Lecture 1

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Lecture 1: OUTLINE
Introduction to the Course Introduction to the Antenna Technology Research Directions in the Field of Antenna Design g Review of EM Theory (Maxwells Equations and BCs) Radiation Mechanism EM Wave Scattering and Propagation

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Introduction to the Course

EE 871: EE-871: Antennas and Wave Propagation Instructor: Dr. Dr Rashid Ahmad Bhatti E-mail: [email protected] Phone No. : 0321-8580322

Recommended Texts: Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, By C.A. Balanis,Published by Wiley, 1982. Radio Wave Propagation and Antennas: An Introduction, By John Griffiths, Prentice-Hall, 1987. , y , , Tentative Grading Policy: Mid-Term Exam: Homeworks: Final-Exam: Final Exam: -

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Introduction to the Course

EE 871: EE-871: Antennas and Wave Propagation
Course Outline
Introduction to the Antenna Technology: Fundamental Parameters of Antennas: Radiation Integrals and Potential Functions: Wire Antennas: Loop Antennas: Slot Antennas: Frequency Independent Antennas: Mid-Term Exam Printed Antennas: Array Antenna Theory: Aperture Antennas: Numerical Techniques in EM: Antenna Measurement Techniques: Wave Propagation: Final Exam HW # 8 HW # 4 HW # 5 HW # 6 HW # 7 HW # 3 HW # 1 HW # 2

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Introduction to the Course

EE 871: EE-871: Antennas and Wave Propagation

General Instructions
Submit your homeworks within specified time Plagiarized home work will get zero marks. You can use software of your choice to solve assigned homeworks (Matlab, Mathcad etc). Any software can be used for the analysis of antenna structures (CST, HFSS, NEC etc)

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology
Antenna Definition
Part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed Part to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves. Antenna i a structure th t provides transition between A t is t t that id t iti b t guided and free-space waves.

50 50

377

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: Brief History

1873- Unification of the theories of electricity and magnetism by Maxwell. 1886- First Radiation experiment by Hertz: Spark was generated through a dipole antenna, and it was detected in the gap of a loop antenna. 1901- Marconi sent signals across the Atlantic. Till 1940s- wire antennas only up to UHF. WWII- New antenna elements were invented (slot, horn, reflector). ( , , ) Post WWII- 1960s 1990s: Computer technology revolutionized antenna engineering.Numerical methods engineering Numerical methods. Modern Era: Numerical methods powered by computer clusters; MOM, FDTD, FEM FDTD FEM, High Frequency Methods and Hybrid Techniques Methods, Techniques.

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: Brief History

HertzAntenna H t A t MarconiAntenna

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: EM Spectrum

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Antenna Technology
Classification of Antennas
Geometry: Wire Antennas Aperture Antennas Printed Antennas P i t dA t Beam Shape: Omni-directional Pencil beam Fan beam Shaped beam Applications: Radars Communications Satellites Electronic Warfare EMI/EMC Antenna Test Facilities RFID Biomedical GPR Radio Astronomy
DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Gain: Low Gain Medium Gain High Gain

Bandwidth: Narrow band Wideband Multiband

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Radar Antennas

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Radio Astronomy Antennas

The Jicamarca RadioObservatorytoStudyIonosphere

Locatedawayfromcivilizationstoavoidnoisefromthetransmitters. Located away from civilizations to avoid noise from the transmitters

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: EMI/EMC Antennas

30MHzto200MHz

200MHzto1GHz 200 MH t 1 GH

30MHzto3GHz 30 MH t 3 GH

9kHzto30MHz

700MHzto18GHz 26MHzto6GHz

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology:
Standard Gain Quad-Ridge Dual Polarized Antenna

Std. Antennas for Antenna Measurements

Probes for near-field antenna measurements

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Communication and EW Antennas

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

RFID Tag Antennas:

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Antenna System on a Typical Large Passenger Aircraft:

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Antenna System on a Typical Fighter Aircraft:

Band 3 Aft Array Band 4 Aft Array VHF Coms

Localizer Band 2 Fwd Array UHF Coms Band 3 Fwd Az Array Band 4 Fwd Az Array Band 4 Fwd El Array

Band 2 Aft Array

IFDL Radar ESA GPS (CRPA) L-Band

Band 4 Fwd El Array Band 4 Fwd Az Array Antennas on lower VHF Coms UHFBand 3 Fwd Az Array Coms side (not shown) -Lower L-band Band 2 Fwd Array Band 4 Aft Array -ACMI -Glide Slope Band 3 Aft Array Localizer -Marker Beacon -S-band EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation DR.RASHIDAHMADBHATTI

Antenna Technology: General Antenna Systems

Moto orolaDynatac 800 00X(1983)

Wireless Communication Antennas

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: Terminal Antennas

Trends: Personalization Globalization MultimediaServices MultiDimensionalNetworks ReconfigurableSystems

Cellularband(over5bands)
GSM4band+WCDMA3band CDMA/PCSdiversity Speaker or mechanic integrated Speakerormechanicintegrated Hand/Head/SAR/HACreq.

LowfrequencyMultimedia
TDMB/ISDBT/CMMB DVBH ( ) FM(Activeantennasolution) LTE(LongTermEvolution)

HighfrequencyNonCell.band
GPS Bluetooth WiBro MobileWiMAX

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology: Terminal Antennas

TrendsintheTerminalAntennaDesign SizeReduction Size Reduction LightWeight Compactness LowProfile Robustness Flexibility y LowCost Durable Wideband/Multiband Wid b d/M ltib d LowSAR HighEfficiency MultiAntennaSystems TwoPolarizationComponents

Successfuldevelopmentofsmallmobileterminalgreatlydependson theantennatechnology. Degradedantennaperformancescannotbecompensatedbyrestof Degraded antenna performances can not be compensated by rest of theelectronicsinamobileterminal

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Antenna Technology:
Reconfigurable/TunableAntennas UWBAntennas ConformalAntennas MIMOAntennas ReflectArrayAntennas Nano Antennas FractalAntennas AdaptivePhasedArrayAntennas PatternReconfigurableAntennas CompactMultibandAntennas LFAntennasforPortableDevices

Emerging Antenna Technologies

ReducedRCSAntennas HighGainWidebandOmniDir.Antennas DecouplingWidebandAntennas WidebandLowProfileCPAntennas PhasedArrayAntennas AntennaOptimizationusingGA Metamaterialbasedantennas HighImpedanceSurfaces Multibandfrequencyselectiveservices q y

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

TheoryofEMfieldsisbasedonMaxwellsEquations ThevectorsE,D,H,Bareusedforelectricfield[V/m],electricflux density [C/m2],magneticfield [A/m]andmagneticfluxdensity [Weber/m2],respectively. Theparameters,,and(nonnegativerealnumbers)areused Th t d ( ti l b ) d asconstitutiveparametersofthemediumunderinterest,andthey are,respectively,theconductivity [S/m],permittivity (dielectric are respectively the conductivity [S/m] permittivity (dielectric constant)[F/m]andpermeability (magneticconstant)[H/m]. Amedium iscalledtobe"simple"when(i)itishomogeneous,(ii) linear,and(iii)isotropic,andinasimplemediumEMvectorsare relatedtoeachotherandalsototheexcitationcurrentdensity. l t dt h th d l t th it ti t d it
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation Dr.R.A.Bhatti

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

MaxwellsEquationsinDifferentialForm

r r B E = t r r D H = +J t r D = r B = 0

FaradaysLaw

AmperesLaw CoulombGausssLaw Gauss sLaw Gausss Law

Oneofthemostpenetratingintellectsofalltime R.A.Millikan,NobelLaureate R A Millik N b l L t MaxwellsimportanceinthehistoryofscientificthoughtiscomparabletoEinsteins (whomheinspired)andtoNewtons(whoseinfluencehecurtailed). IvanTolstoy,BiographerofJamesClerkMaxwell

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

GausssLaw

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions
FiniteConductivityMedia

as

r r w 0 E1 = E2

r r n E2 E1 = 0

Thetangentialcomponentsoftheelectricfieldacrossan interfacebetweentwomediawithnoimpressedmagnetic currentdensitiesalongtheboundaryoftheinterfaceare continuous

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions
FiniteConductivityMedia

n E dl = t SB ds 0 C0 y r r x 1 a x x 2 a x x = 0 C0 r r 1t 2t = 0 S0 r r 1t = 2t r r Thetangentialcomponentsoftheelectricfieldacrossan n E2 E1 = 0

interfacebetweentwomediawithnoimpressedmagnetic currentdensitiesalongtheboundaryoftheinterfaceare continuous

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions

r r H1t = H 2t r r n H 2 H1 = 0

FiniteConductivityMedia Thetangentialcomponentsofthemagneticfieldacrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous ,

r r n D2 D1 = 0

Thenormalcomponentsoftheelectricfluxdesnsity acrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous

r r n 2 E2 1 E1 = 0 Thenormalcomponentsoftheelectricfieldintensityacrossan r 2 r interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect interface bet een t o media neither of hich is a perfect E1n = E2 n conductorandtherearenosources,arediscontinuous

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions
FiniteConductivityMedia

r r n B2 B1 = 0

Thenormalcomponentsofthemagneticfluxdensityacrossan interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arecontinuous

r r n 2 H 2 1 H1 = 0 r 2 r H1n = H 2n

Thenormalcomponentsofthemagneticfieldintensityacrossan p g y interfacebetweentwomedia,neitherofwhichisaperfect conductorandtherearenosources,arediscontinuous

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions
Inthepresenceofsurfacecurrentalongtheinterface

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions
Inthepresenceofsurfacechargealongtheinterface

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions
OneMediumisPEC

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

BoundaryConditions
OneMediumisPEC

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

AdditionalBoundaryConditions
Forgoodconductori.e.highconductivity d d i hi h d i i

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Signification of the BCs.

Maxwells equations are partial differential equations. Their solutions will contain integration constants that are determined from the additional information supplied by boundary conditions so that each solution will be unique for each given problem.

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Time Harmonic EM Fields:

If time variations are of sinusoidal form the fields form, are called Time Harmonic EM fields. The time harmonic variations are represented as e
( x, y, z; t ) = Re E ( x, y, z )e jwt
FromFaradaysLaw:

j t

( x, y, z; t ) = Re B( x, y, z )e jwt

d d j t jt Re E ( x, y, z )e = = Re B( x, y, z ) e Re B( x, y, z )e dt dt Re { E ( x, y, z )}e jt = Re { jB(x, y, z )}e jt

jt

{ [ [

]}

{ }

E ( x , y , z ) = jB ( x , y , z )
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Maxwells Equations in Time Harmonic Form:

r r E = j B r r H = j D + J r D = r B = 0

d j dt
Inphysics,itiscommontouse e Faradayslaw:
it

r r E = iB

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Radiation Mechanism
Uniformlydistributedchargeinacircularcross sectioncylinder(singlewire) Uniformly distributed charge in a circular crosssection cylinder (single wire)

J z = qv v z J s = qs v z I z = ql v z dI z dv z = ql = ql a z dt dt dI z dv d z l = lql = lql a z dt dt
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation
Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism

CurvedWire
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation
Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism

BentWire

DiscontinuousWire

TerminatedWire

TruncatedWire

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism
NarrowBandandWidebandRadiation
Acontinuoussinusoidalwaveformofcurrentorchargeproducesradiationatsingle i i id l f f h d di i i l frequency(zerobandwidth). Apulsepropagatingalongthewireproduceswidebandradiation.Shorterthepulsewidth, A l ti l th i d id b d di ti Sh t th l idth broaderwillbethefrequencyspectrum.

DirectionofPropagation

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Radiation Mechanism
RadiationDuetoBendsinConductors

vb va v a= = tb t a t

vr v v r = = v = va vb r r
v vr r v2 a= = Lim =va= t 0 t t rt r
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Chargeacceleratesatconductor bends. Smallradius,r,produceshigh accelerationandresultsinhigh levelofradiation. l l f di ti

REVIEW OF BASIC EM THEORY

Radiation Mechanism:
VectorWaveEquation:

2E J 2 E 2 = t t E H = t H E = t
PropagationEquations Propagation Equations

Timevaryingcurrent,J,causestheEfieldto changebothintimeandspace.Ittellsushow change both in time and space It tells us how thedistortionintheEMfieldislaunched. Intheregionofspacearoundthewire,we cansettheconductioncurrent,J=0. h d Sincethecurrentisdefinedasthevelocityof charge,thederivativeofcurrentisequalto charge the derivative of current is equal to theaccelerationofcharge.

Theseequationstellsusthatwheneverwehaveaccelerationofcharge,wecreate p p g propagatingelectromagneticfields. g g
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Two Wires; Source, TL, Antennas, and E-Field Lines

Antenna and E-Field Lines Antenna Source Antenna and Free Space Wave

TransmissionLine

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism
DetachmentofEFieldLinesfromaShort Dipole

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism
CurrentDistributiononaTwoWireLineandLinearDipole

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism
CurrentDistributiononaLinearDipole

l <<

sin ( kl 2 )

Forsmallangles:

kl 2

l =/2

< l < 3 / 2 /2<l </2

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation
Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

Radiation Mechanism
CurrentVariationasaFunctionofTimeforHalfWavelength Dipole

t =0
Multiplied bycos(wt)

t = T /8

t =T /4

t = 3T / 8

t =T /2
Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

EM Wave Scattering & Propagation

EMwavesscatterwhenachangeoccurinEMboundaryconditions.Some characteristicwavephenomenaarelistedasfollows: characteristic wave phenomena are listed as follows: Specularreflection:Thisisamirrorlikereflection,whereSnell'slawofreflectionand refractionisvalid.Lobesoccurduetodiffraction. refraction is valid Lobes occur due to diffraction Diffraction:Occuralongdiscontinuities,whereEMboundaryconditionsmustbe satisfied.Mainly,edgeandtipdiffractionsareofinterest. satisfied. Mainly, edge and tip diffractions are of interest. Travelingwave:Alongthinbodywithnearnoseonilluminationmaycausethese waves.Alongthebody,EMscatteringmayoccurduetosurfacediscontinuity,change g y, g y f y, g inmaterial(e.g.,metaltoplasticendofbody). Creepingwave:Wavesthatpropagateintheshadowregionofsmoothbodiesare calledcreepingwaves. Ducting:Alsoknownastrappedwaveguidemodes.Itoccurswhenawaveistrapped insidesemiopenregions,suchasanairinletcavityofajet.
EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation
Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

EM Wave Scattering & Propagation

High Frequency Asymptotics (Analytical Methods) GO: Geometric Optics (plane wave reflection + refraction) wave, GTD: Geometric Theory of Diffraction (GO+ diffraction) O ys ca Optics (surface currents, e ect o e act o Uniform d act o ) diffraction) PO: Physical Opt cs (su ace cu e ts, reflection + refraction + U o PTD: Physical Theory of Diffraction (surface currents, PO + non-uniform diffraction)

Numerical Techniques
FDTD: Finite Difference Time Domain (direct discretization of Maxwells Equation ) TLM: Transmission Line Matrix (3-Dimensionaltransmission line matrix representation) MoM: Method of Moments (requires derivation of Greens function) PEM: Parabolic Equation Method (one way axial propagation simulation) (one-way FEM: Finite Element Method (requires discretization in terms of patches)

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis

EM Wave Scattering & Propagation

EE871:AntennasandWavePropagation

Ref: Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design by C.A. Balanis