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Unit2 Maths Newly Edited

The document provides solutions to 4 questions related to differential calculus. Question 1 finds the nth derivative of y = e^ax. Question 2 proves that In = nIn-1 + (n-1)!. Question 3 proves that ur=nr[1 + (-1)^r sin 2nx]^2. Question 4 shows that (1 - x^2)yn+2 - (2n + 1)xyn+1 - (n^2 + m^2)yn = 0 and finds yn for x = 0.

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Abhishek Maurya
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
241 views29 pages

Unit2 Maths Newly Edited

The document provides solutions to 4 questions related to differential calculus. Question 1 finds the nth derivative of y = e^ax. Question 2 proves that In = nIn-1 + (n-1)!. Question 3 proves that ur=nr[1 + (-1)^r sin 2nx]^2. Question 4 shows that (1 - x^2)yn+2 - (2n + 1)xyn+1 - (n^2 + m^2)yn = 0 and finds yn for x = 0.

Uploaded by

Abhishek Maurya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

UNIT2

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS-I

SECTION 1
Ques1 : Find nth derivative of 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 ,where ‘a’ is constant. [3.5 marks]

Soln: Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥

Again Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’


𝑦1 = 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
.
.
.
.
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝒅𝒏
Ques 2 : If In= 𝒏 (𝒙𝒏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙) show that In = nIn-1 + (n-1)!
𝒅𝒙

𝑑𝑛
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : 𝐼𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛 log 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛

𝑑𝑛−1 1
𝐼𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛 . +𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥

𝑑𝑛−1
𝐼𝑛 = (𝑥 𝑛−1 +𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1

𝑑𝑛−2 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑛−1


𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2
𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 log 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

[Date] 1
Page 2 of 29

𝑑𝑛−3 𝑛−3
𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐼𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑛−3

In = n In-1 + (n-1)!

𝟏
Ques3 : If u=𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙, then prove that ur=nr[𝟏 + (−𝟏)𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒏𝒙]𝟐 ,
where ur is the rth differential coefficient of u with respect to x.

Soln: Given u=sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑛𝑥

We know that

𝑛𝜋
∵Yn= ansin (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + )
2

𝑛𝜋
∵Yn= an cos (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 + )
2

Similarly, rth derivative of u

𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋
Ur= nr sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) +nr cos (𝑛𝑥 + )
2 2

1
2 𝟏
𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr {[sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) + cos (𝑛𝑥 + )] } {∵ (𝒂𝟐 )𝟐 = 𝒂
2 2

1
𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr{sin2 (𝑛𝑥 + ) + cos2 (𝑛𝑥 + ) + 2 sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) cos (𝑛𝑥 + )}
2 2 2 2

1
𝑟𝜋 𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr{ 1 +2 sin (𝑛𝑥 + ) cos (𝑛𝑥 + )} {𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏
2 2

1
𝑟𝜋 2
Ur= nr{ 1 + sin 2 (𝑛𝑥 + )} {𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2

1
Ur= nr { 1 + sin(2𝑛𝑥 + 𝑟𝜋)}2

1
Ur= nr { 1 + sin 2𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑟𝜋 + cos 2𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑟𝜋}2 {𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂 + 𝒃) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃

1
Ur= nr { 1 + sin 2𝑛𝑥 (−1)r + cos 2𝑛𝑥 × 0}2 {𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎

1
ur=nr[1 + (−1)r sin 2𝑛𝑥]2
Page 3 of 29

hence proved.

𝟏
Ques 4 : If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝒚)𝒎 then show that (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏+𝟐 − (𝟐𝒏 +
𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏+𝟏 − (𝒏𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎 also find 𝒚𝒏 for 𝒙 = 𝟎.

1
Soln: Given cos−1 𝑥 = log(𝑦)𝑚

1
cos−1 𝑥 = log(𝑦)
𝑚

𝑚 cos−1 𝑥 = log(𝑦)

−𝟏 𝒙
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 -----Eqn 1

Differentiate with respect to x

−𝟏 𝒙 −1
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑚.
√1−𝑥 2

From eqn1

−1
𝑦1 = 𝑦 𝑚
√1−𝑥 2

𝑦1 √1 − 𝑥 2 = −𝑦 𝑚 -----Eqn 2

Squaring both sides

𝑦1 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = (−𝑦 𝑚)2

𝑦1 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = (𝑦 𝑚)2

Differentiate with respect to x

(1 − 𝑥 2 )2𝑦1 𝑦2 + (−2𝑥)𝑦1 2 = 𝑚2 2𝑦𝑦1

Divide by 2y1 on both sides

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 − 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑚2 𝑦

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 + (−2𝑥)𝑦1 − 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0

Taking nth derivative by using Lebnitz’s theorem


Page 4 of 29

[(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦2 ]n + [(−2𝑥)𝑦1 ]n − [𝑚2 𝑦]n = 0

n(n − 1)
[(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦n+2 + n(−2𝑥)𝑦n+1 + (−2)𝑦𝑛 ] − [𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛(1)𝑦𝑛 ]
2!
− [𝑚2 𝑦𝑛 ] = 0

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦n+2 + (−2𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥)𝑦n+1 + (−𝑛2 + n − n − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛

(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0 ----


-Eqn 3

Hence proved

For 𝑥 = 0 in Eqn 1, Eqn 2 and Eqn 3

−𝟏 𝟎 −𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝝅 𝝅
𝑦0 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 = 𝑒𝑚𝟐
𝝅
𝑦0 = 𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 -----Eqn 4

For 𝑥 = 0 in Eqn 2

𝑦1 √1 − 02 = −𝑦 𝑚
𝝅
𝑦1 = −𝑚𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 -----Eqn 5

For 𝑥 = 0 in Eqn 3

(1 − 02 )𝑦𝑛+2 − (2𝑛 + 1)0𝑦𝑛+1 − (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝑦𝑛+2 − (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

𝑦𝑛+2 = (𝑛2 + 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛

Put n=0,1,2,3.....
𝝅
n=0 , 𝑦2 = 𝑚2 𝑦0 = 𝑚2 𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
𝝅
n=1, 𝑦3 = (12 + 𝑚2 )𝑦1 = −𝑚(12 + 𝑚2 )𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
𝝅
n=2, 𝑦4 = (22 + 𝑚2 )𝑦2 = 𝑚2 (22 + 𝑚2 )𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
𝝅
𝑛 = 3, 𝑦5 = (32 + 𝑚2 )𝑦3 = −𝑚(𝑚2 + 12 )(32 + 𝑚2 )𝑒 𝑚 𝟐
.
Page 5 of 29

.
.
And so on
𝑦n
𝝅
[−m(m2 + 1)(m2 + 3)(m2 + 5) … … . . (n − 2)2 + m2 ]𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 , if n is odd
={ 𝝅
[m2 (m2 + 22 )(m2 + 42 )(m2 + 62 ) … … . . (n − 2)2 + m2 ]𝑒 𝑚 𝟐 , if n is even
𝟏 𝟏
Ques5 : If 𝒚𝒎 + 𝒚−𝒎 = 𝟐𝒙 prove that(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + (𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙𝒚𝒏+𝟏 +
(𝒏𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐 )𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎

1 1
Soln: Given 𝑦 𝑚 + 𝑦 −𝑚 = 2𝑥

1 1
𝑦𝑚 + = 2𝑥
𝑦1/𝑚

𝑦 2/𝑚 + 1 = 2𝑥𝑦1/𝑚

𝑦 2/𝑚 − 2𝑥𝑦1/𝑚 + 1 = 0

According to Shri Dhara charya formula

−(−2𝑥) ± √(−2𝑥)2 − 4 × 1 × 1
𝑦1/𝑚 =
2×1

2𝑥 ± √4𝑥 2 − 4 2𝑥 ± 2√𝑥 2 − 1
𝑦1/𝑚 = =
2 2

𝑦1/𝑚 = 𝑥 ± √𝑥 2 − 1

Taking only +ve

𝑦1/𝑚 = 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1

Taking mth power on both sides

𝑚 𝑚
(𝑦1/𝑚 ) = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)

𝑚
𝑦 = (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) -----Eqn 1

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’


Page 6 of 29

𝑚−1 1 1
𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) (1 + 2𝑥)
2 √𝑥 2 − 1

𝑚−1 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) (1 + )
√𝑥 2 −1

𝑚−1 √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑚 (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1) ( )
√𝑥 2 − 1

𝑚 𝑚
𝑦1 = ( ) (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 1)
√𝑥 2 − 1

From Eqn 1

𝑚
𝑦1 = 𝑦
√𝑥 2 −1

𝑦1 √𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑚 𝑦

Squaring both sides

𝑦1 2 (𝑥 2 − 1) = 𝑚 2 𝑦 2 -----Eqn 2

Differentiate again with respect to ‘x’

(𝑥 2 − 1)2𝑦1 𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 2 = 𝑚 2 . 2𝑦𝑦1

Divide by 2𝑦1 on both sides

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑚 2 𝑦

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦2 + 𝑥𝑦1 − 𝑚 2 𝑦 = 0 -----Eqn 3

Differentiate Eqn 3 n times using leibnitz’s theorem

[(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦2 ]𝑛 + [𝑥𝑦1 ]𝑛 − [𝑚 2 𝑦]𝑛 = 0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
[(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛(2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + (2)𝑦𝑛 ] + [𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛𝑦𝑛 ] − 𝑚 2 𝑦𝑛 = 0
2!

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + [𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 𝑚2 ]𝑦𝑛 = 0


Page 7 of 29

(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + (2𝑛 + 1)𝑥𝑦𝑛+1 + (𝑛2 − 𝑚2 )𝑦𝑛 = 0

Hence proved.

−𝟏
Ques6 : 𝒚 = 𝒆𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 then prove that(𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝟐 + (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏 +
𝒙𝟐 )𝒚𝒏+𝟐 + [𝟐(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒙 − 𝟏]𝒚𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒚𝒏 = 𝟎

−1 𝑥
Soln: Given 𝑦 = 𝑒 tan

Taking log on both sides

−1 𝑥
log 𝑦 = log 𝑒 tan

log 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 log 𝑒

log 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

1 1
𝑦 =
𝑦 1 1 + 𝑥2

(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦1 = 𝑦

Again Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦2 + 2𝑥𝑦1 = 𝑦1

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦2 + (2𝑥 − 1)𝑦1 = 0 --------Eqn1

Hence proved.

Differentiate Eqn1 , n times using leibnitz’s theorem

[(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦2 ]𝑛 + [(2𝑥 − 1)𝑦1 ]𝑛 = 0

𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
[(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + 𝑛(2𝑥)𝑦𝑛+1 + (2)𝑦𝑛 ] + [(2𝑥 − 1)𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑛(2)𝑦𝑛 ] = 0
2!

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦𝑛+2 + [2(𝑛 + 1) − 1]𝑦𝑛+1 + [𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 2𝑛]𝑦𝑛 = 0

Hence proved.
Page 8 of 29

Ques7 : Trace the curve 𝒚𝟐 (𝟐𝒂 − 𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 [2016]

Soln: Given Curve 𝑦 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3

1. Symmetry: The curve is symmetrical along X-axis because all power of y are
even.
2. Origin: put y=0
0(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3
then 𝑥 = 0
∴ Curve pass through origin
3. Asymptotes:
For parallel to y-axis
Then the coefficient of highest degree of y is equal to zero
2𝑎 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑎
The,n, discuss the postion of the curve w.r.t. asymptote x=2a
4. Points of intersection with axes
The curve intersects only at origin
5. Region:
The eqn of curve, 𝑦 2 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥√
2𝑎 − 𝑥

When x<0 y is imaginary

∴No portion of the curve lies to the left of the line X=1 i.e. Yaxis

when 0<X<2A, y is real

when x>2a, y is imaginary

∴No portion of the curve lies to the right of the line = 2a

6. Special points:
From Eqn of the curve,
𝑥 3/2
𝑦=
√2𝑎−𝑥
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’
3 3
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥 𝑥2
= 2 + (−1)
𝑑𝑥 √2𝑎 − 𝑥 2(2𝑎 − 𝑥)32
Page 9 of 29

3 3
𝑑𝑦 6𝑎√𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
3
𝑑𝑦 6𝑎√𝑥 − 4𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 2(2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
3
𝑑𝑦 3𝑎√𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
= 3
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦 √𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎)
= 3
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑦
Now put =0
𝑑𝑥
√𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎)
3 = 0
(2𝑎 − 𝑥)2
√𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎) = 0

Then, 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 3𝑎

x=3a is not valid because y is imaginary

when x= then y=0


tangent at(0,0) i.e. at origin is parallel to axis

𝑑𝑦
when 0 < x <2a, 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝑑𝑥

For positive values of y, y is an increasing function of x i.e. the curve rises values
of x between 0 to 2a

Thus, the approximate shape of curve is shown in below figure

y
X=2a

A
(2a,0) x

-y
Page 10 of 29

Ques 8 : Trace the curve 𝒚𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒂) = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟑𝒂 − 𝒙) [2017-18]

Soln: Given Curve 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)

1. Symmetry: The curve is symmetrical along X-axis because all power of y are
even.
2. Origin: put x=0
𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0(3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 0
then 𝑦 = 0
∴ Curve pass through origin
Tangent at origin:
Eqn of the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑎 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑎 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 0 {lowest degree term: 𝑦 2 𝑎 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 = 0}
2 3
𝑦 𝑥+𝑥 =0
𝑦2 + 𝑥 2 = 0
3. Asymptotes:
For parallel to y-axis
Then the coefficient of highest degree of y is equal to zero
𝑎 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑎
Then, discuss the position of the curve w.r.t. asymptote 𝑥 = −𝑎
4. Points of intersection with axes
The curve intersects x axis at (0,0) and (3a,0) while y-axis at (0,0)
5. Region:
The eqn of curve, 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦2 =
(𝑥 + 𝑎)

(3𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑥√
(𝑥 + 𝑎)
If x>3a then 𝑦 2 < 0 (i.e. y is imaginary)
Hence curve does not exist beyond x = 3a
6. Special points:
From Eqn of the curve,
𝑥 2 (3𝑎 − 𝑥) (3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )
𝑦2 = =
(𝑥 + 𝑎) (𝑥 + 𝑎)
Differentiate w.r.t. ‘x’
Page 11 of 29

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 + 𝑎)(6𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ) − (3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 )(1 + 0)


2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2
𝑑𝑦 6𝑎𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 + 6𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥 2 − 3𝑎𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2
2 2 )
𝑑𝑦 −2𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎
2𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑎)2
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑎2 )
2
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑎)2
𝑑𝑦
At point (3a, 0) ( ) =∞
𝑑𝑥 (3𝑎,0)
∴ tangent at(0,0) i.e. at origin is parallel to y axis

Thus, the approximate shape of curve is shown in below figure

Y 𝑦 = √3𝑥

X’ (a,0) (0,0) (3a,0) X

𝑦 = √3𝑥
Y’

Ques9 : Trace the curve 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 [2018]

Soln: Given Curve 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃

1. Symmetry:
if we replaced 𝜃 by – 𝜃 in the Eqn then the equation remain same

then, 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2(−𝜃)

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃 ∵ cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃

∴Curve is symmetric about initial line.

Curve is also symmetric about pole because all powers of r are even.

2. Pole (origin)
Page 12 of 29

For tangent at pole, r=0


Put the value of r in equation of curve
02 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = 0
𝜋
2𝜃 =
2
𝜋
𝜃=
4
𝜋
∴ 𝜃 = is a tangent at pole.
4
If 𝜃 = 0 then 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 0
𝑟 2 = 𝑎2
𝑟 = ±𝑎
3. Tangent
If 𝜙 is the angle between radius vector and tangent
Then
𝑑𝜃
tan 𝜙 = 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑟
=
𝑑𝜃 tan 𝜙
Equation of curve, 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
Differentiate w.r.t. ′𝜃′

𝑑𝑟
2𝑟 = 𝑎2 (− sin 2𝜃). 2
𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑟 𝑎2 sin 2𝜃
=−
𝑑𝜃 𝑟
𝑑𝑟
Put the value
𝑑𝜃
𝑟 𝑎2 sin 2𝜃
=−
tan 𝜙 𝑟

tan 𝜙 𝑟
=− 2
𝑟 𝑎 sin 2𝜃
𝑟2
tan 𝜙 = − 2
𝑎 sin 2𝜃

𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
tan 𝜙 = − { 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃
𝑎2 sin 2𝜃

tan 𝜙 = − cot 2𝜃
𝜋 𝜋
tan 𝜙 = tan ( + 2𝜃) {− cot 2𝜃 = tan ( + 2𝜃)
2 2
Page 13 of 29

𝜋
𝜙= +𝜃
2
4. Limits:
Highest value of r is ‘a’ and lowest value is ‘−a’
5. Find a table for different value of 𝜽 , 𝒓 , 𝝋
𝜽 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 2
±𝑎 0 imaginary ±𝑎
𝒓
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝝋
2 2 2

Hence the shape of the curve is shown below

𝜋
3𝜋 𝜃=
𝜃= 2
4 𝜋
𝜃=
4

a a
(-a,0) (a,0)

3𝜋 𝜋
𝜃=− 𝜃=−
4 3𝜋 4
𝜃=
2

SECTION 2
𝒅𝒖
Ques1: If 𝒖 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 +𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒛) prove that 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 +
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒛 =𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒛

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 +𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑧) − − − − − −Eqn 1

Partially differentiate ‘u’ w.r.t. ‘x’

𝑑𝑢 1
= sec 2 𝑥 − − − − − −Eqn 2
𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧
Page 14 of 29

Similarly,

𝑑𝑢 1
= sec 2 𝑦 − − − − − −Eqn 3
𝑑𝑦 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

𝑑𝑢 1
= sec 2 𝑧 − − − − − −Eqn 4
𝑑𝑧 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

Take LHS:

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑦 + sin 2𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Putting the value of , and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

sec 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦
= sin 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑦
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧 tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧
sec 2 𝑧
+ sin 2𝑧
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 sec 2 𝑦 + 2 sin 𝑧 cos 𝑧


=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧
1 1 1
2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 + 2 sin 𝑧
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑦 cos2 𝑧
=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

2 tan 𝑥 + 2 tan 𝑦 + 2tan 𝑧


=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

2(tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧)


=
tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 +tan 𝑧

=2

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆. = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.

Hence proved.
Page 15 of 29

Ques2: For what value of n, 𝒖 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏) satisfies the


equation
𝝏 𝝏𝒗 𝟏 𝟏 𝝏𝒗
(𝒓𝟐 )+ (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ) = 𝟎 [AKTU2014]
𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝜽

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑢 = 𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1) − − − − − −Eqn 1

Partially differentiate u w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑛𝑟 𝑛−1 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟
Multiply of r2 on both sides

𝜕𝑢
𝑟2 = 𝑛𝑟 𝑛+1 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟
Again, partially differentiate w.r.t. ‘r’

𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(𝑟 2 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(𝑟 2 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑢 {𝒖 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝟏) − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟

Partially differentiate u w.r.t. ‘𝜃’

𝜕𝑢
= 𝑟 𝑛 (3 × 2 cos 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃))
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑢
= −6𝑟 𝑛 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃
Multiply sin 𝜃 on both sides

𝜕𝑢
sin 𝜃 = −6𝑟 𝑛 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝜕𝜃
Again partial differentiate w.r.t. ‘𝜃′

𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑟 𝑛 [sin2 𝜃 (− sin θ) + cos 𝜃. 2 sin θ cos θ]
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
Page 16 of 29

Divide by sin θ on both sides

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑟 𝑛 (2 cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃)
sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑟 𝑛 (2 cos2 𝜃 − (1 − cos2 𝜃)) {𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃

= −6𝑟 𝑛 (3 cos 2 𝜃 − 1)

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(sin 𝜃 ) = −6𝑢 − − − −Eqn 3
sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
Add Eqn 2 and Eqn 3

𝜕 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
(𝑟 2 ) + (sin 𝜃 ) = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑢 − 6𝑢
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 sin θ 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
0 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑢 − 6𝑢 {𝑏𝑦 Eqn 1

(𝑛2 + 𝑛)𝑢 − 6𝑢 = 0

(𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 6)𝑢 = 0

𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 6 = 0

(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 + 3) = 0

𝑛 = 2, −3

𝝏𝟐 𝒗 𝝏𝟐 𝒗
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟑: 𝐈𝐟 𝒗 = 𝒇(𝒓) 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 +
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝟏
= 𝒇′′(𝒓) + 𝒇′(𝒓) [𝐀𝐊𝐓𝐔𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔]
𝒓
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑣 = 𝑓(𝑟)

𝒓 𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐

Differentiate r partially w.r.t. ‘x’


Page 17 of 29

𝜕𝑟
2𝑟 = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝑥
=
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
Similarly ,

𝜕𝑟 𝑦
=
𝜕𝑦 𝑟

Differentiate v partially w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑟
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
Put the value of
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑣 𝑥
= 𝑓 ′ (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟
Differentiate again partial w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕2𝑣 1 1 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑟
2
= 1 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑥 (− 2 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟
Put the value of
𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑣 1 ′ 1 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑥 (− 2 ) 𝑓 ′ (𝑟) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝜕2𝑣 𝑟2 − 𝑥 2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′
= ( ) 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟3 𝑟2

𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) {
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2 𝑦2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑟2

𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2
Page 18 of 29

Similarly

𝜕2𝑣 𝑥 2 ′ 𝑦 2 ′′
= 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2

Add Eqn 1 and Eqn 2

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 ′ 𝑥 2 ′′ 𝑥2 ′ 𝑦 2 ′′
+ = 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 3 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟2

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 𝑦2 + 𝑥 2 ′ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ′′
+ = 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟3 𝑟2

𝜕 2 𝑣 𝜕 2 𝑣 𝑟 2 ′′ 𝑟2 ′
+ = 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟) {𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝑟 2 𝑟3

𝜕2𝑣 𝜕2𝑣 1
2
+ 2 = 𝑓′′(𝑟) + 𝑓′(𝑟)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑟

Hence proved
𝐳
− 𝟐 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟒: 𝐈𝐟 𝐞 𝒙 −𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝒚 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲 +𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
z
− 2 2
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given e 𝑥 −𝑦 =𝑥−𝑦

Take log on both sides


z
− 2 2
log e 𝑥 −𝑦 = log 𝑥 − 𝑦
z
− log e e = log(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
z
− . 1 = log(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑧 = −(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) log(𝑥 − 𝑦)

Differentiate z partially w.r.t. ‘x’


Page 19 of 29

𝜕𝑧 1
= −2𝑥 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ). .1
𝜕𝑥 𝑥−𝑦

𝜕𝑧
= −2𝑥 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥
Multiply by y on both sides

𝜕𝑧
𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥
Similarly,

𝜕𝑧
𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑥
Add Eqn 1 and Eqn 2

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 +𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 +𝑥 = −2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 log(𝑥 − 𝑦) + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝑦 +𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
Hence proved

𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟓: 𝐈𝐟 𝒘 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒙 = 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒗 , 𝒚 = 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒗 , 𝒛 = 𝒖𝒗


then prove that
𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒘 𝒖
𝒖 −𝒗 = [AKTU2017]
𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒗 √𝟏+𝒗𝟐

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑤 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − − − −Eqn 1

where 𝑥 = 𝑢 cos 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 sin 𝑣 , 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣

put the value of x, y and z in Eqn 1

𝑤 = √𝑢2 cos 2 𝑣 + 𝑢2 sin2 𝑣 + 𝑢2 𝑣 2


Page 20 of 29

𝑤 = √𝑢2 (cos 2 𝑣 + sin2 𝑣) + 𝑢2 𝑣 2

𝑤 = √𝑢2 (1) + 𝑢2 𝑣 2 − − − −{cos 2 𝑣 + sin2 𝑣 = 1

𝑤 = 𝑢 √1 + 𝑣 2 − − − −Eqn 2

Differential w partial w.r.t. ‘u’

𝜕𝑤
= √1 + 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑢
Multiply by u on both sides

𝜕𝑤
𝑢 = 𝑢 √1 + 𝑣 2 − − − −Eqn 3
𝜕𝑢
Differential Eqn 2 partial w.r.t. ‘v’

𝜕𝑤 1
= 𝑢. . 2𝑣
𝜕𝑣 2√1 + 𝑣 2

Multiply by v on both sides

𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣 2
𝑣 = − − − −Eqn 4
𝜕𝑣 √1 + 𝑣 2

Subtract Eqn 4 from Eqn 3

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢𝑣 2
𝑢 −𝑣 = 𝑢 √1 + 𝑣 2 −
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 √1 + 𝑣 2
𝑢(1 + 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 2 )
=
√1 + 𝑣 2
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝑢
𝑢 −𝑣 =
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 √1 + 𝑣 2

Hence proved.
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟔: 𝐈𝐟 𝒖 = 𝒇(𝒓, 𝒔, 𝒕)𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝒓 = , 𝜹 = , 𝒕 = 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝒚 𝒛 𝒙
Page 21 of 29

𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒖
𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
Soln: Given 𝑟 = ,𝛿 = ,𝑡 =
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥

Differentiate r,s,t partial w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 1
= , = 0, = 𝑧 (− 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑥

𝜕𝑟 1 𝜕𝑠 1 𝜕𝑡
= 𝑥 (− 2 ) , = , =0
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑧 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 1 𝜕𝑡 1
= 0, = 𝑦 (− 2 ) , =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑥
We know, if 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡) then derivatives

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑡
= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡
Put the values of , and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑧
= ( )+ (0) + (− 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝑥

𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
= −
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡

Multiply by x on both sides

𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 = − − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑡

Similarly,

𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢
𝑦 =− + − − − −Eqn 2
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧 𝜕𝑠

𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑧 =− + − − − −Eqn 3
𝜕𝑧 𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Page 22 of 29

add Eqn 1 , Eqn 2 and Eqn 3

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝑧 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = − − + − +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑥 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝒚 𝒙
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟕: 𝐈𝐟 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒚𝟐 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) ; 𝒙𝒚 ≠ 𝟎 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭
𝒙 𝒚

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚 𝟐
= 𝟐 .
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐
𝑦 𝑥
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 𝑦 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )
𝑥 𝑦

Differentiate u partially w.r.t. ‘y’

𝜕𝑢 1 1 𝑥 1 1
= 𝑥 2. 2. − 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) − 𝑦 2 2 . 𝑥 (− 2 )
𝜕𝑦 1+
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 1+
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦2

𝜕𝑢 𝑥3 −1
𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2
= 2 − 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) +
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

𝜕𝑢 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 𝑥
= 2 2
− 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝜕𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

Differentiate u partially w.r.t. ‘x’

𝜕2𝑢 1 1
= 1 − 2𝑦. .
𝑥2 𝑦
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 1+
𝑦2

𝜕2𝑢 2𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 2
= 1− 2 2
=
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

𝜕2𝑢 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2
= 2
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 2
Page 23 of 29

𝝏𝒖
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟖 ∶ 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐚𝐬 𝐚 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐛𝐲
𝝏𝒕

𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐟 𝐮 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒕

𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒛 = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒕 [AKTU2015]

𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given u = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − − − −Eqn 1

Put the value of x , y and z

u = (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡)2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡)2

u = (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 [cos 2 3𝑡 + sin2 3𝑡]

u = (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 2𝑡 )2 . 1

𝑢 = 𝑒 4𝑡 + 𝑒 4𝑡 = 2𝑒 4𝑡

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘t’

𝜕𝑢
= 2.4𝑒 4𝑡 = 8𝑒 4𝑡
𝜕𝑡
We know total derivative,

𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑧
= + + − − − −Eqn 2
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑡

𝑈 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2

Differentiate w.r.t. ‘𝑥’

𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Similarly, = 2𝑦 and = 2𝑧
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧

𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 and 𝑧 = 𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡

Differentiate 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 with respect to ′𝑡′


Page 24 of 29

𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 (− sin 3𝑡). 3𝑡2𝑒 2𝑡 . cos 3𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 3𝑡 − 3 sin 3𝑡]
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑧
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 . 3 = 𝑒 2𝑡 [2sin 3𝑡 + 3cos 3𝑡]
𝑑𝑡
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Put the value of , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 and also , and
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥. 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑦. 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 3𝑡 − 3 sin 3𝑡]
𝜕𝑡
+ 2𝑧. 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 sin 3𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡]

Put the value of x , y and z

𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑒 2𝑡 . 2𝑒 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 2𝑡 cos 3𝑡 . 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 cos 3𝑡 − 3 sin 3𝑡]
𝜕𝑡
+ 2𝑒 2𝑡 sin 3𝑡 . 𝑒 2𝑡 [2 sin 3𝑡 + 3 cos 3𝑡]

𝜕𝑢
= 4𝑒 4𝑡 + 2𝑒 4𝑡 [2 cos 2 3𝑡 − 3 cos 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡 + 2 sin2 3𝑡
𝜕𝑡
+ 3 cos 3𝑡 sin 3𝑡]

𝜕𝑢
= 4𝑒 4𝑡 + 2𝑒 4𝑡 . 2[cos 2 3𝑡 + sin2 3𝑡]
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
= 4𝑒 4𝑡 + 4𝑒 4𝑡
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢
= 8𝑒 4𝑡
𝜕𝑡
Hence the result is verified.

𝟓 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟗: 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒙𝑼𝒙 + 𝒚𝑼𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑼 𝐢𝐟 𝑼 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝟐 √ 𝒙 + √𝒚

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given, 𝑈 = sin−1
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦
Page 25 of 29

U is not a homogenous function

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3 𝑥3
sin 𝑈 = =
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦 √𝑥

U is not homogenous function

𝑦 3
𝑥 3 + 𝑦3𝑥 3 1 + (𝑥 )
sin 𝑈 = = 1
√ 𝑥 + √𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 2
[ 1 + ( )
𝑥 ]

𝑦 3
5 1+( )
𝑥
sin 𝑈 = 𝑥 2
1
𝑦 2
[ 1 + (𝑥 ) ]

5
sin 𝑈 is homogenous funtion of degree in 𝑥 and 𝑦
2
We know euler’s theorem

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑈, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕(sin 𝑈) 𝜕(sin 𝑈) 5
Then 𝑥 +𝑦 = sin 𝑈
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 5
𝑥 cos 𝑈 + 𝑦 cos 𝑈 = sin 𝑈
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

5 sin 𝑈 5
𝑥𝑈𝑥 + 𝑦𝑈𝑦 = = tan 𝑈
2 cos 𝑈 2
Hence proved.
𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 𝟑
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟏𝟎: 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐲 𝐞𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐫’𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐦 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝒛 = 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐
Page 26 of 29

1 1

𝐧
𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝐒𝐨𝐥 : Given, 𝑧 = 1 1
𝑥2 + 𝑦2
1
1
𝑦 3
𝑥 (1 +
3 ( ) )
𝑥 1 𝑦
𝑧= 1 = 𝑥6 𝑓 ( )
1 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑥 2 (1 + ( ) )
𝑥

1
z is homogenous funtion of degree − in 𝑥 and 𝑦
6
using euler’s theorem

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧 = − 𝑧 − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 6
1 1
𝑥3 + 𝑦3
𝑧= 1 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2

Differentiate partially w.r.to ‘x’


1 1 2 1 1 1
− 1 − 1
𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (3 𝑥 3 ) − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) (2 𝑥 2 )
= 1 2
𝜕𝑥 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Multiply by ‘x’ on both sides


1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
𝜕𝑧 (3 𝑥 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (2 𝑥 2 ) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑥 = 1 2
𝜕𝑥 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Similarly,
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
𝜕𝑧 (3 𝑦 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (2 𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑦 = 1 2
𝜕𝑦 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
Page 27 of 29

𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Add the value of 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑖𝑛 Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 ) ( 𝒚𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
( 𝒙𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒙𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 ) + ( 𝒚𝟑 ) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) − ( 𝒚𝟐 ) (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 )
𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐
= 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
(𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
=3 1
2
1 2
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 2

1 1 1 1
1 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=− 1 2
6 1
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

1 1
1 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ) 1
=− 1 1 = − 𝑧
6 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 6

Hence verified.
𝟏 𝟏

−𝟏
𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚 𝟒 𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒖
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟏𝟏: 𝐈𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( 𝟏 𝟏 ) 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝒙
𝒙𝟔 + 𝒚 𝟔 𝝏𝒙𝟐

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
+𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
1 1

𝐧 −1
𝑥 4 + 𝑦4
𝐒𝐨𝐥 : Given, 𝑈 = sin ( 1 1 )
𝑥6 + 𝑦6

U is not a homogeneous function


Page 28 of 29

1 1
𝑥4 + 𝑦4
sin 𝑈 = 1 1
𝑥 6 + 𝑦6
1
1 𝑦 4
𝑥 (1 +
4 ( ) )
𝑥
sin 𝑈 = 1
1
𝑦 6
𝑥 6 (1 + ( ) )
𝑥

1 𝑦
sin 𝑈 = 𝑥 12 𝑓 ( )
𝑥
1
sin 𝑈 is homogenous funtion of degree in 𝑥 and 𝑦
12
From Euler’s theorem-

We know,

𝜕2𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕2𝑈
𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
= 𝜙(𝑈). [𝜙 ′ (𝑈) − 1] − − − −Eqn 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2

𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
Where, 𝜙(𝑈) =
𝑓 ′ (𝑢)

1 sin 𝑢 1
= = tan 𝑈
12 cos 𝑢 12
1
𝜙 ′(𝑈) = sec 2 𝑈
12
Put the value of 𝜙(𝑈) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙′(𝑈) 𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑞 𝑛 1

𝜕2𝑈 𝜕𝑈 𝜕2𝑈 1 1
𝑥2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
2
= tan 𝑈 . [ sec 2 𝑈 − 1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 12 12

1 1
= tan 𝑈 . [ (1 + tan2 𝑈) − 1] {𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝑼 = 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑼
12 12
1
= tan 𝑈 [tan2 𝑈 − 11]
144
Page 29 of 29

𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚 𝟑 + 𝒛𝟑 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝟏𝟐: 𝐈𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) , 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛
𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 + 𝒄𝒛 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛

= 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧 : Given, U = sin−1 ( )
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧

U is not a homogeneous function

𝑥 3 + 𝑦3 + 𝑧3
sin 𝑈 =
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧

𝑦 3 𝑧 3
𝑥 3 1 + ( 𝑥 ) + (𝑥 )
sin 𝑈 = [ ]
𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏 (𝑦 ) + 𝑐 ( 𝑧 )
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 3 𝑧 3
1+( ) +( )
2 𝑥 𝑥
sin 𝑈 = 𝑥 [ 𝑦 𝑧
]
𝑎 +𝑏( ) +𝑐( )
𝑥 𝑥

sin 𝑈 is homogenous funtion of degree 2 in 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧

By using euler’s theorem

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑛𝑓(𝑢)
𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = ′
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑓 (𝑢)

Where n= degree

𝑓(𝑢) = sin 𝑈

𝑓 ′ (𝑢) = cos 𝑈

𝑛𝑓(𝑢) 2 sin 𝑈
= = = 2 tan 𝑈
𝑓 ′ (𝑢) cos 𝑈

Hence proved.

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