1
CARIGARA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Carigara, Leyte
Senior High School Department
Inquiries, Investigation, and Immersion
4P's Program: Its Effect to the Academic Performance of Grade 12 students
in Carigara National High School
By:
Capablanca, Nel Christian Y.
Glore, Marivic Andrea
Ignacio, Jennifer D.
Narbonita, Mariella Joy
Punay, Lorie Jane C.
Toribio, Lyka Jane N.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to give our sincere gratitude to our Almighty Lord
God the Father for giving the researchers his guidance, knowledge, wisdom,
strength and inspiration in finishing this study from creating the title of the study
up to the presentation.
To all the respondents, we would like to express our warmest gratitude for
participating and answering the given questions freely.
To our ever loving parents for supporting and providing us necessary
needs, especially financial support and giving advices to motivate and inspire us
with our study.
To our Practical Research Teacher Mrs. Gladys F. Apilado. For your
patience and motivating us in finishing our study. Thank you also for
understanding and giving us more ideas. We are Lucky, Blessed and thankful
enough to have you as our Teacher. Your effort is very much appreciated.
To our supportive group members, thank you for being active throughout
the study. Thank you for unconditionally sharing your time in imparting your
knowledge in doing this study. You all have a big part behind the success of the
study.
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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................2
Abstract............................................................................................4
Chapter I.............................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................5
Background of the Study..................................................................5
Statement of the Problem.................................................................7
Significance of the study...................................................................7
Scope and Delimitation of the Study................................................8
Chapter II............................................................................................9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES.......................9
Related Literature.............................................................................9
Related Studies..............................................................................10
Conceptual Framework..................................................................14
Research Hypothesis.....................................................................14
Definition of Terms..........................................................................14
Chapter III.........................................................................................16
METHODOLOGY..............................................................................16
Research Design............................................................................16
The Sample....................................................................................17
The Instrument...............................................................................17
Data Collection Procedure..............................................................17
Data Analysis Procedure................................................................18
Chapter IV.........................................................................................18
PRESENTATION AND ANALYZING OF DATA.................................18
Tabulation.......................................................................................18
Graph.............................................................................................20
Interpretation..................................................................................21
Chapter V..........................................................................................22
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................22
Conclusions....................................................................................22
Recommendation...........................................................................22
References.....................................................................................23
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Abstract
In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program to the academic performance of the Grade 12 students that are
4P’s recipients of Carigara National High School. Whether it’s a positive or
negative one. The 4P’s program is a government program that help and provide
the poor families with conditional cash grants. Thus, giving them the opportunity
to send their children to a proper school and get a well-rounded education. One
of the targets of the CCT program is to decrease the drop-out rate among the
poorest high school it only means that teachers must be aware on the program.
The first thing we have to understand is the monetary subsidence of the program;
4Ps recipient is receiving the amount of 300 pesos for educational assistance per
qualified household and additional 500 pesos for health and nutrition per
household monthly. The beneficiaries are selected through Proxy Means Test
that considers the ownership of assets, type of housing, education of the
household head, livelihood of the family and access to water and sanitation
facilities. Academic performance refers to the knowledge attained and
designated by marks, assigned by teachers. Academic performance of students
is the center around which the whole education system revolves. The success
and failure of any educational institution is measured in terms of academic
performance of students. The study revealed that the respondents benefitted and
resulted to positive remarks gained on their academic performances. Through
this program, the students became motivated and driven to give their full efforts
to studying.
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is one of the Philippine
government’s most expensive social protection programs that provide conditional
cash grants to the poorest of the poor, to improve the health, nutrition, and the
education of children aged 0-18. It is patterned after the conditional cash transfer
(CCT) schemes in Latin American and African countries, which have lifted
millions of people around the world from poverty. This program aims to educate
many Filipino children starting from pre-school education to secondary education
by giving them daily allowances as they go to their daily classes. Their parents
benefit from the program since their children learn a lot in school and are given
dietary allowances for food of their children as their children go to school. The
program has focused on these objectives:
1. Social assistance: To provide cash assistance to the poor to alleviate their
immediate needs (short-term poverty alleviation); and
2. Social development: To invest capability building they will be able to break
the intergenerational poverty cycle.
A development program designed to promote investment in human capital
and to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals; namely, to reduce extreme
poverty and hunger, to achieve universal primary education, to reduce child
mortality, to improve maternal health and to promote gender equality and
empowering women (DSWD 2011). The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
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(4Ps) operates in all the 17 regions in the Philippines, covering 79 provinces, 143
cities, and 1,484 municipalities. Beneficiaries are selected through the National
Household Targeting System for Poverty Reduction (NHTS-PR), which identifies
who and where the poor are in the country. The beneficiaries are selected
through Proxy Means Test that considers the ownership of assets, type of
housing, education of the household head, livelihood of the family and access to
water and sanitation facilities. According to the Department of Social Welfare and
Development (DSWD), the 4Ps provides conditional cash grants to beneficiaries
consisting of PhP6,000 a year (or PhP500 per month) per household for health
and nutrition expenses; and PhP3,000 for one school year or to be exact, 10
months (or PhP300/month) per child for educational expenses. A maximum of
three children per household is allowed. Household that comply with all the
health condition will receive P500 per month, household that comply with the
education conditions will receive P300 per child per month. Up to three qualified
children can benefit from the education grant. Education grants will only be given
during months with classes. The cash grants, which are given every two months’
will be received directly by household beneficiaries through their land Bank cash
cards or through over-the-counter payments at land bank branches. The land
Bank also utilizes other modes to distribute the cash in hard to- reach areas such
as off-site payment, and G- cash remit. No conditional cash grants are given
only to households which comply with the program conditions. According to
Agbon 2013, Beneficiary sign an Oath of Commitment, there by establishing a
"social contract", where they agree to take number of concrete steps to improve
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their lives and those of their children. Beneficiaries who fail to comply with certain
conditions will not receive the Benefit corresponding to the conditions and are
given reminders. Failure to comply for a third time will lead to suspension of cash
grants, in which beneficiaries are given 12 months to appeal and comply. Failure
to comply for fourth time will render the beneficiary ineligible and will be given
notice that they will be delisted. A household with three qualified children receives
a subsidy of PhP1, 400/month during the school year or PhP15, 000 annually as
long as they comply with the conditionality’s. There is a need to assess the
program using qualitative means and thus create spaces for further analysis,
discussion and improvement in the area of policy-making.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine if 4P's Program affects the academic
performance of the grade 12 students in Carigara National High School.
Specifically, this study answers the following questions:
1. What is the academic performance of that 4P's Beneficiaries?
2. Is there a significant effect on the academic performance of the 4P's
beneficiaries?
Significance of the study
This study is important for the government and the barangay officials. It is
beneficial for it will allow them to fully grasp if the 4p's program is indeed helpful
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and successful in helping the beneficiaries in their education.
It is also important for the students for they will know if there's a
psychological advantage on being a member of the 4p's program that could help
on their educational journey.
To the parents. This study will help them to strive harder, make them
stronger in what problems might came that this will help them to achieve their
responsibility through the help of government, and make it an inspiration. It will
also realize the significance of the program and improve the economic status by
abiding the provisions religiously.
Hopefully, this research will help the beneficiaries of 4p's to learn abour its
advantage and to have them use this status as a strength and not something to
be ashamed for.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study focuses on the effects of 4P's Program to the academic
performance of the Grade 12 students in Carigara National High School.
The variable of this study is delimited to the Grade 12 students who are
beneficiaries of the 4P's Program and we based on their academic performance
in the Third Quarter.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
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This chapter will focus from the previous or past research to look for
existing knowledge related to this topic that entails looking into ideas that are
similar and different from the present study.
Related Literature
The 4Ps program started last 2008 under the previous administration and
continued in massive scale in Aquino Administration; This CCT entails several
provision which still unfamiliar to both school administrators and teachers alike.
Presently the government spending staggering amount of money per year,44
billion by 2013 and 62 billion in 2014 to sustain the program; which eventually
added to fiscal national debt. In order to implement the program Philippine
Government has granted the amount of $800 million from World Bank and Asian
Development Bank; therefore, we can conclude that the funding of the program
came from loan and eventually paid by tax payers.
One of the targets of the CCT program is to decrease the drop-out rate
among the poorest high school it only means that teachers must be aware on the
program. The first thing we have to understand is the monetary subsidence of the
program; 4Ps recipient is receiving the amount of 300 pesos for educational
assistance per qualified household and additional 500 pesos for health and
nutrition per household monthly. According to Bern, subsequently, 4Ps recipient
is required to participate in community-school related program such as clean
drive, brigada eskwela and family day session. Furthermore, students or pupils
under 4Ps program must attend and complete the 85% of monthly attendance.
Conversely, they should have an average grade of 75.4ps recipient must
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coordinate and cooperate to any school related activities since there is
educational assistance given to them. In addition, 4ps recipient who is no longer
in school should be removed from the program.
Lastly, students or pupils who are 4ps recipient with more than a week
absent without prior notice must not receive their monthly educational assistance.
Hence only DSWD can add or remove any person under the 4ps program. CCT
Program is strategically designed to invest in human capital by providing quality
and accessible education for everyone, therefore it is mandate that we need a
clear understanding on the provision entails in the program.4ps is a poverty
reduction strategy that provides grants to extremely poor households to improve
their health, nutrition and education particularly of children aged 0-14.
Related Studies
Based on the findings of the study of academic performance among
selected pupils at Inopacan District, Leyte SY 2013-2014, the drop-out rate
among the poorest elementary and high school were decreased. The parents
and pupils who are 4Ps recipients attended regular participation in all school
activities. On the part of Department of Education, there is an increase of
enrollment every school year. The inconsistent results for older children between
13-17 years old (age as of 2011) the majority of whom are outside the age cut-off
for CCT education grant eligibility as suggested by insignificant coefficients
across specifications, could be explained by a number of factors. First, sending
older children to school is associated with higher direct and indirect (opportunity)
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costs.
Direct costs may be incurred in the form of school fees, supplies,
transportation costs, and so on. For example, since there are less high schools
than primary schools, high school children are generally more likely to travel
farther away from the homestead to school, requiring households to spend more
money on transportation. As children grow older, the opportunity cost also
increases as they could earn money from working instead of studying in school.
To address this issue, many CCT programs (e.g., in Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico,
30 Honduras, and Turkey) provide larger cash transfers to older children to
compensate for the higher implicit/explicit cost associated with schooling.
Another plausible explanation for the programs lack of impact for the older cohort
could be the fact that the age bracket for older children was set at 10-14 years
old as of 2008 when the CCT program started. Three years later, these children
were 13-17 years old during the time of the follow-up survey. Since Pantawid
Pamilya provides education grants up to 14 years of age (plus 15 years until
completion of the school year), 15-17-year-old children are no longer eligible for
the grants.
Furthermore, the estimated CCT impact varied depending on the number
of school children in the household, with positive impacts among young children
in small households. Orbeta (2011) As discussed earlier, basic DD suggested a 7
percent increase in school enrollment among the sample of younger children
from beneficiary households with three or fewer school-aged children. When
controlling for child’s sex and age, urban/rural characteristics, and region, the
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estimated impact slightly decreased to 5 percent. In contrast, no program impact
was evident among children from households with more than three school-aged
children in the household. As described above, this could be explained by the
fact that larger households are usually poorer to start with, therefore the financial
burden is more binding compared to smaller households. In addition, the
education grant per child decreases after the third child since the program
currently sets the maximum number of children who are eligible for education
grants at three per household, while households bear non-tuition related
expenses such as transportation costs and school supplies for every child.
The comprehensive quantitative impact evaluation currently underway will
provide more robust evidence on the impact of the CCT program, based on data
collected from a much larger sample size and information collected on a vast
range of issues. This study was conducted to serve as a rapid assessment of the
Pantawid Pamilya focused on school enrollment, while waiting for the
comprehensive impact evaluation. For the comprehensive impact evaluation,
data has been collected through 8,000 household interviews as well as
interviews with teachers, midwives, barangay captains, and mayors to capture
different institutional characteristics. The comprehensive impact evaluation will
evaluate not only school enrollment and health center attendance but also an
extensive range of outcomes including household consumption, child labor,
educational attainment, and child nutrition status, applying rigorous analytical
methods of Randomized Control Trials (RCT) and Regression Discontinuity
Design (RDD). Chaudhury and Okamura (2012).
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The study looks into some significant information about the 4Ps
beneficiaries of Balamban Elementary School where their children are enrolled.
For the school year 2014-2015, it had a pupil population of 257, where 120 are
male and 137 are female. It has eleven teachers and is headed by an
Elementary School Principal I. The before 4ps data are taken from school years
2007-2008 to 2010-2011. The after 4ps data are taken from school year 2011-
2012 to school year 2014-2015. Ten (10) teachers were involved in the profiling
of the school with 4Ps enrollees. Retention Rate refers to the magnitude of pupils
who repeat a grade level. This determines the degree of pupils in a particular
school year who continued to be in the same grade level in the next school year.
The school retention rate decreased from 4.10% of the enrolment to 0 after the
implementation of the program in 2015. This shows that the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps) is instrumental in sending all pupils to the next higher
level of education. According to the teachers, this can be attributed to the
attendance threshold of the program. This explains that if a pupil is 85% absent
or more of the monthly school days, they will not be given the allotted educational
grant for that month. It strengthens the supposition that a better attendance leads
to better academic time and better learning. The Simple Dropout Rate calculates
the percentage of pupils who do not finish a particular grade level. This does not
include those pupils who finish a grade level but do not enroll in the next grade
level the following year.
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Conceptual Framework
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Academic
Figure 1. This
performance ofdiagram
Grade shows the conceptual framework of the study.
12 Students in 4P's Program
Carigara National
The
High diagram
School whoabove
are present the flow of our research as we highlight the
beneficiaries of the
effects of 4P's
4P's Program
Program to the academic performance of grade 12 students. This
is associated by the formulated ideas and questions considered as the variables
in research study. The independent variable is the academic performance of
Grade 12 students in Carigara National High School who are beneficiaries of the
4P's Program. The Dependent variable is the 4P's Program.
Research Hypothesis
This study hypothesizes that the 4P's Program is greatly affecting
thestudent's academic performance in a positive way. Helping them in various
aspects as well as to transcend the different adversities along their academic life.
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Definition of Terms
1. 4ps- It is the PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM.,
implemented by the Department of Social Welfare and Development. It is
a poverty reduction and social protection and development strategy of the
national government that provides Conditional Cash Grants to poor
households in order to improve their health, nutrition and education of
children aged 0-18 y/o.
2. Conditional Cash Transfer-Conditional cash transfer programs are an
innovative approach to the delivery of social services. They provide money
to poor families, conditional on investments in human capital, such as
sending children to school or bringing them to health centers on a regular
basis. Additionally, along with school voucher programs and certain
subsidized health insurance schemes, conditional cash transfer programs
are part of a growing policy emphasis on the use of market-oriented
demand-side interventions to directly support the poor.
3. Beneficiaries-As used in the study, recipients of funds or other benefits. A
beneficiary is any person who gains an advantage and/or profits from
something.
4. Poverty Targeting-This refers to the decision making process of the
government and agency on selecting or choosing the deserving family
recipient for the program.
5. Educational Development-This refers to the objective of the government
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program on Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program of helping the poor to
provide and access to improve the intellectual capability and knowledge
so as to have participation in the nation building.
6. Department of Social Welfare and Development-This refers to the
agency of the government which takes the lead in implementing the
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program. DSWD works in partnership with
key agencies such as DOH, DepEd,
7. Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), and Land
Bank of the Philippines (LBP) which help ensure the availability of
health and education services as well as provide necessary support
services in the targeted areas. DSWD created the Pantawid Pamilya
National Project Management Office (NPMO), which handles the day-to-
day operations of the program with assistance from Regional Project
Management Offices (RPMO) and City/Municipal Links. DSWD also has
support from local service providers such as the school principals and
midwives who have been designated to oversee and ensure proper
verification of compliance to conditional.
8. Health Benefits-This refers to the objective of the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program of helping the beneficiaries to access and provide the
health welfare through regular check-up and give knowledge on healthy
life style.
9. Poverty-is general scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain amount
of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which
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includes social, economic, and political elements
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
As the researcher conducted this research, the type of research design that
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we have used was the Descriptive Research Design because it was used for
research studies that aims to gather information of data about the 4P's Program
and its effect to the academic performance of the grade 12 students in Carigara
National High School only.
The Sample
The respondents of our study are the Grade 12 students in Carigara
National High School who are beneficiaries of 4P's Program. Among all the 120
4P's Recepient in grade 12 students we only get 29 respondents in each strand.
We have used the simple random sampling for the selection of the respondent
for our research study, wherein the idea that the chance of selection is the same
for every member of the population. We will only base on their third quarter
grade. The study will be accomplished for SY: 2018-2019, Second semester.
The Instrument
The instrument that we have used is the self-made survey
questionnaire. Wherein we would like to know if the 4P's Program affects the
academic performance of the Grade 12 students in Carigara National High
School. The type of questions that we are going to use is the closed questions.
Data Collection Procedure
The researchers would seek written permission from the Senior High
School Coordinator of Carigara National High School for the conduct of the study
an inform consent will also be provided to the respondents. The respondents
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would be oriented on the research objectives as well as the outcomes. We are
going to gather information by Questionnaire. The researcher will administer the
following self-made questions.
Data Analysis Procedure
The response on the 4P's program and its effects to the academic
performance of Grade 12 students will be presented in a graphical form. We will
based their performance in third quarter grade. On the other hand, we have used
descriptive data analysis as a data analysis strategy where in it used to describe,
show, summarize data leading to simple interpretation of data if really 4p's
program affects the academic performance of the grade 12 students.
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Chapter IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYZING OF DATA
Tabulation
Questions YES NO INTERPRETATION
1. Does being a 4P's beneficiaries make 97% 3% YES
you driven or motivated?
2. Does these programs well enough for 97% 3% YES
the beneficiaries?
3. Does having such status makes you 28% 72% NO
feel dispirited?
4. Are you getting any social treatments as 28% 72% NO
a 4P's beneficiary?
5. Does being one, raises your morale or 28% 72% NO
lowers it as you're being labeled as a poor
person?
6. Does getting, some financial supports 72% 28% YES
as a 4P's beneficiary makes it easier to
study?
7. If you were to choose, would you rather 97% 3% YES
be still a 4P's beneficiary?
TOTAL PERCENTAGE 64% 36% YES
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figure 2: tabulation of the data that we gathered
Graph
4P`s Program: It`s eff ect to Academic Per-
formance of Grade 12 students in Carigara
Nati onal High School
120%
100% 97% 97% 97%
80% 72% 72% 72% 72%
60%
40%
28% 28% 28% 28%
20%
3% 3% 3%
0%
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
YES NO
Figure 3: Graph of the data that we gathered.
TOTAL PERCENTAGE: 64% answered YES while 36% answered NO.
General Average of 4P's Recepients
30
25 24
20
15
10
5
5
0 0 0
0
Below 75 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-100
Figure 4: Graph of their GWA. Grades
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GRADING SCALE DESCRIPTION
Outstanding 90-100
Very Satisfactory 85-89
Satisfactory 80-84
Fairly Satisfactory 75-79
Did not Meet Expectation Below 75
Interpretation
The graph above shows the answer of the 4P's recipient who answered
YES or NO about the effects of 4P's Program in academic performance of the
Grade 12 students. To sum it up, 64% answered YES while 36% answered NO.
So based on their general average 24 out of 29 got an average of 90-100 which
is OUTSTANDING while 5 out of 29 got 85-89 average which is VERY
SATISFACTORY. This means that they have passed and that 4P’s Program
could really affect the academic performance of the 4P’s beneficiaries in positive
way. This program plays an important role in achieving good academic
performance and it makes the 4P's recipient driven or motivated to study.
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Chapter V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
The purpose of this chapter is to present the conclusions, summary and
recommendations of this study. This study aims to determine the effects of 4P's
Program in Academic Performance of the Grade 12 student’s recipients in
Carigara National High School. The response on these was presented in a
graphical form. Based on the data we gathered, we found out that the 4P's
Program affects the academic performance of the Grade 12 student recipient in
Carigara National High School in positive way. It helps in motivating the students
to study, and help sustain the financial needs. From the result, all of our
respondents have a good grades and all of them passed.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and conclusion of this study, it is recommended
that the government may continue to support Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino
Program 4P's in order to further help children to have quality education. The
Department of Social Welfare or the DSWD shall imposed strict monitoring on
the academic performance of the 4P's student recipients, so that not only the
students will be motivated to learn but also the parents can monitor the academic
performance of their children. We hope that this study would be used as a basis
for further studies with larger population so that the 4P's students recipients will
be represented and monitored.
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References
Agbon, A. B. (2013). Pantawid Pamliyang Pilipino Program(4Ps):
Examining Gaps and Enhancing Strategies in Cebu City,
Philippines.
Orbeta,B (2011). Pantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program (4Ps).
Assistance to Pupil's Education.
Okamura, C. a. (2012). Randomized Control Trials (RCT) and
Regression DIscontinuity Design RDD).
Bern, N. (2016). Philippine Education For All. (2015). Retrieved from
Imeplementation and Challenges.
http://www.4dswd.gov.ph/index.php?option
http://web.worldbank.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conditionalcashtransfer-CCT Definitions
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/0014240e.pdf
http://www.iadb.org