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The E/R Models § —
E/R model stands: tat. “ath Entity Relation
ship Model.
gt $s 4 high - level data model.
“SThis wmode) Se qivied to define: tne dale
elements, dusd!! isielaonshiy for a
It also derdop a very cimple
and ety
Jo design view of dota. |
Hit df
>In ER werteting, the database struclure is +
\
sepfecented o4 0 dliggiam called, an E-R
clea:
foy evamiler
Suppose we design 0 schocl daJabate .In
thir’ database, the ‘cludewt will bo an
entity usilh adtitbula hee oddvers, name, td
age ele
Chame >
2 were of E- ea a
Enhity Adtribudes! ‘Relation
‘ [Hkely Atibutes. | | Che
teak Erg eieudy {re Pte
_ p-Carratie Attibubes Lote
L_NjultiValued Attalbutey my
L_jerived Attsibubey Many focte:
t- Mary faa
4Enti
+> An Entity Poouy be any object, Clay,
pertan or place.
> 4m the ER diagvam, an entity ca» be,
yepresepled ag Heclang les :
Contidey ap, orgorisatdon as an eqaptle-
noragey, product, employee} department cle
can be feben a an ebtity .
a ae Deparfment Ge eee eto ce
a) Weak. Enti i
=p, entity thal depends oh another eokiy
$s Called as Weak entity. :
The Weak entity doesn't contain ony
fey attribute of 3c own.
>This 4¢ SHep verented by double ie ange
2-AHibule s —
YThe attyibute as defined ured to dere-
ibe the properly of an entity.
Eclipse 2 uted, fo Gepresent an att
ibute- ne WI
For evample, tds age, contact numbers name ele
ca be ed attributes of a shudept. eae
Atlvibute 8 ——
oy key odtvibube 34 wed +9 ey
esent the main chovacterisHee of a,
entity. ;
ST} siepresent ‘a pripayy Fey.
—> They Fey ctaibute 25 Sep (eng
by on adltce with the text wnderig
b) Corpsite Avabule? —
An oltsibute that corm paced ot any
ather atsibube as khowh of a compile |
attebubes wjepresepted by ellipse, and |
Ths
<\ljpces are connected with
thos <
an ellipse c. Mullivelued Attributes |
An attribute can have move than one |
value, if khowh at multivalued attsibute,
~The double oval 3: used fo sepresent
mull valued AHribike.
For encumle, a tluden} can hove move than
OMe _ phowe numbers! trades
“de Jerived Attribute i : . i
"S'An atiribute that can be derived fom
athev attribule © 3s known af a dovived atteibuk
Lge qo arepresented® by a duished’ et\inse.
oy endsple, 4 percan's age changes “over He
abd can be derived fram anrthey atfribule
jike-— Date, of Bisth- '
Care |
student.
Bi} Cage 3-Detationship® | op
sh stelationship 35 Wed” fo deserthe 4,
Dlelation between enter
“SFiawmond or shombu SM wsed fo epee
the sielation chip. Ho
| a ig 1
Saoh ey 7—|ruden |
Tapes: me
a One-to-one Delationchip *
= alhen only ove insfance, of an ek u
, associated — wilh, the smelatonshig, thon if
ig Known as —ohe to one | Giglationships
Por, examples — A. Peroele cay marry {om
tmale, cre 4 male Cap marry to ohe rd
wont
[Female e artied Py>— "jhe |
@-ohe- to-mony Helahorships —
—>Ialhen only one inclaree of am entily ont
left, and move hah “ohe inslanco ofan
evity on the MUGh atioclaked ath
orelationchip then Hig
Fo- many elation chip.
Wo Rhowh oy a ohey |
on invention
i Aone 4 the only spe-
For enample, scientist ‘can einvent Imari)
& buy the invencion
cific selentist. § 7
a invents [invention
OMany ~to- one Helakionchips —
>IWhen move than one initanee.of an entity a
the Jet, ond only one ingfance of ab onltpon ,
oul Wt aslociote: with “tHe wieladiahchip ted tf
fs “Known at many—to-ohe sielalonship-
Por example students eprote for only > phe Coury,
but & cource can hove Many students.
My
de rary 4o a srelabonshie!
—syjhon move Fhan one, inctarce. of the
eph on the left, ahd more than one
\nstounce of +Hreanentiy on the souight assog—
ates with the stetabionchig then it it known
od many-to-many delationchip.
Poy examples Empiiyes can assigh by Many PrD-
Jjeckt and project cn howe many employ ect
a mega Y¥Nolation of ER ciagraD? —— " 4
| = Dalakase | can be ae sig, Sho te
Pons. In ER Aiagrary mony nolahon are os
4o eopress the cardinality.
ose oes
Obe to one |
1 i
ope fo mang{mandalory) ; ;
Pmany fe bre.
a
Fone or Moret mandatory)
one andonly one (Pandadory
OT Serd Or ohe Cophonal)
7 zevo of many CopHonal)
The Lelatfivhal pce 8 — 4
_sPelational model can represent as: a fabh
with | coluveing and” ‘yous.
Esch ro is known as tuple,
Fach table, gf the column hay a, nougel
ottibude, , aly
x domain: —
3H confairs o seh of atomic value’ that
an attribute cab dake. :
aeAffciburte $
>H contain fhe hame of a col :
porttulay table. nT
—- ach ott tute
Ai must hove a do 0 dors (Ai). lores ?
ee Relational inshoneet —_ i
750 Abe selational dlajahaye satlen, Ve" elation
oA inctance ar wiepresented Py 0 Linite cot of tulle
— Pelotional Vottanees oe Pot have duplicate
fuples. beatae
¥Qelat ional schemas am : sa
s ‘stelakioal, schema scantosa! the
name of” the! Yelallip and” name of ‘all
column or gHyibube -
Aletabom) keys tala)
PID the. Melational tare each row hos
one oy more attribute.
$4 cap Adentity , the , mu in He. relation
un iq 4g Ny.
Erumyle: STODENT — Re} akon
NANE QOLL-ND = PHONE NO A DDRELS AGE
Paws ( (A195 TB0dEG8q00 | Noida 54
Shyars (6c6d 902694934n Delhi 3
Loxmen 93264 cee Gurugam 20
Mohah 118] CoovooddC0D Ghailad 27
Sprah (1282 Bot gaesso Darhi | 140
fo®h the given fable, NAME , OLL-NID, PHONE NAO
and ASE cue the ollstbuley
® The inance: of chema | oTyeNT has 5 tupler
8 B=< Laxman, $9209, 3503 Ye 7162, Gurugiam, 20>
— — Jearertion of Letahons:
eName of the welaton is dich nel Fro ay
other Gielotions. ae
«Lach | delaHon coll contains exactly one
adtrnict single) value, bn ‘
*Each attribuke obtains a olwtinel NOums
tAtiikute domain har no significa Relatonadl
language.
J} x "alts khowh a4 declovahve
caleuleés is a hoh--procédural quey
leegie
ect all relational ofe-
Telahiona) caleutey,
Ft 8s mostly nprobecnres by the eng
User¢-
— 44 LC considered ge QO User
longuage.
+3 The level ofs Abdvaghon iy bigh.
—S The, sielatonal Caloulus +fel}s eghat
jo do but never explains how ty oo,
>It is possible 4p enpy
bra queries into
frierd lly
ae eae “Types of Relational colculurs
RelaHonal Calculus ‘ 4
(jin 4 j T
“Td ple Pelotiona i Pech Pe leona
Calculus Calcultis
ATuple Qetational Caleului'(Tec) : — fe
—>The tuple ‘stelationa| Colculus is specified
fo The siecult of the “seloken coun hove One
Ot more -fupler.
Notation: —
ETIPCO oy {Tlcondition())
\Alhere
T isthe sreculting tuphe | f
PT) is the condition tured to fetch T:
ov example : —
{Tv rane Author (1) AND T.arkele = dado baie! }
outpuds— Thc query selects the tuples from
The AUTHOR pie TH stebarne 2 ‘title oll
troumer tro coho _hy eae” RTOS -
on ‘database'. j
Tee (tuple velation calcul) con be quantifieg,
Tp TPC, We Can use Exictentiol (J) Ghd Unteny
Quantifter (v)-
For example
LQ\ SITES Authow (Tavticle ='dafaboue' AND rane
=T. pore)?
output ——
Same yerat ay whe abiye) —
9. Domain Relobianal Codoul (eos —
bk sThe-., cecondl sform, of sieleubton is king
‘as Domain sictakona! calculus.
—5Py Gowain srolatonal ..cofculus,- fulteri
variable user the dlomain.of atbibider
—> Dopalb Gelotonal calculus , use. the om
operators as tuple calculus,
—> Tt uses Iggica comhectiver Acana), Va
ord 7 tol). i
—» T+ uses Existential (@) and universa} Cue
hihiers Cv) to bind the Variable.
Notation: —
{o1,02,03, -.,an|p (002,03, -__,an)7
talhere
|i alja2 ave attribubes is
DP cteencls boy formu ule, beri} by inber cxt}rt ti | Poy examples — mooie rh |
{carticle, page, subjects |e Jowvotpoiit a subject ='datatd
4
outputs This query voll yeld the’ drlele,
page, ard subject from the relatiovial jovtp-
int, wheve the subject 2 0 clatabate,
H§nhoduction 4o Database Design: — |
>Database design is the oigarizaction of dab
according 4o a database model. :
—> The designer determines what, dlato put
be ctored and how the dato elomentr inte.
yyelate- i : |
—databare ', desig inuo|ver classifying alata
and identifyjng inteyyelationships.
Ly the theoretical repsesentotop of He cet
fs called ah, omtolog y.
Tre ontolegy ts the theory behind the
clectabose'e design HTK Yelattonal wih 4)
; elanony Njode| Dn ely, Consteay
Over “Qeladtors’@—— ts ,
> Integrity constraints axe a set of suley,
E54} Gs used to paibtaln the qualidy ot ifr:
mation:
—>Jnlegrity conttsainks enure that the dala
intortion, Updating, asd other . processes hove to
be performed in such a way thot data 2nfe
gry is pot affected.
Tu, integrity conctraint is used +0 gees
aint accidental , damage 4p the dataha
Types of Ontegeily Conitsaint
4, dowaiy Constsaint ‘ |
9. Ewlity Potegrily Constaaint
Be Relential Teg rily Cort gaint
A key conitr aint:
4. Domain Constsaint 2 ——
5 Dopain Constraint can he defined ot
Lhe definition of a valid set of value fr
an attribute,
—sThe dato type of domain include se
095 chavacter, integer, time, date, currency ete
The value of atte
: ibute i
Fore, See ay cide meat be onl FE Exg— Fa gg
5 ty Nome | 1 “semetter 1
=:
tooo | om |) ast
[1001 | Johbson Sand
: Pipa Ieonardort — 2a
| 1003) ee |
Lio n4 Morgan eth
Not alolbed 5 Mepaied AGE is
an integer attribute,
Entity integriby Conttyaints
The, entity iphegrity | con traunt slater hab -
peer Fey value dant} be pull:
SThi 9 because the primar key value it
used +o identify jpdividual yout in velabton anf
Vg whe primary key hog a null value, then
we can't idenhty Hhore rat i
ok table cap contain a null value ofher
ey ‘
tran the primory k ra field
Enarsple ——
ooo PF
Emptp EMP-NANE |! SALARY i
125 Joo a00000 |
V8.3 Harry GO0000, |
164 Jonw ZoOVOO
oh 770000
col | fl
Nof atloured cr Geinery bey can't coofain a
NULLValue
3 deferential Ineqridy Coneteaitts 7 —
>A sielerenttal jotegr conshaint #4
specified belween tse feo. Sn He Referertal inteqeily contain
® Sveign key in ‘Table cefert te the 4,
ry key of TTeble 25 then every value
dhe Foreign key iD “Table 1 must be buy
or be available io Table»
Examle — ®pletr
EMP_NAME| NAMe | AQE
t
\ Jock
2 Hawry
Ss Toln
4 Devil
Primaxt, \ |
4key constraintss, /
shes che the entity cet trot ts, use
identify on entity within ih epkly Se}
+ entity cet tan have wulligle 4
but out of which one key Laill be the
Oa oe
A grmay Fey Can contain o
anc null value in the velakonal dahl ' i \
quot at lowes - decane. all row mut be Bnique
1
+r Relational Algebra ere
—= Relational algebra Wa groceduro epee
cuguage,
= $t gue o step ty
vesulf of Query,
> Jt ayy opera ito per brs acta
Ty pes of-sfetelonal operacton : —
Lelalienol Cpesation
1Selec} Operation : —
The Sk ds denched by cuppue there. ase two tuples Qs. The
Upton operaliah confaint all the 4upler that ane
either in Ror cor both in Qa,
St eliminate: Jhe duplicate: tuples. 94 is deno-|
ted by OU. |
Nolotion: 2 ul. A union operation, mus holel the fy 7"
I
Condition vy
Rds much, have the offributey of the ‘Oe
number - '
«Dupliccee tupler ager eliminateg automa,
Uy :
Exanfle
Depostroe RELATION
CUSTOMER NAME ACCOUNT. NO, :
Johnow 4 } 18 lol ;
smith A-l2t i
Mayes rt B32) IMAM
Turner a
BORROW RELATION
CUSTOMER NAME) S LOAN_No
Jone i ot
Syith ; ae
Hayes re
TTatkson : a
Qnput — 7
TY CUCTOMER_NAME (Boeeot)' UT curremeR NAH
outrut
cuttimer—hame
Johnson
smth
Hoye
Jarner
tL 4). cet Interoclton ? —
— > supas there are tio tuples Oi'¢
The set Intersection opetahion - confaint or
tuples. : ne
S416 denoted by! 0.
Notahion: @ ne
Ero0ur9 pe — Using abuve pe ror sued Bonney
‘put —
TT CUOSTOMER_NAME (BopeuWi) 0,1] CuSTaMEe NAME ,
Owl pal —'
CUSTOMEE. NAME
Leth
| {
Be Set Difference : —
> Suppote there asic froo- feepler! RPh.
DThe set ,irtexaghon operalion, Gontgint al
tuples hot are io & but nok in &
> Tf ic denated by Intersection rrinus (>).
Noteton: QS |
Erample 3 sing 4 +he cbove Depo
Ww fable,
Mput? \ i
Tl customee NAME (AoeeoIt)- FT COLTON
oth
Cusfower— NAME
Jatt son
Heyes.
ear0Q fable Levee.
ee name (Derr
TOR 6. Carte sian Psoduct ¢ — E
“The cartesian procluct is used to Ch,
“each YOW inh Ohe fable with eaah my
the othev fables
Tb ic alto Khowh as a crots produck
y
© hE ic denoted by ®- 3
Notations Ex Dd . '
Example? — . ,
ENiptoyee ; :
Empey) MPD NAME) Ex. Deer,
1 Smith e
» Heury a
g John hi
DePAPT MENT Pe oy
DEoT NO DePT Lae © |
a Wer eeting
7 hh ee hay it
MOR on _ Legal
Yount — f
EMPLOYEE ©) EoRET MEAT
outpud — Th g.dename Oporotions —r
“sThe stehame . opexatron i¢ wed fo rename.
iS output srolabion. St alenotoa by shal py.
eri sa
STUDENT —5 STUDENT!
P [crupeng 4, STUDENT), oe
fist pea
AJoins + ae
SA Jjeip operation combines elated tule
Aron different iojelatons, iL and only if agi
join cobdifin ts cadicfier | ; |
59} 8s dlenotecl by
Example ——
Employed?
EMIP_cop9E EMP. NAME
ol Stephon
PoUrntos ' Mack
103 Horry
SALARY
EMIP_ cade IOALARY
lot 50000
tor : 9900 m
10 95000 , ‘
'
operations (EMPLOYER 0 SALARY)
Qecult:—
EMP code EMP_N Awe SALARY
lo} Stephan 50000
vor Tooke 32000
03
z (OG. Horry 95000 Se
Types et! _foin operoHon §
"Join oporaton
eto !
ees
Notural Soin otter fib! Cee
L Lett Outer fein,
i ty Rian outer Join
i r L- Full ottterTotn
Ay Nodusral Soin ce
>A Notuval - join’ isthe, seb of decples af
atl combination in Land t that ame equl
on theiy commn attribube pames,-
hs Gistc dengled by x.
Erample —— 4
Lets use the above EMPLOYEE fable cing SMa
4oble.
Poput —
TIEMP_ NIKMEs SRLARY (EMPLOYEE 0a SALARY)
oudeu) —
» EMP_NAME SALARY
Stephon 50000
Rou 3000.
Rou
95000 } i i
2.Outey pins — a
The oubey join Ha
oporali
of the join vparbinc thor San) exh
ey! \nfotinatty,
St is cued 40 deal wath wisi
Exam ple — . :
EMPLOYEE a
FACT_Workers \
EMPNAwE
RAN
Shyaw)
uber,
CEN ad
Doped: bE ae
(ErapLoves o FACT Woekewy) | ‘
ouput s '
CMPNAME STREET «CITY BRANCH
RAN Civil tine “Munda; Dnfoeyt ‘119000
Shyam Porbitreet fcoltale wipro; ,, 28290
Nebyuragay Hydeithay TCs 50000
SALARY
Hori
dele g bRight caer joins iat
An oulesy join ix bauically of i ig type
DLef} outer join
' 4) Right oulen (join
D Fall outer Join : Parasite
gyLet¥! outer Join’
Left outer join confains the seh a tuple of
all eombinahion sin Lands tha auc ay oh
Theiv commen attribute Paes. 1
— >In ther left cube join, tuple in ea 1)
makching ‘fugly ins:
> ‘Ih is’ denoted’ by m4)
Boaipple— using, the above, fable’ ¢ Cetenvee
table and PACT WoPKERS able.
Spud — t
EMP NAME; sTRECT [CITY |goAncH 7 cALARe
Lam Qivilline | Muwbal| Prout | 10009
| Shyoum __| Port cred | tattle Wier | 20008
Hout Nebtu Se Hyplerada) Tes Sooo
| Row! M. aimed rl ‘| Nutt ALL |
— Right ower oib contains the cof of
of all combination inp ani a Hel OF
+
equol On ely COPD OH attibube paw ofp wight outer join, Augler ip Shen con
ping: tuples tp vrs rer
coins dersted oy" DC. vi he
Example — Using the a Erartoyee fable,
and Racial oneey Lelahon.
yin
Qrqutt$— 7
EMPLOYEE MC FACT_Woe Kees sie
outputs =o road ann oi Ht
EMRNAME. BRANCH nSALAN TLE i chity
Rom Tfosys 10009. civil tine ; Muabad
Shy Wipro 20000!) Park Street / leoleale
Hari Tes 50000 Nebsu threo}; Hyderabad
kuber Het — 30000 NULL) tat,
Full outey joins — 7
Full outer join ts like: o'taft os ight Join exceg
tod st contains all youre trom both! ley.
In full owlers join, duples tm @ that ‘howe ho
Wachig dupe, Ine’ and uplec ip & that have
no Mathing iQ ih their Common attvibuber
Nome,
— V4 a deboted: by ne
Eortle — Using 4he above EMpLover fable and
FAact.workent table,
Xopud — h
[EMPLOYER XE FACT. Work ees
a oa
‘utpel —s, 1 ’ ha
EMPNAME = STREET TTY ~'GPANCH | CALAeN
Ram Oivil Nine. Maeuma! Infosys 10800
_ Chypue Payt street oltata wipro 9.9000
Haut!” qrobny ctreet Hyderald’ C8 goo 00
Ravi Wg.ctree} Delhiy voit > | Not
Kubey = NULL = NLL“ 20.00
yt
SEqui join: id
5} ic alto known as an inner” on.
94 is tho moth comiseb! Jone
>Hi 'Balsed) ph | madched’ data vac ‘|
ely 1 ae nin
5 The" equa join user "Lhe compari
dpevatortd).
Exaxenple —— M3} : Ws
CUSTOMER RELATION! 0 Tu
cuts DDS 4 NAME ae ty
Hpdh dat cohob Raley
x iy i thijan i }
i © 1 Mo haps
PRowey
e vet _1) city
9 Sethi ;
3 4 baj
Froud: Neva
OMOMER % PPOpDeT ouctpr| — »
ey NAME PeopucT ID osty
Delhi
s 8 Mun bal
if . Lor do,
=