1. tips for selecting journals.

• Answer

1. What are the scope and aims of the journal?

2. How often is the journal published? Frequency

3. What types of articles does the journal publish?

4. Are there any conditions to submitting to the journal?

5. Does your paper have any special requirements?

6. Journal style?

The Three Basic Ethical Principles

Answer
1. Respect for human (autonomy)

• a norm of respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons.

2. Beneficence and Non-malificence:

• Beneficence: a group of norms for providing benefits and balancing benefits against risks and
costs.

• Non-maleficence: a norm of avoiding the causation of harm (do no harm).

3. Justice

a group of norms for distributing benefits, risks, and costs fairly.

2. The requirement of condition for which informed consent (at least

3 requirement)
Answer

1. Competence
– One gives an informed consent if (and perhaps only
if) one is competent to act
2. Disclosure
– receives a thorough disclosure (details about the research
and its aims, how it will be conducted and how will be the
 involvement of the participant) and comprehends it (nothing has
to be concealed to the participant)
3. Understanding
– is able to understand the situation well
4. Voluntariness
– acts voluntarily, and
5. Consent
– consents to take part in the research (written and signed; or
oral if the study is of very minimal/no risk to the human subjects)

3. Procedures to Aid Recall?

Answer
• Narrow the reference period:
• Past six months, past month, yesterday
• E.g., how many sexual partners did you have in the past
month?
• Use well-remembered events to aid recall
• Since the birth of your youngest child, have you used
contraceptives?
• Use a lead-in to give the respondent time to think:
• E.g., The following question is about any problems with
your health during the past four weeks. Which of these
health problems have you had during the past four weeks?

4. Advantages of closed ended questions over open ended questions

Answer
• Closed questions can usually be answered quickly, allowing you to get a lot of
information quickly.

5. Qualitative sampling in detail

Answer
Should be done systematically; not arbitrarily (even if it is a ‘convenience
sample’)
Should be explicit and documented
Purposes of using explicit sampling method:
To reduce potential for bias
To increase replicability
To ensure information comes from those from whom you want information.
a. Purposeful sampling
Criterion sampling
Maximum variation sampling
Typical case sampling
Critical cases
Extreme or deviant case sampling
b. Quota sample
Defining the number of cases desired and taking all
cases that become available until you reach desired
number
This is probably most common method used
c. Time Sample
Define a period of time during which you take all cases
that present themselves (or periodically)
Possible bias: things may be atypical at the time
selected
d. Convenience Sample
Taking the easiest, most convenient cases
Can still try to reduce selection bias, by taking every
Nth case
e. Random Sample
Not necessary but can add to credibility of study
May not always be possible. Will add to cost of researc
Choice of study design closely related to other aspects of protocol!
Choice…… on meta-analysis
Most researches published are:
– Too poorly done or insufficiently relevant to be clinically useful
• Too much information, too little time:
– There is simply too much information around for people to keep up to date
– On top of this, high quality information is often not easy to find
The need for research synthesis:
– Health care decision makers need to access research evidence to make informed decisions on
diagnosis,
treatment and health care management for both individual patients and populations
– There are few important questions in health care which can be informed by consulting the
result of a single
empirical study
• Importance of review articles:
– Review articles in medical journals summarize large amounts of information on a particular
topic:
• And therefore are useful and popular source of information for health care professionals
– Review articles have the highest impact factor
• Which means, that research, practice and policy-decisions are significantly influenced by
review articles

Choice ……. Regression

Choice of Regression Analysis depends on type and nature of variables
typically outcome and dependent variable.
And also depends on objective of the study

1. What are the information in problem stetment?

A concise description of the nature of the problem (the discrepancy between what is and
what should be) and of its size, distribution, and severity (who is affected, where, since
when, and what are the consequences for those affected and for the services?)
An analysis of the major factors that may influence the problem and a convincing
argument that
available knowledge is insufficient to solve it.
2. What is the purpose of conceptual work.
It helps to summarize and present the key determinant/associated factors of
the outcome of the study by using figures
• It is good to identify clearly between distal, intermediate and proximal factors and its link with
the outcome variable
– It helps to guide data collection instrument (eg. questionnaire) development and data analysis

3. discuss with at least two examples of aspects / protocol of

research with study design?

4. Discuss regration analysis and what to check this analysis ( at least

3 exam).

 Regression analysis is one of statistical analysis model used

to analyse data based on dependent variable.
There are different types of regression anlaysis to analyse the
data and some them may need some assumptions before running
any analysis we have to check for
 Normality
 Linearity
 Homogeinity or common variance
5.considering your topic what is your sampling scheme and its
limitations.
 Title
 Objective
 Smapling
 Limitation of your sampling technique
5. In cluster sampling standard error is high compare with other
sampling with same sampling design. why?
 Due to cluster variation
 Less precise
 Cluster sampling is more economical,
• But it is less precise method of sampling, therefore the standard
errors is likely to be higher
6. Sampling not only study about the sample rather than to made
inference to the general population. The reliability and validity of
 inference of the general population made two factore .discuss this
factors.
a. precision:
b. accuracy
7. What is face validity.
Is the extent to which a test a test is subjectively viewed as covering
the concept it supposed to cover
It’s the weakest form validity
8. What the drawback of test retest validity
Drawback :
the first administration often influences the subject’s
performance on the second administration, reducing the
accuracy of reliability assessment using this method

10. Disadvantage closed ended questions

11. Types of closed ended questions
12. Measures of how well related but different items measure all the
same thing is called.....
13. The use of oppretional definition and its meaning
14. The Independent variables and dependent variable relationship
affects by other variables what is this variable. Discuss
15. What is the challenge if plagiarism in developing country
16. If 5% contingency is not allowed what do u do?
17. Advantage of Epi-Data over SPSS
18. What are the criteria to select stastical software for analysis
19. What is data cleanign. And when and how data to be clean
20. Discuss sampling in qualitative study design
21. How to check the data collected in qualitative design is quality
22. Similarly of Nazi Germany and Belmont report at least 3
23. What is informed consent and how to obtain it
4. What are the ethical issues in proposal approval and who are
responsible to protect participants right
25. What is power and how to increase power

1. Characteristics of scientific writing?

Answers
A. Each section of the paper will be composed of paragraphs
 Each paragraphs begins with topic sentences
 Every sentences should support topic sentences
 Each paragraphs have 4 to 8 sentences addressing one idea
B. Make the sentence simple but ever sentences vary by length to make them
interesting
C. Avoid passive tense
D. Avoid contractions
2. Explain briefly kind of data, ways of collection, processing and analysis qualitative data
Answers
Kinds of data
 Primary, Exploratory and new data
 Cultural data
 Sensitive data
Ways of collection/ design
1. Participants observation
2. Observation
3. In depth interview
4. Formal interview
5. Informal interview
6. Key informant interview
7. Focus group discussion
8. Questionnaire
9. Conversation
 Data processing

 Records respondents own words, phrases, sentences and pauses

 Records body languages and gestures
 Resist simultaneous interpretations
 Then read thoroughly the transcripts
 Remove superfluous materials
 Code of texts
 Manual coding of text
 Creating categories
 Creating lists of categories
 Return to text and removal of materials

Analysis

 Framework analysis/ theoretical background analysis

 Ground theory analysis
 Content analysis
3. Ground rule and theoretical back ground of analysis of qualitative data
A. Ground theory
 The principal used cultural studies
 When the point under discussion is known little or not known at all
 The end result of this analysis is theory
 Starts from little to the bigger theory
B. Theoretical back ground theory/ framework
 Applied if already conceptual framework exists
 Comparatively easier for researcher
 Put the condensed answer under each pre-established codes
 Simple to track, if all the questions are answered or not
4. What factors influence to select the type of design
Answers
1. The research question or objective
2. Time available for the study
3. Resource available for study
4. Common and rare disease
5. Types of outcome interest
6. Quality of data from various source
7. Status of existent knowledge
5. Explain contents of information select consent form
Answers
 1. Identification of researcher and research title
2. Identification of sponsoring institution
3. Identification of how the participants were selected
4. Identification of the purpose of research
5. Identification of the benefit for participants
6. Identification of the level and type of participant involvement
7. Notation of risk and benefit to the participants
8. Steps to ensure privacy and confidentiality
9. Guarantee of confidentiality of participants
10. Assure that the participants can withdraw at any time
11. Prevision of names of person to contact if question or concern arise
12. Verification of informed volunteer consent

6. What is purpose of or what is literature review mapping

 it enables a researcher/ person to understand how the proposed reviews adds to,
extends, or replicates research already completed
 it is the visual summary of researches that has been conducted by others
 it is organized by Hierarch structure, similar to flow chart and a series of circles
 it is the conceptual framework that summarize and present the key determinants or
associated factors of the outcome of the study by using figures
 it is good to identify clearly the distal, intermediate , proximal factors and its link with
outcome variables
7. Explain advantages and disadvantages of EPI- DATA, SPSS, STATA AND EPI-INFO

EPI DATA

Advantages

 Easily create the questionnaire template

 Controlled data entry to minimize data entry errors
 Easy to correct questionnaire and records
 Good for validation or to compare 2 data files
 Use of check to minimize errors in input

Disadvantages

 Not appropriate to analyze large and complex data

 Limited for analysis

STATA

Advantage
  User driven
 Dedicated journals
 Web active
 Memory requirement
 Backward compatible
 Easier to code
 Easier data handling
 Clarity of operation
 Results table function
 Nested or master do files
 Flexible terminology
 Interactive help
 Switch output(log file)
Disadvantages
 Pull window debate
 Complex
 Limited graphics
 Requires knowledge and skills
 Case sensitive
 Command driven
 Copy and paste impossible
 Difficult in variable labeling
 Difficult in editing output

EPI-INFO

Advantages

 Freely available
 Consists of multiple modules
 Ability to rapidly develop questionnaires
 Customize the data entry process
 Quickly entry of data to questionnaire
 Analyze data

Dis advantages

 Not dedicated statistical package

 Limited support is available
 Not as powerful as commercial alternatives for performing advanced analysis
and modeling
 SPSS

Advantages

 Easy to learn and use

 Most powerful than some other software
 Mostly used in academia and industry
 Both command and menu driven interface

Disadvantages

 Very expensive
 Not adequate for modeling and cutting edge statistical analysis

8. What is your study design, why you selected , advantage and disadvantage
Case control
 Because I interested to research will be started with easily identifying cases and controls
 To identify the factors or predictors of the problem
Advantage
 For analytic question simple and rapid
 Ideal to rare disease
 Facility level accessibility of cases and controls
Disadvantage
 Selection bias (during selection of control)
 Information bias
 Not ideal to rare exposure
 Not suitable for calculation of frequency measures
9. Advantage and disadvantage of sampling
Answers
Advantages
 Reduces time and cost
 Saves labor
 The quality of the study is often better
 Much quicker results
 Organizational convenience
 It is only procedure if population is infinite

Disadvantages

 Chance of bias
 Difficult in getting representative sample
 Need knowledge
 Changeability of the results