What is Avionics?
Lets look at the largest conference about Avionics
Introduction to Avionics
AVIONICS topics at EWI
RADAR Navigation Control Systems Displays Human Machine Interfaces Sensors
Introduction to Avionics
ATC ATM CFIT RI RNP TLS PDE PEE PSE FTE DADC GPWS EGPWS TCAS EFIS PFD ND MFD FD HUD
EVS SVS SGS
FMS LNAV VNAV
MCP CDU EICAS
IRS GPS WXR
Avionics
Aviation & Electronics Multidisciplinary
Sensors Control Telecommunication Human Factors Systems engineering Aerospace engineering
Example
The interface between the pilot and the aircraft comprises many Avionics systems and devices
Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Mode Control Panel (MCP) Control Display Unit (CDU) Engine Information and Crew Alerting System (EICAS)
Topics
Navigation & Communication
To support the main function: traveling from A to B
System overview
Analysis of functions
Goal: To understand the relevance of a system in the context of the safety and efficiency of the overall operation
Accidents and warning systems
To provide timely awareness of (potentially) dangerous events
Design
To meet the required safety level
New developments
To reduce the likelihood of errors and/or increase operational efficiency
Functional view
Accommodate Fly (lift, propel) Maneuver (air, ground) Navigate Communicate Protect Supporting functions
Maneuver
Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS)
Flight Director (FD) Autopilot (AP)
Flight Augmentation System
Yaw Stability Augmentation System Stabilizer Trim
Thrust Management System
AutoThrottle (AT) EPR synchronization
Communication
High Frequency (HF) communication
2 30 MHz
Navigation
Air Data Computer (ADC) Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Inertial Reference System (IRS) Instrument Landing System (ILS) Weather Radar (WXR) Radio Altimeter (RA) Flight Management System (FMS)
Very High Frequency communication
118 136 MHz
Passengers Address Voice Recording
Navigation
VHF Omni Range (VOR) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) Global Positioning System (GPS) Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) Traffic alerting and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)
Navigation
The science by which geometry, astronomy, radar etc. are used to determine the position of a ship or aircraft and to direct its course (Websters).
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Frame of reference Describing the state Measuring the state (sensors) Presenting the state (displays) Controlling the future state
1. Frame of reference
Global
WGS84
Latitude Longitude Height
Global reference system
Local
Coordinates
X,Y,Z
Names
Intersection of Alpha and Foxtrot
Local reference system
2. Describing the state
Position
Global or local
Orientation
Heading, pitch, roll
Velocity
Direction, magnitude
Examples
Where are we now?
Mekelweg 4 N 51o5956,E 4o2226
3. Measuring the state
Position Orientation Velocity How would you do this?
Questions:
How many meters is 1 degree? How many meters is 1 arcminute? How many meters is 1 arcsecond?
4. Presenting the state
What to display? How? (alphanumeric, pictorial) Scaling? (range, resolution, update-rate)
5. Controlling the future state
Guidance is the determination of a trajectory from a current position and velocity to a desired position and velocity, satisfying specified costs and constraints Control is the determination of the commands to the vehicle actuators to implement the trajectory, preserving a stable feedback loop
Warning systems
Why?
To provide timely awareness of (potentially) dangerous events and support the pilot in taking the appropriate actions
Is it relevant?
Warning systems
Systems to be discussed
GPWS EGPWS TCAS Ground Proximity Warning System Enhanced GPWS Traffic alert & Collision Avoidance System
CFIT
Understanding the design rationale
Analysis and classification of failure modes (CFIT, RI) Identification of information needed for timely detection of failure Specification of required data and function that provide this information
Midair collisions
1 july 2003 DHL757 met TU 154 13 sept 1997 C141 met TU 154
Analysis of failure modes
NAVIGATION ACCIDENT LOSS OF CONTROL COLLISION WITH FIXED OBJECT COLLISION WITH MOVING OBJECT ACCIDENT DUE TO WEATHER
4 3 2 1
Nature of Accident Required Contributing Factors
UNABLE TO RECOVER
FIXED OBJECT PRESENT
NO TIMELY DETECTION
MOVING ADVERSE OBJECT WEATHER PRESENT
NO TIMELY DETECTION
GUIDANCE ERROR
A/C UNCONTROLLABLE FORCING FUNCTION ERROR POSITION ERROR
Incidents
Initiators
EXCURSION OF REDUCED A/C WRONG NAV FLIGHT ENV. PERFORMANCE SETTINGS
FLIGHTPLAN ERROR
FTE
NSE
PILOT AUTOMATION
PILOT DATABASE ERROR
PLANNING ERROR
REDUCED A/C PILOT PERFORMANCE
AUTOMATION
OR gate, one of the events must occur to propagate . AND gate, all of the events must occur to propagate.
INCOMPLETE 3D INCOMPLETE 4D OBJECT DATA OBJECT DATA
INCOMPLETE WEATHER DATA
Design
Why?
To meet the required safety level
Design
Every system is allowed to fail ! The requirements address the likelihood of the failure The allowed likelihood is based on the effect of the failure A single failure may never lead to a catastrophic accident System architectures typically use redundancy and dissimilarity to achieve the extremely low probabilities of failure
How?
Analysis of the functional requirements Specification of selection criteria Identification of options to meet requirements, associated constraints, cost, and the potential for trade-offs Selection and specification of design concept Implementation, testing and evaluation, refinement Validation Certification
Relation between type of failure and allowed likelihood
Design topics
Single point failures Redundancy Dissimilarity Safety monitoring Verification Validation Certification
Design process
Analysis of requirements
Intended functions & performance criteria Reliability & allowed degradation
New Developments
EVS SVS SGS Enhanced Vision System Synthetic Vision System Surface Guidance System
Specification of design
Allocation of functions to (sub)-systems Identification of failure modes and their effects Definition of architecture
Implementation & integration Testing and evaluation
Synthetic Vision System
Provides an artificially generated view of the environment
Enhanced Vision
Provides a sensor based view of the environment
Surface guidance system
Thank you
Questions?
