WARDA AHMED|D-16951

ASSIGNMENT COURSE MODULE – 8

ROLL NO – D-16951
Culture-1(Geography and History)
MRS.WARDA AHMED
 QUESTION 1

Discuss the significance of Montessori cultural exercises?

Significance of Montessori cultural exercises

In a Montessori classroom, experiences in life sciences (Botany and Zoology),

physical sciences history, geography, dance and music are given to the child
under the header of cultural exercises. The Montessori cultural studies
curriculum provides children with an opportunity to explore the whole world
including the continents, countries, people, cultures, terrain, natural phenomena,
science and arts. The Montessori aims for cultural studies are to help the child.

 Develop his personality

 Adapt to his own culture

 Become an independent, useful member of his society.

Significance of Cultural Exercises:


 During early years the child is quick to grasp culture. He absorbs most of
the culture around him during 0 to 6 years.

 The child’s natural ability to absorb the cultural understanding and norms of
life prevalent around him are universal regardless of the fact that the child is
born in America or a primitive tribe of Africa.

 The sensitive period for culture, according to most of the psychologists, also
sustains through 2 to 5 years of age. It is, crucial to expose child to direct
cultural experiences, including ways of living, history, sciences, geography and
arts, during the absorbent period to maximize development in this area.

 Cultural subjects are character forming and they cultivates the spirit of the
child. Children develop cultural values naturally and undoubtedly, but still
something lacks in today’s complex world, most of which has been designed by
the adults for the adults, which hinders the child’s fullest cultural development.
There are strong reasons to support the point that it should be the culture of the
land which should be incorporated in the Montessori curriculum and not some
foreign culture.
How Montessori classrooms engages children in cultural experiences:
In Montessori classrooms the cultural activities are very intelligently
incorporated in the environment. Along with familiarizing children with the
culture, these meaningful and interesting activities fulfill the developmental
needs of the children.
Exercises of practical life (EPL): Practical: means basic, useful, purposeful
life: means the way of living. Practical life Exercises are just that, they are
exercises so the child can learn how to do living activities in a purposeful way.
Sensorial Exercises: The Sensorial Materials help the child become aware of
details. At first children are exposed to materials with strong contrasts such as
tall/short, rough/smooth, loud/soft. Then the child is exposed to more materials
where the contrasts are more subtle. They work on organizing 10 objects from
tallest to shortest, or lightest to darkest. Each of the Sensorial Materials define
one quality such as length, height, width, color, weight, shape, texture, sound, or
smell.
The Montessori Sensorial Materials help the child to distinguish, categorize, and
relate the information to objects they already know.
Language Exercises: The exercises include a variety of gross and fine motor
skill activities that help the child develop hand and eye coordination.
Montessori modules may be taken in any order. Emphasizing the fundamentals
of the phonics approach to reading. Develop child’s vocabulary,writing and
reading skills.
Mathematical Exercises:
Montessori Math – Memorization
 Number Rod Addition.
 Short Bead Stair Addition.
 Addition Snake Game.
 Addition Strip Board.
 Subtraction Snake Game.
 Subtraction Strip Board.
 Short Bead Stair Multiplication.
 Multiplication Board.
Conclusion:
1. Culture determines what we know– the sum of all the angles in a triangle;
what a screw driver is used for; how to use a computer to find out where
Polynesians are.
2. Culture determines what we don’t know– how to catch a fish by hand; how to
build a dugout canoe and navigate the Seas without chart or compass.
3. Culture determines what we want to be– lawyer; dairy farmer; computer
programmer; doctor;shaman; pearl diver
4. It demonstrates that all people have the same fundamental needs and places
an emphasis on the similarities among the human race.
5. Children are taught to respect people from other races, countries, and
religions.
6. The geographical factors influence how people live as they adjust to their
environment.
7. At this point, the teacher involves the class in a study of life and culture on
earth.
8. The curriculum then branches into different directions, such as: (a)
geography, (b) culture (mannerism of life), and (c) history.
9. Children are taught history parallel to the concept of time.

QUESTION 2
Prepare the following material and send to your tutor along with the
Assignment;
 Four part nomenclature material for the layers of the Earth.
 Two part classified cards of the flags of Asia.
Attached below as separate pdf files.

QUESTION 3
Name and briefly explain all the exercises that can be carried out using the
Jigsaw Puzzle Maps of the continent?
Naming the Continents on the Jigsaw Puzzle Map:
Material:
Jigsaw puzzle map of the hemispheres.

Purpose: 
 To teach the names of the seven continents;
 Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, North America, South America and
Antarctica.
 To teach the names of the oceans; Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic
Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Antarctic Ocean
Presentation:
Note: complete work cycle is to be observed.
1.Invite a child and have him lay out a mat and shift the continent puzzle map to
the mat.
2.Select and take out three continents which are contrasting in color as well as
in shape. Also include the child’s own continent.
3.Give a three-period lesson, and continue on the following days until the child
becomes well familiar with the name of each continent.
4.When the child has learnt the names of the first three continents, add more
continents and continue the three period lesson, while reviewing previously
learned names as well.
5.When the child has learnt the names of all the seven continents, give names of
the oceans in the same way through three period lesson.
Age: 3.5 years onwards
Pacific Ocean: It separates Asia and Australia from the Americas.
Atlantic Ocean: It separates the Americas from Europe and Africa.
Indian Ocean: It washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and
Australia.
Arctic Ocean: It covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North
America and Eurasia.
Antarctic Southern Ocean:
It encircles Antarctica.

Puzzle Maps - The Continents

Materials
A set of six wooden maps, one for each continent except Antarctica.
Each continent is divided into puzzle pieces according to the countries.
The wooden knob is approximately in the position of the capital city of each
country.
The Puzzle Map of the World
Presentation
 Invite the child to come and work with you
 Tell him that we are going to need a mat.
 Have him take out and unroll a mat. Bring him over to the puzzle maps and
tell him that today we will be working with the puzzle map of one of the
continents.
 (Begin with your home continent.) Have him bring it over to the mat. Have
him place it on the right side of the mat.
 Then have the child bring over the puzzle map of the world and have him
place it to the left of the continent map.
 Have the child sit to your left.

Procedure
 Point to the continent you have chosen (for example Europe) on the world
map.
 Ask the child for this continent’s name.
 Show the child that the Europe on the world map is the Europe that is in
large (on the continent map).
 You can point out the outline of the continent on the continent puzzle.
 Tell the child that now (on the Europe map) we see the countries.
 Ask the child to put the Map of the World back.
 Slowly, by using the knobs, take out three of the puzzle pieces (three
different countries, not touching, and preferably, not the same color.)
 Place each one on the mat to the left of the puzzle.
 Take out another three pieces and have the child replace them in their
correct spot.
 Take out four of the pieces and have the child replace them correctly.
 Take out another four pieces and again have the child replace them
correctly.
 Have the child take out all the pieces and then replace them.
 Allow the child to work with the pieces of the country map.
 You take out three of the pieces.
 Give the names of the three pieces, i.e. France, Poland, and Norway.
 Repeat the names.
 Then ask the child to replace them, using their name. For example: “Please
put back France.”
 Repeat until all of the pieces have been put back.

 Then ask the child to take out the same three pieces, one by one, and by
name. For example, “Please take out France.”
 Once all three are out, ask the child, “What country would you like to put
back?” (The child should respond with the name of one of the countries.)
 Repeat this Three-Period lesson for the other countries until the child knows
all of the countries by name. (This may be over a period of time.)
 Once the child knows his home continent, he can choose to work with
another continent map and the presentation is as above.

Language
Names of the various countries.
Purpose
 Visual recognition of the forms of the political divisions of the continents.
 To help the child acquire the names of the countries.
Control of Error
 Fitting the pieces together.
Age
 3 1/2 – 4 years
 QUESTION 4

Explain how land and water forms are introduced to the child?
Definitions of Land And Water Forms:
An ISLAND is a piece of land surrounded by water.
A LAKE is a body of water surrounded by land.
A BAY is an inlet of the sea surrounded mostly by land.
A CAPE is a piece of land jutting into body of water beyond the rest of the
coast line.
A PENNINSULA is a piece of land jutting out into the water and is almost
surrounded by water.
A GULF is an arm of the sea extending far into the land.
An ISTHMUS is a narrow strip of land which joins larger portions of land.
A STRAIT is a narrow waterway connecting two larger portions of water.
An ARCHIPELAGO is a group of islands.
A SYSTEM OF LAKES is a formation of several lakes grouped together.

Exercise 1:
Land and Water Form Trays:
Material:
1.Following ten models of land and water forms prepared in trays, with each
land and water form having its exact opposite.
 Island and lake
 Cape and bay
 Peninsula and gulf
 Archipelago and system of lakes
2. Pictures of real examples of land and water forms
3. A small tray
4. A jug
5. A small bucket with water
6. A sponge or towel to dry out the trays, and clean up spills.
7. Box of objects, tray and towel
Purpose:
To provide concrete sensorial impressions and names of major land and water
forms.
Presentation: Note: Complete work cycle is to be observed.
1. Invite a small group of children to work with you.
2. Introduce them to the place where the land and water form trays are kept.
3. Firstly, select the island and its opposite the lake and shift the material to the
workplace with the help of the children.
4. Also ask the children to bring the other material required for the presentation.
5. Say, “I am going to pour water in these trays carefully to make geographical
land and water forms”.
6. Slowly pour enough water in a land and water form tray and place the jug
aside.
7. Pointing to the tray, tell its name to the children.
Also give a brief definition of the land and water form e.g “A lake is a body of
water which is surrounded completely by land”.
8. Also show the pictures of real lakes.
9. then, put the first tray aside and ask a child to pour water into the other tray.
10. In the same way, give the name of the form and its brief definition. Also
show pictures of some real examples.
11. Then, put both the trays side by side and complete the three period lesson.
12. Pour the water back into the bucket and ask the children to wipe all thetrays.
13. Familiarize the children with the names and definitions of other
geographical forms in the same way.
Age:
3.5 years and onwards.

Exercise 2
Material:
A set of ten cards representing major geographical land and water forms.
Land and water form trays.
Purpose:
 To associate three dimensional models with two dimensional forms on the
card.
 To indirectly prepare the children to identify land and water forms on flat
maps.
Presentation:
 Invite a small group of children who have worked with land and water form
trays to work with you.
 Ask them to bring land and water form trays.
 Introduce them to the place where the land and water form cards are kept,
and ask a child to shift the material.
 Ask the children to tell you the names and give a brief definition of each
model in order to review previous learning.
 Take out the cards from the box and make a pile with them.
 Select a card and place it front of the child.
 Ask a child to place the card beside the appropriate land and water form
tray.
 Continue in the same way and match the remaining cards with the
corresponding trays.
 Remove the trays and complete a three period lesson with the cards, taking
three at a time.
 At the end ask the children to return the material back to the shelf.

Age:
4 years

QUESTION 5

How are children trained to tell time in a Montessori house?

Introduction:
What humans call ‘time’ is an experience grounded in the concrete sensorial
world of nature, in observable patterns of natural phenomena. These patterns are
perceived through the body-based senses (sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste),
then organized through reason and the imagination into a mathematical system.
Different groups of humans create different systems for accommodating the
patterns called time. These systems are managed and transmitted as patterns of
culture. Time, then, is an aspect of human history and like other cultural
subjects has an important place in a Montessori Children’s House – the same
place as botany, zoology, geography, music, art and any other knowledge
organized in the supra-nature.

Our goal is to provide a guide for cultural transmission and establish an

accurate and reliable foundation for aware, deliberate exploration in the Second
Plane. As with those other ‘subjects’, we do this best through concrete, sensorial
experience connected with spoken language.
Through true stories, conversation, books, poetry, songs and question games,
we can use, introduce and clarify time-based vocabulary for even the youngest
children. In the Mathematics area, an older child learns the mathematical
language needed for ‘telling time’ – such as the counting numbers, their
numeric symbols, skip counting, fractions, and possibly roman numerals. A
special material for ‘teaching’ the clock is not necessary –

Three Period Lessons with a working analog clock can introduce hour, minute
and second hands, other parts of the clock, and the mental techniques for
translating hand movements, hatch marks and numerals into an accurate reading
of time. This clock can also be a focus for silence activities through which
children experience a minute, two minutes, etc.
The preparations which create necessary readiness will determine the
appropriate
age for introducing activities related to time. From this perspective, other ideas
for exploring a culture’s system for organizing time will present themselves,
and similar explorations can occur around a culture’s calendar.

Exercise:
Material:
A model clock with moveable arms and changeable numerals in a box.
A series of cards, set of corresponding labels and stand.

Purpose:
To enable the child to know and tell time.

Presentation 1:
1. Invite a small group of children who can count and identify numerals.
2. Familiarize the children with the place where the material is kept, and shift it
to workplace with the help of the children.
3. Point to the empty slot for numbers on the clock face and show how to put
the numbers in order one by one starting with 1.
4. Tell the children that these numbers on the clock face represent hours.

Presentation 2:
1. Ask the child to arrange numerals on the clock.
2. When the children can comfortably arrange number on the clock face from 1
to 12, demonstrate how the clock arms can move around.
3. Pointing to the short arm say, “This is the short arm. It shows what hours it
is.”
4. Move the short arm onto number 1 and say, “one o’clock”.
5. Then ask the child to make different times for you. E.g saying, “Can you
please make 6 o’clock form”.

Extension:
1. Ask the child to draw various clock faces and label them.
2. When the child has learnt the concept of fraction, introduce half past, quarter
past, quarter to, etc.

Age: 4.5 years onwards