms, railway sidings, etc. The placing
of the lifts depends upon the particular layout of the of a lift in a fume or dust laden atmosphere or where it
respective building and should be determined in may be exposed to extreme temperatures, should be
every individual case. Some typical recommended avoided wherever possible. Where it is impossible to
arrangements are given in Fig. 1. avoid installing a lift in an adverse atmosphere, the

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIIT’S AND ESCALATORS 25

electrical equipment should be of suitable design and supports based on ultimate strength of the material and
construction to meet the conditions involved. load in accordance with 6.5.4 shall be not less than the
following:
6.4.3.1 Normally goods lifts have lower speeds than
passenger lifts for the same travel because traffic For Steel 5
conditions are less demanding, and more time is For Reinforced Concrete 7
required for loading and unloading.
The deflection of the overhead beams under the
6.4.3.2 As loads for goods lifts increase in size and maximum static load calculated in accordance with
weight, so the operation of loading and unloading above shall not exceed 1/1 500 of the span.
becomes more difficult. Therefore, it is usual to require
greater accuracy of levelling as the capacity of the 6.6 Access to Machine Room and Lift Pits
goods lift increases.
6.6.1 Access to machine room above a lift well may
6.4.3.3 A large capacity goods lift at high speed is be either from the roof or by an internal staircase with
often a very uneconomical preposition. The inherent a proper arrangement for fixing.
high cost is enhanced due to the very small demand
6.6.2 Access between a secondary floor and a machine
for such equipment, much of which is custom made.
room may be by ladder. Where a machine room
The high capital cost of the lift, building work and
entrance is less than 1.5 m above or below the adjacent
electrical supply equipment usually shows a much
floor or roof surfaces, a substantial permanently
smaller return as an investment than more normal sizes
attached ladder may be used. Ladders shall be fixed at
of lifts.
least 150 mm clear of any wall, beam or obstruction
6.4.4 Hospital Bed Lifis and shall extend at least to the landing level. Above
the landing level and for a height of at least 1.15 m,
Hospital bed lifts should be situated conveniently near
either the ladder stringers shall be extended or suitable
the ward and operating theatre entrances. There shall
hand grips shall be provided.
be sufficient space near the landing door for easy
movement of stretcher. 6.6.3 Where the machine room entrance is 1.5 m or
more above or below the adjacent floor or roof surface,
It is convenient to place the passenger lifts in a hospital,
access shall be provided by means of stairs in accordance
near the staircases.
with the requirements given in 6.6.3.1 to 6.6.3.6.
6.5 Structural Considerations
6.6.3.1 The angle of inclination of the stair shall not
6.5.1 Lift we[l enclosures, lift pits, machine rooms and exceed 50° from the horizontal and the clear width of
machine supports besides conforming to the essential the stair shall be not less than 600 mm.
requirements given in 4, should form part of the
6.6.3.2 The tread shall have a non-slip surface which
building construction and comply with the lift
shall be not less than 150 mm wide for open stair
manufacturer’s drawings.
construction and not less than 20 cm wide for closed
6.5.2 Machine Room stair construction.

Floors shall be designed to carry a load of not less 6.6.3.3 The rise of the stair shall not exceed 250 mm.
than 350 kglmz over the whole area and also any load
6.6.3.4 A hand rail shall be provided on the outer
which may be imposed thereon by the equipment used
stringer of all stairways fixed at a convenient height,
in the machine room or by any reaction from any such
but not less than 500 mm high measured vertically from
equipment both during periods of normal operation
the nosings, and not less than 1 m high on landings
and repair.
and platforms. Such hand rail shall have atleast 50 mm
6.5.3 The side wall of the lift well may be made of clearance between nearest permanent object at the
reinforced cement concrete at least 150 mm thick so corresponding side of the stair.
as to provide satisfactory anchoring arrangement for
6.6.3.5 Headroom clearance of not less than 2 m
fixing. Reference shall also be made to Part 6 ‘Structural
measured from the nosings of the stairway, shall be
Design, Section 5 Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed
provided on every stairway.
Concrete, 5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete’.
6.5.4 The total load on overhead beams shall be 6.6.3.6 Heights of stairs over 5 m in length shall be
assumed as equal to all equipment resting on the beams provided with intermediate landings.
plus twice the maximum load suspended from the NOTE — Where compliance with any of the requirements
beams. specified in 6.61 to 6.6.3 is impracticable, applications for
variation shall be made to the Authority, who may, vary such
6.5.5 The factor of safety for all overhead beams and requirements.

26 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

 r--

6.6.4 Access to a machine room in a basement may controlled by this switch shall cancel all
be provided from a corridor. existing car calls and separate from
landing calls and no landing or car calls
6.6.5 Access to a machine room via the lift well shall
shall be registered. The buzzer and
be prohibited.
“fweman’s lift” light shall be turned on.
6.6.6 The lift pit should be capable of being examined All heat and smoke sensitive door re-
by a separate access. In the case of a battery of two opening devices shall be rendered
lifts, it is possible to examine the lift pit through the inoperative.
adjoining one. 2) If the lift is traveling towards the
evacuation floor, it shall continue driving
6.7 Fire Protection
to that floor.
To prevent fire from spreading by means of the lift 3) If the lift is traveling away from the
well, lift well enclosures shall conform to the evacuation floor, it shall reverse its
requirements given in Part 4 ‘Fire and Life Safety’. direction at the nearest possible floor
The machine room should be constructed of a suitable without opening its doors and return non-
grade of fire-resisting material and precautions should stop to the evacuation floor.
be taken to minimize spread of fire from the machine 4) If the lift is standing at a floor other than
room into the lift well (see also 7.3.14). the evacuation floor, it shall close the
doors and start traveling non-stop to the
6.8 Requirements for Fireman’s Lift
evacuation floor.
6.8.1 For buildings having height of 15 m or more 5) When at the evacuation floor the lift shall
atleast one lift shall meet the requirements of fireman’s park with doors open.
lift as given in 6.8.2. 6) The buzzer is turned off after this return
6.8.2 The fireman’s lift shall have the following drive.
minimum requirements: b) Fireman’s service (Phase 2):

a) Lift car shall have floor area of not less than The phase 2 operation of the lift shall be as
1.44 square meters. It shall also have a defined below.
loading capacity of not less than 544 kg 1) The phase 2 is started after phase 1, if
(8 persons). the switch is “ON.
b) Lift landing doors shall have a minimum of 2) The lift does not respond to landing calls
fire resistance of one hour. but registers car calls. AIl heat and smoke
c) Doors shall be of automatic operation for car sensitive door reopening devices are
rendered inoperative.
and landing.
3) When the car call button is pressed the
6.8.3 Fireman’s lifts in a building having more than doors start closing. If the button is
15 m or more height, shall work at or above the speed released before the doors are fully closed,
of 1.0 nds so as to reach the top floor from ground they re-open. The car call is registered
level within one minute. only when the doors are fully closed.
6.8.4 Operation Requirements of Fireman’s Lijit 4) After registering a car call the lift starts
driving to the call. If more than one car
The lift shall be provided with the following as a
call is registered, only the nearest call is
minimum:
answered and the remaining calls will be
a) A two position switch at evacuation floor cancelled at thq fwst stop.
(normally main entrance floor) (ON/OFF), 5) At the floor the doors are opened by
and pushing the door open button. If the
b) Buzzer and ‘Fireman’s lift’ — light in car button is released before the doors are
fully open, they re-close.
6.8.4.1 Sequence of operation:
6) The lift returns to normal service when it
a) Return to evacuation floor (Phase 1): stands at the evacuation floor with doors
1) Shall start when the switch at the open and the switch is “OFF”.
evacuation floor is turned to the “ON’
6.9 Supply Cables and Switches
position or the signal from smoke
detector (if provided by the Building Each lift should be provided with a main switch or
Management System) is on. All lift(s) circuit breaker of a capacity determined by the lift

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 27

manufacturer and the incoming supply cable should and temperature conditions a lift is checked for the car
terminate in this switch. For a single lift, this switch to complete one round trip with contract load plus 10
should be fixed adjacent to the machine room entrance percent at nominal supply voltage and nominal ambient
inside the machine room. In a machine room common temperature. There is also a static test with contract
to more than one lift, each main switch should be load plus 25 percent to check that the brake will sustain
conveniently situated with respect to the lift it controls. the car.
Switches and fuses (which may form part of a
It is unnecessary to specify and additional overload
distribution switch-board) should be provided for
test or capacity and in fact it is detrimental to the norm@
isolating the supply cables to the machine room.
running efficiency and safety of the lift to do so.
6.10 The detailed design considerations for different
7.1.6 Occasional Extra Load
types and selection of the lifts shall be done in
accordance with good practice [8-5(5)]. It is not good practice to request that a lift should be
designed to carry an occasional extra load. It is
7 POWER AND CONTROL SYSTEMS tantamount to specifying an excessive overload test
7.1 Features Associated with Power Systems which is detrimental to the normal running efficiency
and safety of the lift.
7.1.1 Industrial Switchgear
7.2 Description of Operation Systems
Switchgear for controlling lift power systems is
characterized by its high duty cycle and its high 7.2.1 Methods of Control Systems
rupturing capacity. Switchgear must be robust enough The methods of control systems areas follows:
and shall be so designed as to withstand the high duty
cycle and high rupturing capacity introduced during a) Attendant and dual control (see 7.2.2), and
the operation of the lifts. b) Automatic push button operation (see 7.2.2).

7.1.2 Levelling Accuracy 7.2.1.1 Types of control systems

The levelling tolerances in accordance with good a) Collective control (see 7.2.3),
practice [8-5(4)] are those which can be reasonably b) Single push button collective control (see
expected between no load and full load in either 7.2.4),
direction. c) Down collective control (see 7.2.5),
Where greater levelling accuracy is required, careful d) Directional collective control for one car (see
examination should be made to see whether such 7.2.6),
increased precision is justified or practical. Advice e) Directional collective control for two or three
should also be obtained, as additional apparatus and cars (see 7.2.7), and
cost may be involved, and in some cases the Group supervisory control (see 7.2.8).
f)
requirement may not be practicable.
Features of control systems are described in 7.3.
7.1.3 Corrective Levelling
7.2.2 Automatic Push Button Operation
This should only be used when it is impossible
Automatic control is a method of operation by which
otherwise to achieve the required levelling tolerances
a momentary pressure on a push button sets the car in
or on long travel lifts to maintain the required levelling
motion and causes it to stop automatically at any
tolerances during loading and unloading.
required lift landing. This is the simplest control system
7.1.4 Levelling with Variable Voltage and it is sometimes referred to as push button control.
A variable voltage system is one using continuous A car answers a landi’ng or car call whichever is
regulation which minimizes speed differences due to actuated first by momentary pressure provided the lift
load variation. Therefore, the actual levelling speed is is not in use. Momentary pressure of a car push button
of less importance than the general refinement of its will send the car to the designated floor. The car always
regulation control. In fact no levelling speed as such responds to a car pushbutton in preference to a landing
may be identifiable. push button.
7.1.5 Overload Tests With this type of control, a RED landing signal light
or direction arrow indicates that the car is in use that is
A lift is designed to operate and transport the contract
the lift is traveling.
load at the required duty cycle, and should not by
intention or habitually be used to carry overloads. This type of control is recommended for the following
During test as a safeguard to cover variable supply applications.

28 NATIONALBUILDING CODE OF INDIA

 a) A single passenger lift serving up to 4 floors. traffic. Two or three car banks have interconnected
b) Goods lifts serving any number of floors control.
where it is usually the most suitable form of With this type of control the following signals are
control, included:
For special purposes, the following two systems may a) A landing signal light indicates that the call
be considered: has been registered and will be answered.
a) Despatch from landings as an additional b) Illuminated car position indicator above car
feature for a goods lift with manually operated entrance.
doors. The call is registered by pressing the
7.2.6 Directional Collective Control for One Car
car push button and when the doors are closed
the car will travel to the designated floor. Directional collective control for one car is a control
b) Automatic with attendant control as an system having UP and DOWN push buttons at
additional feature on goods lifts with a key intermediate landings whereby the call is registered
operated switch in the car to transfer the for the intended direction of travel. Calls from the car
control from normal automatic to attendant or landing push buttons are registered and stored until
operation. There is also a visurd call indicator answered. The car will answer calls in floor sequence
with buzzer in the car to indicate to the in one direction of travel. Calls for the opposite
attendant the landing floors at which push direction of travel are answered when the direction of
buttons have been pressed when the car is travel is reversed.
under attendant control. This system is suitable for single lifts serving 4 or more
7.2.3 Collective Control floors with interfloor traffic, such as small office
blocks, hotels and blocks of flats.
Collective control is a generic term for those methods
of automatic operation by which calls made by pressing With this type of control the following signals are
push buttons in the car and at lifi landings are registered included:
and answered by the car stopping in floor sequence at a) A landing signal light for each landing push
each lift landing for which calls have been registered button indicates that the call has been
irrespective of the order in which the calls have been registered and will be answered.
made, and until all calls have had attention. b) Illuminated car position indicator above the
Collective control of any form is usually not suitable entrance in the car.
for goods lifts except where loading is not expected to c) Arrow shaped signal lights in the back of the
fill the car and additional loads can be taken at other car or on the landing to indicate to the entering
stops. person in which direction the car is going to
depart.
7.2.4 Single Push Button Collective Control
7.2.7 Directional Collective Control for Two or Three
Single push button collective control has a single push
Cars
button at each landing. It is not recommended, as the
direction in which it is desired to travel cannot be Directional collective control for two or three cars is a
registered by the intending passenger. system covering a control in which the two or three
cars in a bank are interconnected. One pushbutton unit
7.2.5 Down Collective Control
with UP and DOWN push buttons or floor buttons (in
Down collective is a control system where landing calls case of car control from floor) are required at each
are registered from a single push button, irrespective landing and the call system is common to all lifts. If
of the car being in motion or the landing door being for architectural balance, in the case of a three car bank,
open and calls are stored until answered. Any number extra push button units are required, these should be
of car calls can be registered and the car will stop in specified. Each landing call is automaticrdly allocated
sequence in the down direction at each of the to the best placed car. The control is designed so that
designated floors. The car will travel in the up direction cars are effectively spaced and thus give even service.
to the highest call registered stopping only in response When a car reaches the highest floor to which there is
to car calls. It will then travel downwards answering a call its direction of travel is automatically reversed
calls in floor sequence. If only one call has been when it next starts. One or more cars will return to the
registered the car travels to the floor of call. parking floor.

This system is suitable where there is traffic between Automatically bypassing of landing calls when a car
the ground and upper floors only and no interfloor is fully loaded is an essential feature for three-car

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 29

banks. It is also necessary for two-car banks in offices. destination. All landing calls are bypassed and car
Other cars will continue to provide service to all floors. position indicators on the landing for this lift are not
illuminated. The removal of the key when the special
When three-car banks serve 7 or 8 floors and over,
operation is completed restores the control to normal
some form of automatic supervisory control (see 7.2.8)
service.
is generally necessary in the interest of efficiency.
7.3.2 Landing Call Automatic Bypass
With this type of control the following signals are
included: For collective operation, automatic bypassing of
landing calls can be provided. This device will bypass
a) A landing signal light for each landing push
landing calls when a car is fully loaded but the calls
button to indicate that the call has been
are not cancelled.
registered and will be answered.
7.3.3 Motor Generator Shut Down
b) Illuminated car position indicator above the
entrance in the car. Lifts controlled by variable voltage system automatically
c) Arrow shaped signal lights in conjunction shutdown when subject to an over-ndlng control which
with an audible single stroke gong or an puts them out of service under certain conditions; for
indication on the landing call push button example, no demand for lift service. They are
station above each landing entrance to automatically put back into service as required.
indicate to the waiting person(s) which car is 7.3.4 Basement Service
going to stop and in which direction it will
continue its course. For lifts with collective control when service is required
below the main parking floor, which is usually the
7.2.8 Group Supervisory Control ground floor, to a basement andJor a sub-basement,
A bank or group of intensive traffic passengers lifts the lift maker should be informed of the type of service
requires a supervisory system to co-ordinate the required, as special technical considerations are then
operation of individual lifts which are all on collective usually necessary.
control and are interconnected. 7.3.5 Hospital Service
The very nature of intensive service calls for a Lifts for carrying beds and stretchers require a car
sophisticated automatic supervisory control system so preference switch so than an attendant can have
as to match the speed capacity of these lifts. complete control of the car when required. This
The supervisory system regulates the dispatching of requirement should be specified as ‘car preference’ and
individual cars and provides service to all floors as it will function as described in 7.3.1. Otherwise such
different traffic conditions arise minimizing such lifts can have the same control systems as for normal
unproductive factors as idle cars, uneven service and passenger lifts, the choice depending on the number
excessive waiting time. The system will respond of floors served, the service required and the number
automatically to traffic conditions such as UP and of lifts.
DOWN peaks, balanced or light traffic and provides 7.3.6 Manually Operated Doors (Without Closers)
for other specialized features.
A ‘door open’ alarm should be provided to draw
If desired, a master station can be provided in the lift attention to a car or landing door which has been left
lobby which gives by indicators, visual information open.
regarding the pattern under which the system is
operating. Where the system is based on a definite 7.3.7 Automatically Power Closed Doors
.
programme, control means are provided for altering For passenger operation when the car arrives at a
the type of traffic programme. There are other facilities, landing the doors will automatically open and then
such as the removal of any lift from service. close after lapse of a time interval. This time interval
can be overruled by the pressure of a push button in
7.3 Features of Operation Systems
the car to give instant door closing.
7.3.1 Car Preference
An ‘open door’ push button is provided in the car to
Sometimes it is necessary to give a special personal reverse closing motion of the doors or hold them open.
service or a house service. When this service is required
7.3.8 Controlled Power Closed Doors
and for whatever purpose, it should be specified as
‘car preference’ is by a key operated switch in the car. When there are conditions that particularly affect the
The operation is then from the car only and the doors safety of passengers or damage to vehicles or trucks,
remain open until a car call is registered for a floor the closing of the doors should only be made by the

30 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

continuous pressure of push buttons in the car or on cater for the required passenger traffic, it is essential
landings. that such switches should not stop the f~eman’s control
from being operative in the event of the lift being
A ‘door open’ alarm should be provided to draw
designated as a fireman’s lift. Service switches should
attention to a car or landing door which has been left
not be confused with maintenance switches which are
open. This means of operation is required for some
only used when it is dangerous to attempt to operate
forms of goods lifts.
the lift because maintenance work is actually in
7.3.9 Safe Operation of Doors progress. A control station fitted on top of the car is
regarded as a maintenance switch.
The safety of passengers passing through lift entrances
is fully covered by the provision of good practice 7.3.13 Fire Switch
[8-5(9)]. No modification of these provisions should
be specified. When required by the fire authority a fire switch has
to be provided, the function of which is to enable the
7.3.10 Director Service fire authority to take over the complete control of one
There are many forms of giving special service for or more lifts in an installation {see good practice
individuals, but they should always be avoided. They
[8-5(4)] }.
range from key operated switches at preferred landings 7.3.14 Push Buttons and Signals
to the complete segregation of one out of a bank of
lifts. It is obvious that any preferential treatment of It is most important that the purpose of every push
this nature can seriously jeopardize the efficiency of button and signal should be clearly understood by all
the service as a whole. When a bank of say three lifts passengers.
is installed to meet the anticipated traffic requirements 7.3.15 In public places where blind persons are
and then, when the building is occupies, one lift is expected to use the lifts it is recommended to provide
detached permanently for directors’ service, the traffic Brailey buttons.
handling can be reduced by a half rather than a third.
7.4 Electrical Installation Requirements
When preferential service is imperative, then the car
preference feature should be available (see 7.3.1). 7.4.1 General

7.3.11 Indication of Car Arrival The good practices [8-5(4)] states the requirements for
main switches and wiring with reference to relevant
As all lift cars are illuminated when available (in
regulations. The lift maker should specify, on a
service). It is recommended that this illumination be
schedule, particulars of full load current, starting
used to signal the arrival of a car at a landing in
current, maximum permissible voltage drop, size of
preference to special signals such as LIFT HERE signs
switches and other details to suit requirements. For
since signal lamps can fail when the lift is still operating
multiple lifts a diversity factor may be used to
satisfactorily.
determine the cable size and should be stated by the
The following is the practice adopted for vision panels lift manufacturer.
in doors:
It is important that the switches at the intake and in the
a) For lifts with manually operated car and machine room which are provided by the electrical
landing doors, vision panels are provided in contractor are the correct size, so that correctly rated
all doors; HRC fuses can be fitted. No form of ‘NO VOLT’ trip
b) For lifts with power operated car doors and relay should be included anywhere in the power supply
manually operated landing doors, vision of the lift.
panels are provided in the landing doors only; a) Power supply mains — The lift sub-circuit
c) For lifts with automatically opened car and from the intake room should”be separate from
landing doors, no vision panels are required; other building service.
and Each lift should be capable of being isolated
d) When vision panels are provided they should from the mains supply. This means of
comply with the requirements of good isolation should be lockable.
practice [8-5(4)]. b) For banks of interconnected lifts, a separate
sub-circuit is required for the common
7.3.12 Service Switches
supervisory system, in order that any car
When switches are provided to take cars out of service, may be shut down without isolating the
that is because the remaining cars in the group can supervisory control of the remainder.

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 31

 c) Lighting — Machine rooms and all other with an alarm push which is wired to a terminal box in
rooms containing lift equipment should be the lift well at the ground floor by the lift maker. This
provided with adequate illumination and with alarm bell, to be supplied by the lift maker (with
a switch fixed adjacent to the entrance. At indicator for more than one lift) should be fixed in an
least one socket outlet, suitable for lamps or agreed position and wired to the lift well. The suppIy
tools, should be provided in each room. may be from a battery (or transformer) fixed in the
machine room or, when available, from the building
The supply to the car light should be from a separate
fire alarm supply.
circuit, and controlled by a switch in the machine room.
For multiple lifts with a common machine room a When a telephone is to be provided in the lift car the
separate supply should be provided for each car. The lift maker should fit the cabinet in the car and provided
car lighting supply should be independent of the power wiring from the car to a terminal box adjacent to the
supply mains. Plug should be provided with a light, lift well.
the switch for which should be in the lift well, and
accessible from the lower terminal floor entrance. The type of telephone should be stated in the enquiry.

When the alarm system is connected to a transformer 7.4.4 Earthing

or trickle charger, the supply should be t~en from the 7.4.4.1 The terminal for the earthing of the frame of
machine room lighting. the motor, the winding machine, the frame of the
7.4.2 Electric Wiring and Apparatus control panel, the cases and covers of the tappet switch
and similar electric appliances which normally carry
7.4.2.1 All electrical supply lines and apparatus in the main current shall beat least equivalent to a 5 mm
connection with the lift installation shall be so diameter bolt, stud or screw. The cross-sectional area
constructed and shall be so installed, protected, worked of copper earthing conductor shall be not smaller than
and maintained that there may be no danger to persons half that of the largest current-carrying conductor
therefrom. subject to an upper limit of 65 mm2 {see also good
7.4.2.2 All metal casings or metallic coverings practice [8-5(10)] ].
containing or protecting any electric supply lines of 7.4.4.2 The terminal for the earthing of the metallic
apparatus shall be efficiently earthed. cases and covers of door interlocks, door contacts, call
7.4.2.3 No bare conductor shall be used in any lift car and control buttons, stop buttons, car switches, limit
as may cause danger to persons. switches, junction boxes and similar electrical fittings
which normally carry only the control current (such
7.4.2.4 All cables and other wiring in connection with terminal being one specially provided for this purpose),
the lift installation shall be of suitable grade for the and the earth conductor should be appropriately sized
voltage at which these are intended to be worked and in accordance with good practice [8-5(10)].
if metallic covering is used it shall be efficiently
earthed. The size of earthing conductor shall be in accordance
with Part 8 ‘Building Services, Section 2 Electrical and
7.4.2.5 Suitable caution notice shall be affixed near Allied Installations’.
every motor or other apparatus in which energy is used
at a pressure exceeding 250 V. 7.4.4.3 The earthing conductor shall be secured
to earthing terminal in accordance with the
7.4.2.6 Circuits which supply current to the motor shall recommendations made in good practice [8-5(10)] and
not be included in any twin or multicore trailing cable also in conformity with the latest provisions of
used in connection with the control and safety devices. l?lectrici~ Act, 2003 and Rules framed thereunder from
time to time. “
7.4.2.7 A single trailing cable for lighting control and
signal circuit shall be permitted, if all the conductors 7.4.4.4 The exposed metal parts of electrical apparatus
of this trailing cable are insulated for maximum voltage installed on a lift car shall be sufficiently bonded and
running through any one conductor of this cable. eartherd.

7.4.3 Emergency Signal or Telephone 7.4.4.5 Where screwed conduit screws into electric
fittings carrying control current making the case and
It is recommendatory that lift car be provided either
cover electrically continuous with the conduit, the
with an emergency signal that is operative from the
earthing of the conduit maybe considered to earth the
lift car and audible outside the lift well or with a
fitting. Where flexible conduit is used for leading into
telephone.
a fitting, the fitting and such length of flexible conduit
When an alarm bell is to be provided each car is fitted shall be effectively earthed.

32 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

7.4.4.6 One side of the secondary winding of bell information can be sensed by the Building
transformers and their cases shall be earthed. Management Systems).
h) Door Reopen Request (Summary of Door
7.4.4.7 Where there are more than one lift in a
Open, Light Curtr&, Photocell, Safety Edge
building, there should be a separate earth pit for the
Signals).
lifts.
7.5.6 Where it is desired that it should be possible to
7.5 Building Management Systems — Interface for control the lift from Building Management Systems,
Lifts
the following control signals can be provided.
7.5.1 Where more than three lifts are provided in a a) Normal to service/inspection mode change
building and especially when these are provided at over ,
different locations in the building a form of central
b) Fault Accept/Rest Input
monitoring may be provided. Such central monitoring
may be through a Building Management Systems, if (Using this input, the lift controller may be
provided in the building or through a display panel. allowed to clear an existing fault if this is
o’tier wise safe. It will be decided by the Lift
7.5.2 The following signals should be given to the manufacturer as to what faults can be
building management interface from each lift. cleared)
a) Alarm button in car, c) Car call to top most floor and bottom most
b) Door Zone or floor level information, floor of each lift.

c) Lift moving information, Where such control inputs are provided, it should be
d) Power on information, and with a pass word and login feature that allows one to
e) Lift position information. determine who has used these inputs and at what time.
Always such inputs should be through authorized
7.5.3 Each of these signals shall be provided through person only. The Building Management Systems
a potential free contact located in the lift machine should make all changeovers effective only when lift
room. The contacts shall be rated for 230 V at/l A or is not moving.
24 V dc/lA. A pair of wires should be used for each
potential contact. 7.5.7 Control inputs from Building Management
Systems should be through a potential free contact
7.5.4 The wiring between lift machine room to capable of carrying 24 V dc/lA or 230 V ac/lA. The
Building Management Systems shall be planned and wiring should be terminated in each lift machine room.
carried out by the builder along with other wiring in
the building. 8 CONDITIONS FOR OPTIMUM PRACTICE

7.5.5 The building management system should ensure 8.1 Lift Entrance Operation
that any position information is read only when the
8.1.1 General
lift is not moving (lift moving information) or is
capable of reading several times to detect a stable state. Every lift journey involves two horizontal movements,
in and out of the car, to one vertical movement. The
In addition to the signals above the following signals
type of door, and the operation of the doors, play a
may be added if required for the benefit of monitoring
main part in the service given, and should receive
the lift performance.
careful consideration.
a) A summary fault output to indicate a lift in
8.1.2 Goods Trafic
fault condition, which prevents the lift from
providing service. This summary fault Most types of goods traffic’ require relatively longer
condition shall include the most common loading and unloading times and manual doors are
faults such as safety circuit open. frequently used for economy and simplicity.
b) Service or inspection mode.
Power operation can be applied, especially for large
c) Attendant mode. entrances, to give automatic opening: the doors then
d) Fire mode. always open fully, reducing the risk of damage. For
e) Doors opening. many types of goods traffic, it is preferable for closing
Doors closing. though powered, to be controlled by continuous
f)
pressure button, rather than being automatically
g) Lift moving up.
initiated {see good practice [8-5(4)] }.
(In combination with lift moving and lift
moving up information, lift moving down For heavy duty lifts, a power operated vertically sliding

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 33

door preferred, this can be made extremely robust, and 8.5 Lighting and Treatment of Walls, Floors+ Etc
is capable of extension to very large entrances.
8.5.1 All machine rooms should be considered as plant
8.2 Painting at Works and on Site space, and conditions provided to permit reliable
operation of electrical switchgear and rotating
Lift equipment with normally receive a protective coat machinery, and be conducive to good maintenance.
of paint at works before despatch to site. Further
painting of lift equipment may be necessary and is Lighting should be provided to give at least 200 lux
normally in the form of a finishing coat and can take around the controller and machine. The machine room
place on site. Alternatively, the further painting of the walls, ceiling and floor should be faced in dust-resisting
equipment may be carried out at works as a finishing materials, tiles, etc, or painted as a minimum to stop
coat with normal touching up after site erection as may dust circulation which otherwise could damage rotating
be necessary. machinery and cause failure of switchgear. Machine
rooms should also be weatherproof and if ventilation
Any additional painting, due to site conditions during louvers are provided they should be designed and sited
erection andlor final operating conditions in the to prevent snow being driven through or to the
premises, is subject to negotiation between the lift apparatus.
maker and the purchaser.
8.5.2 Lift wells should be constructed to be
Decorative finishes are a subject for separate weatherproof and of a dust free surface material or
negotiation. should be painted to minimize dust circulation on to
moving apparatus and from being pumped by the car
8.3 Special Environments
movement into machine rooms or on to landings.
Standard equipment is suitable for use inside normal
Sufficient number of light points should be provided
residential, commercial and industrial buildings
in the lift shaft for proper illumination.
but when unusual environments are likely to be
encountered, the advice of the lift maker should be 8.5.3 Should a lift entrance open out into an area
sought at the earliest possible stage to enable the most expected to the weather the entrance should be
economic satisfactory solution to be found. Special protected by a suitable canopy and the ground level
mechanical protection and or electrical enclosures may slope up to the entrance to prevent during rain or
be necessary as well as compliance with statutory or surface drainage from entering the lift well through
other regulations and with the purchaser’s particular the clearances around the landing doors. Any push
requirements, which should be fully considered at the buttons so enclosed should be of weatherproof type,
time of enquiry. 8.6 Stairwell Enclosures
Examples of situations which necessitate special The location of lifts in stairwells is not recommended.
consideration are:
The use of stair stringers for fixing of guides normally
a) Exposure to weather, for example, car parks. involves extensive site measurement in order to
b) Low temperatures, for example, cold stores. fabricate purpose-made brackets. The resulting
c) High temperatures, for example, boiler plant. attachments are often unreliable and lacking in
d) Hosing-down for example, for hygiene or robustness. For stairwells of normal width, the span
decontamination. required for the lift machine support beams is
excessive and unless uneconomic sections are used the
e) Corrosive atmosphere, for example, chemical
deflections under varying load adversely affect the
works.
motor of the lift.
f) Dusty atmospheres, for example, gas plant.
The necessary provision of suitable continuous
g) Explosive and inflammable atmosphere, for
enclosures can be very expensive.
example gas plants, and petroleum and
polyester industries. 8.7 Handwinding Release Procedure and Indication

8.4 Ventilation of Machine Rooms The release procedure by handwinding should only
be carried out in an emergency and by authorized
Machine rooms shall be ventilated. They shall be such
persons who have received the necessary instruction
that the motors and equipment as well as electric cables
because it is dangerous for any other persons to attempt
etc, are protected as far as possible from dust, harmful
to do SO.
dusts and humidity. The ambient temperature in the
machine room shall be maintained between 5°C and Before attempting to move the car, it is imperative that
40”C. any person in the car be warned of the intention to

34 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

move the car and that they do not attempt to leave the components and parts should be kept readily available
car until they are advised that it is safe to do so. Any for the persons responsible for the maintenance and
failure to carry out this precaution may render the replacement where necessary.
person concerned guilty of negligence should an
9.2 Particular attention may be directed for thorough
accident occur.
periodical examination of wire ropes when in service.
Before attempting to handwind the lift machine, it is Attention should also be directed to the thorough
vital that the supply is switched off at the main switch. examination of the groove of drums, sheaves and
pulleys when installing anew rope. A groove deepened
It is usually necessary to have two persons in the
by rope wear is liable to lead to early failure of a new
machine room: one to operate the brake release and
rope unless the groove is returned.
the other to carry out the handwinding. The
exceptions are small lift machines where the 9.3 Any accident arising out of operation of maintenance
handwinding and be easily controlled by one man and of the lifts should be duly reported to the Authority in
larger machines which need two men to operate the accordance with the rules laid down. A notice maybe
handwinding alone with an additional man to control put in the machine room to this effect.
the brake release.
10 LIFI’ENQUIRY OR JNVITATIONTO TENDER
If the car is stuck in the lift well and cannot be moved
when an attempt is made to move it in a downward 10.1 General
direction, then no attempt at handwinding should be A period of four weeks is normally sufficient for return
made because the car safety gear may have set. Any of tenders. This should be extended if large numbers
further procedure should be carried out under the of lifts or special requirements are involved.
instruction of a qualified lift mechanic.
The enquiry documents should be kept to the essential
Provided the car is free to be moved in the downward minimum, and should be strictly confined to material
direction, then it should be hand wound to the nearest relevant to the lift work and to the particular project
floor. There is a preference to move the car in a concerned
downward direction. However, this may not always
be practical owing to the distance involved and the When enquiring for and ordering an electrical lift in
time taken to complete the movement. In addition the accordance with this Section, the particulars given
amount of out of balance load on the counterweight below shall be furnished:
side, due to the size of car and the small number of
PARTICULARS OF LIFTS
persons inside it, may make it necessary to wind the
car upwards. In the case of higher speed lifts the 1) Type of lift (Passenger, goods, service or
direction of handwinding will usually be goverued by dumbwaiter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the effort required to move the car because of the 2) Number oflifts required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
absence of a large gear reduction ratio. 3) Load: number ofpersons . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..kg . . . . . .
It is essential that all detail operations be carried out 4) Rated speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..rnls
according to the manufacturer’s instructions for the 5) Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m
lift concerned and these should be clearly stated and 6) Serving.. . . . . . . . . .. floors . . . . ..entrances . . . . . . .
permanently displayed in the form of a notice in the
7) Number of floors served . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
machine room.
8) Method of control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(see 7.2)
9 RUNNING AND MAINTENANCE 9) Position ofmachine room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1 The lift installation should receive regular 10) Sizes oflift well(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cleaning, lubrication, adjustment and adequate 11) Position of counterweight ... ........ .......
servicing by authorized competent persons at such 12) Internal sizeof liftcar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
intervals as the type of equipment and frequency of 13) Construction, design and finish of car
service demand. In order that the lift installation is bodywork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
maintained at all times in a safe condkion, a proper
14) Car entrances:
maintenance schedule shall be drawn up in consultation
a) Number, size and type of doors
with the lift manufacturer and rigidly followed. The
provision of a log book to record all items relating to b) Power or manual operation
general servicing and inspection is recommended for 15) Cat-light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
all lifts. It is essential that the electrical circuit diagram 16) Call indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . position indicator
of the lift with the sequence of operation of different in cur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES — SECTION 5 INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS 35