GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Reports 2003

Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, Number 19

IS-108 Reykjavík, Iceland

DISTRICT COOLING BY A GEOTHERMAL HEAT SOURCE

Agnieszka Rogowska
Department of Heat Engineering
Technical University of Szczecin
al. Piastow 19, 70-310 Szczecin
POLAND
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The design of an absorption cooling cycle based on a geothermal heat source is

proposed for Stargard Szczeci½ski in West Pomerania, Poland. Engineering Equation
Solver (EES) was used to write a model involving modules for each significant
physical component of the system. The purpose was to make thermal and fluid-flow
simulations to analyse the relationships between internal parameters of a single-stage
10 kW LiBr-water absorption cycle, and the influence on the Coefficient of
Performance (COP). A model was designed and then tested for two variants of a 10
kW cooling machine. The results were then taken a step further, and applied to an
advanced chiller design for a district cooling system. After a preliminary study of
cooling load demand for the city of Stargard Szczeci½ski, a 500 kW unit is suggested.
Calculations are based on the geothermal conditions and data from Geotermia
Stargard.

1. INTRODUCTION

The goal of the Kyoto Protocol ratification is to enhance renewable energy utilization, with the main aim
to reduce the products of coal combustion which are the main pollutants for air, water and soil.
Furthermore, the current integration process with the European Union will require the adjustment of the
power engineering sector of Polish industry. Many scientific analyses have been carried out to determine
the official forecasts (Ministry of Environment, 2000) for geothermal energy production (Zapalowicz et
al., 2002; Kabat and Soba½ski, 2002). The technical potential of geothermal energy utilization is
estimated to be 1512 PJ per year. So the heat energy stored in these reservoirs is of great significance and
could be used to decrease the contribution of “conventional” coal-fired power plants in the global energy
sector, and thus have positive environmental influence.

Geological explorations have proven that Poland is rich in low-enthalpy geothermal waters, where about
60% (250,000 km2 ) of the territory has temperatures varying from 30 to 130/C at depths of 1-4 km. Flow
tests show suitable conditions from several l/s to 150 l/s. The total volume of the reservoirs, within the
above defined temperature interval, is estimated approximately at 6,500 km3 (Soko»owski, 1993). Active
development of geothermal systems from extensive sedimentary formations in three Polish geothermal

465
Rogowska 466 Report 19

provinces: Polish Lowland, Fore-

Carpathians, and Carpathians (Podhale
region) is observed (Figure 1). Polish
Lowland is the region with most favourable
conditions for utilization of geothermal
resources. The main tectonic units are: the
Szczecin-Mogilno-ºódï Trough, the Fore-
Sudetic Monocline, the Pomeranian
Anticlinorium, and the Warszawa-Grudzic
Trough. There are big accumulations of
Lower Triassic and Lower Cretaceous
sandy and muddy complexes with
advantageous reservoir properties.
Reservoir rocks are recognised as
permeable and with high productivity
potential. Depth of the occurrence of the
porous structures varies between 1000 and
3000 m in extent (Biernat and Parecki,
2002).
FIGURE 1: Map of Poland showing the town of
Stargard Szczeci½ski and the main geothermal Geothermal low-temperature heat
provinces (K“pi½ska, 2003) utilization is mainly for space heating
purposes, but there is also a long tradition
for using warm springs for balneo-therapy and recreation. Five geothermal heating plants are currently
being operated in Poland. Systems are designed assuming adaptation to current local conditions. Along
with the construction of the geothermal power stations, modernisation of the existing heat distribution
network, heat distribution centres as well as internal networks in buildings has been necessary. A doublet
geothermal installation principle is being applied in all technical solutions. Different exploitation
parameters such as temperature, pressure, heat energy and total dissolved solids, requires individual
approaches. Peak loads are covered by gas or oil boilers, and because of low temperatures in reservoirs,
heat pump application is recommended. Heat gains from sunlight, lighting, computers, and other electrical
appliances raise the indoor temperature of buildings, such that cooling is required sometimes throughout
the year. All buildings equipped with air conditioning and cooling systems have high consumption of
electrical energy. In many countries, approximately 5-10% of electricity production covers air
conditioning needs (Zakrzewski, 2002). Finally, it is important to consider that the bigger electrical
energy market will cause higher CO2 emissions.

The project design calculations presented here consider production of cooling load from geothermal
energy in the city of Stargard Szczeci½ski. To avoid energy losses during energy conversion from heat
into electricity, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the best way is to use the energy flux
directly. Therefore the emphasis of this study is on the absorption technology for cooling purposes, and
the possibility of its operation in a heating mode when there is no demand for cooling.

2. OVERVIEW OF COOLING TECHNOLOGIES

2.1 Introduction

Cooling for comfort and for preservation of food and medicine, has been supplied for most of this century
by the vapour compression cycles. The compression cycle requires electrical energy supply, but in an
absorption circuit the so-called thermal compression is being used, where a minimum amount of work is
needed. In thermal compression, the binary solution works in the refrigeration cycle and the driving
energy is only in the form of heat. There is an increased interest in the development and use of adsorption
Report 19 467 Rogowska

chillers due to their various economic and impressive environmental benefits, enabling solar energy or
waste heat to be used for applications such as district networks and cogeneration plants. Compared to
adsorption systems that require heat sources with temperatures above 100/C (zeolite–water systems,
activated carbon–methanol systems), a silica gel/water adsorption refrigerator uses waste heat with
temperatures below 100/C. This creates new possibilities for utilizing low- temperature energy.
Desiccant cooling systems combine sorptive dehumidification, heat recovery, evaporation, and heating
to create a cooling process. Desiccant and evaporative cooling (DEC) devices are especially used in air
conditioning systems; heat energy can be used for the required regeneration of the sorbens in the
dehumidifier.

Table 1 introduces current development of cooling technologies, but devices based on Peltier’s effect are
omitted in this overview. The most descriptive information can be found in a paper written by Rogowska
(2002).

TABLE 1: Various known methods of cooling load production

(BHKW Infozentrum Rastatt, 2003)

Compression Absorptive Adsorptive

DEC1
chiller chiller chiller
Physical Evaporation
Vaporisation of refrigerant
cooling -effect of refrigerant
Kind of Mechanical Thermal, Thermal adsorption Sorptive
compression compression absorption loop of water steam drying
Heat energy Heat energy Heat energy
Power source Electrical energy
85-180/C 55-95/C 50-100/C
Chlorinated CHC Water with LiBr Water with solid as
Refrigerant
or chlor free or NH3 as adsorption agent Water
agent
hydrocarbons absorption agent (Silica-Gel)
Coefficient of
1.3-1.65 0.6-1.0 0.4-0.6 0.3
performance2

1
Desiccative and evaporative cooling;
2
Coefficient of performance = Ratio of received cooling load to employed heating load,
0.6-1.0 by absorptive chillers means that 1 kWh heat provides 0.6-1.0 kWh cold.

Absorption chillers operate on one of the earliest known principles of refrigeration. The cycle uses a
refrigerant (known as the primary fluid), and an absorbent (known as the secondary fluid). The most
common fluids creating binary solution are introduced in Table 2. The refrigerant is chemically and
physically absorbed by the absorbent for the purpose of transferring heat. The evaporation of the primary
fluid removes heat, thus providing the refrigeration effect (Herold et al., 1996).

TABLE 2: Various pairs of fluids used in cooling systems

Absorption agent Refrigeration agent

Lithium bromide (LiBr) Water (H2O)
Liquid working
Water (H2O) Ammonia (NH3)
fluids
LiCl Water (H2O)
CaCl2 Ammonia (NH3)
Soild adsorbents Active coal Ammonia (NH3)
Zeolites, silica-gel Water (H2O)
Rogowska 468 Report 19

2.2 Basic principles of absorption technology

Absorption cooling is the first and oldest form of air conditioning and refrigeration. An absorption heat
pump or chiller does not use an electric compressor to mechanically pressurize the refrigerant. Instead,
the absorption device uses a heat source, to evaporate the already-pressurized refrigerant from an
absorbent/refrigerant mixture. This takes place in a device called the vapour generator. Although
absorption coolers require electricity for pumping the refrigerant, the amount is small compared to that
consumed by a compressor in a conventional electric air conditioner or refrigerator. The absorption cycle
requires a cooling water supply to enable processes in the absorber and the condenser.

Two basic configurations of absorption technology are available in commercial applications nowadays,
their characteristics are presented in Table 3. For cold water temperatures above 0/C (mostly air
conditioning for buildings), cycles with lithium bromide as the absorbent and water as refrigerant are
designed. For industrial refrigeration and ice production, an ammonia-water technology is employed.

TABLE 3: Comparison of single-effect vapour absorption technology (Srikhirin et al., 2001)

LiBr/H2O H2O/NH3
Heat source oper. temp. (/C) 80-110 120-150
Cooling operat. temp. (/C) 5-10 <0
Cooling capacity (ton) 10-100 3-25
COP 0.5-0.7 0.5
Current status Large water chiller Commercial
Remarks 1. Simplest and widely used; 1. Rectification of refrigerant
2. Using water as refrigerant, is required;
cooling temperature is > 0/C; 2. Working solution is
3. Negative system pressure; environmentally friendly;
4. Water cooled absorber is required 3. Operating pressure is high;
to prevent crystallization at high 4. Suitable for using as heat
concentration. pump due to wide operating
range.

The diagrams in Figure 2 and 200

Appendix I present property curves
Water evaporation temperature
for ammonia and water. Following
150
the evaporation lines, the differences
for both fluids can be observed.
T1, T2 [°C]

Ammonia as the refrigerant, with its 100

physical and chemical properties,
evaporates at lower temperatures and
at higher pressures. For water, the 50
pressure of evaporation could be Ammonia evaporation temperature
lower but temperature will be higher.
0
In places where electrical power is
expensive or unavailable, or where
-50
there is waste, gas, geothermal or 0 2 4 6 8 10
solar heat available, absorption P1 [bar]
machines provide reliable and quiet FIGURE 2: Evaporation temperatures for ammonia and water
cooling. More advantages of
absorption systems against the
vapour compression cycle are presented below:
Report 19 469 Rogowska

T Required heat energy for generator - could be waste heat or a renewable energy source;
T Lower demand for electrical energy;
T Dependability (reliability) - few moving parts, less replacement parts;
T Low-noise and vibration-free;
T Long life time and low operating costs compared to compressor cooling system;
T Environmentally friendly refrigeration fluids.

The absorption cycle can be compared to the more familiar mechanical vapour compression cycle in that
both cycles evaporate and condense a refrigerant liquid at two or more pressures within the unit. The
absorption cycle uses a heat-operated generator, a heat-rejecting absorber and a liquid solution pump as
presented in Figure 3.

FIGURE 3: Single stage LiBr-water absorption cycle

Chilled water to the users is cooled down because it gives the heat to the refrigerant (water) in the
evaporator causing the change of its thermodynamic state into the vapour phase. Then the refrigerant
vapour enters the absorber and it is absorbed by the second fluid (LiBr). The absorption process requires
heat removal, so the cooling water accessibility is of great importance. A weak solution is pumped by the
solution pump into a solution heat exchanger (SHX) where it is heated up before entering the generator
(desorber). The purpose of installing the SHX is the increase in efficiency of the process. A desorption
process will start at the moment when heat energy is supplied to the generator to start boiling. Therefore,
refrigerant vapour of high enthalpy and high pressure will be produced; the rich hot solution flows back
through the SHX to the absorber. It reaches the lower level of pressure after isenthalpic throttling in the
valve. The cycle of absorption can start again. Water vapour enters the condenser, the heat of condensation
of the refrigerant vapour is rejected to the cooling circuit, so that the quality (vapour fraction) reaches 0.
After the expansion valve, the liquid flows to the evaporator. Exact description and the parameters can be
obtained in the introduced model for the city of Stargard Szczeci½ski.

2.3 District cooling

District cooling means the centralised production and distribution of cooling energy. Such systems are
under operation in e.g. Japan, USA, Korea, Sweden, and Finland. Chilled water is delivered via an
underground pipeline to offices and industrial and residential buildings to cool the indoor air of the
buildings. The output of one cooling plant is enough to meet the cooling-energy demand of dozens of
buildings. The mission statement can be compared to that of district heating with the exception that in
district cooling, the energy produced and supplied to the real estate customer is cooling energy instead of
Rogowska 470 Report 19

heating energy, e.g. extra heat is removed from the building. Centralised production of cooling energy is
more environmentally friendly and cost-effective than distributed building-specific cooling. In addition,
centralisation improves operational reliability. More and more buildings require cooling also in the winter,
because lighting, computer equipment, and solar heat entering through large windows heat the indoor air.
Due to the process cooling required by shop cooling equipment, the demand for district cooling stays even
throughout the year.

3. INFORMATION ABOUT STARGARD SZCZECI¼SKI CITY

Stargard Szczeci½ski is one of the oldest cities in West Pomerania, Poland. In terms of its size, population,
and economic potential, Stargard Szczeci½ski is the third largest city in West Pomerania. The city is spread
over 4,810 hectares of land and has a population of 74,000. It is located on the Ina River, 40 km from the
Polish-German border, 36 km from Szczecin (the largest city and the capital of West Pomerania), 180 km
from Berlin, and 120 km from the Ðwinoujscie ferry terminal on the Baltic coast. The city lies between two
large geographical regions, namely the Szczecin Plain and the Szczecin Lake District, which has a great
impact on the various types of landscapes in the surrounding area (City Government Stargard Szczeci½ski,
2003).

The city enjoys the moderate European climate. The average temperature in the hottest month of the year
(July) is 18°C, and the average temperature in the coldest month of the year (January) is -1°C. Most of the
days when it is freezing are in December, January, and February. Most of the sunny days are in May, June
and September. The number of hot days, when the temperature is above 25/C, is about 25 a year. The
average yearly rainfall is 525-550 mm (City Government Stargard Szczeci½ski, 2003).

3.1 District heating and plans to develop geothermal energy resources in Stargard Szczeci½ski

Stargard Szczeci½ski is one of very few cities that boast a so-called ring district heating system, which in
case of a fault in the heat distribution system, enables supply of heat using the longer way round. The
district heating company, PEC, whose only shareholder is the city, has a fully automated and computerised
central heating plant, and has recently automated its 250 heat distribution centres and installed all the
necessary measuring devices in them.

Consistent improvements in the technological processes, extension and modernisation of the district heating
system, which is already 40 km long, and strict compliance with the standards laid down in the Energy Act
(10 April 1997), all contribute to improving quality parameters and thus have a positive impact on the
natural environment. A measurable effect of these activities is the elimination of over 50 heating boilers
that used to burn more than twelve thousand tons of solid fuel a year.

In 2001, 45,582 tones of fine coal with an average caloric value of 24.9 MJ/kg, a sulphur content of 0.63%,
and a dust content of 16% were burned in the PEC boilers. The yearly emissions were as follows: SO2 =
466 tons/a, NO2 = 182 tons/a, CO = 304 tones/a, CO2 = 98,747 tons/a, B/aP = 36 tons/a, dust 255 tons/a,
and soot = 2 tons/a (Koz»owski and Malenta, 2002). The city’s heating system modernisation plan for the
period until the year 2010 provides also the possibility to use large geothermal deposits located right under
the city. This opportunity has been used by a company called Geotermia Stargard, whose natural partner
in this project is the District Heating Company PEC. According to the agreement that has already been
signed, the heat from the geothermal resources will supply the heating system. The expected annual heat
production is estimated at 290,000-310,000 GJ that will be delivered to users for a period of 25 years
(Koz»owski and Malenta, 2002).
Report 19 471 Rogowska

3.2 Geothermal conditions and current state of the project

Information presented in this chapter was shared by Geotermia Stargard in the document GS/D/85/2003.The
main components of the heating system on the side of Geotermia Stargard are production and reinjection
geothermal wells, a geothermal-heat exchanger, and a return water circulation feed pump. The construction
of the geothermal heating plant will start in October and is supposed to be finished on 30 April 2004. At
that time, technological start-up is being planned. Production well GT-1 is completed; it collects water from
the Lower Liassic water-bearing strata - the Mechów Beds and the Radów Beds (Biernat and Parecki,
2002). A pumping test from the existing production was carried out, which proved the well capacity to be
300 m3/h. Water temperature is 87/C at its outlet. Construction of the reinjection well GT-2 with
directional drilling technology is actually taking place and 70% is already completed. Safety valves have
adjustment of 16 bar. Other valuable information about dimensions of the geothermal doublet is shown in
Figure 4.

FIGURE 4: Circuit diagram of the LiBr cooling system and the geothermal doublet

The determination of chemical composition and physical analysis were carried out from last stage pumping
during the well test. In geothermal water, high content of chlorine, 68,000 mg Cl/dm3, is observed. Other
parameters are dissolved oxygen 3.08 mg O2/dm3, specific conductivity 165.6 mS/dm3, oxidation 26 mg
O2/dm3, CO2 aggressive 0 mg CO2/dm3, free CO2 151.8 mg CO2/dm3, sulphate 1384 mg SO4/dm3 and pH
6.1. The geothermal water from Szczecin Basin is very aggressive and corrosive. This requires mechanistic
studies of how water chemistry can effect the corrosion rates and forms of corrosion.

3.3 Heat demand analysis and cooling load requirements

The heating plant supplies heat to a distribution network. Heat demand profile for the city of Stargard
Szczeci½ski is presented in Figure 5, and it is based on data from PEC from the year 2002 (Geotermia
Stargard, GS/D/85/2003). The whole annual heating power demand for the users was 10167 MWt. On the
basis of the maximum value of volumetric flow (300 m3/h), temperature inlet (87/C) and outlet (41/C) from
the geothermal heat exchanger, and properties of the geothermal fluid the potential of heat extraction is
Rogowska 472 Report 19

FIGURE 5: Total heat power demand in Stargard Szczeci½ski in 2002

estimated to be 13460 kW. In the time period from May to the end of September 2002 there is a surplus
of geothermal heat energy because only tap water has to be prepared. The heating load does not exceed
8000 kW. Theoretical consideration allows formulation of the following scenario:

Possibility of utilizing the geothermal surplus energy during the summer time up to the maximum amount
of 13,460 - 9,000 kW = 4,460 kW for operation of an absorption cooling system.

During the summer time, the heating plant in Stargard Szczeci½ski operates with one boiler WR10 with the
maximum heating power of 10 MW. The capacity of the geothermal heat source would be absolutely
sufficient to cover the tap water demand.

The decision on heat management and the development of a district cooling network is strongly dependent
on the actual cooling load requirements and future prospects for district cooling based on absorption
technology. During the winter, heat must be delivered and in the summer time the heat gains must be
removed to ensure thermal comfort. To determine both heating and cooling load amounts, the valid norms
in each country must be followed. Calculations are based on energy balance according to ambient
conditions (temperature and humidity) given in PN-76/B-03420 and data for internal space in a building
or object, depending on its functions and destination from PN-78/B-03421. Stargard Szczeci½ski is placed
in climatic zone II in the winter period, and in zone I during the summer. Mentioned norms are not
sufficient for proper determination of cooling loads, because of missing 24 hours temperature distribution.
The meteorological data should be prepared like it is done in German DIN 4710 (Zakrzewski, 2002). In
the German engineering publication VDI 2078 "Kühllastregeln", the cooling load calculations are presented
very exactly. To estimate the cooling load requirements for air conditioning systems, simplified methods
according to the following values from Table 4 can be used.

CEN European committee for standardization promotes standardization in relation to environmental issues
and strengthens the integration of environmental aspects in the framing of industrial standards to remove
technical barriers. Research in Europe will be based on the common norms for main sectors. European
standards are currently covered by technical committees (TC). Work programmes (work started, drafts
issued) are useful during the design phase of the district cooling system, specially on user’s cooling needs
(CEN European Committee for Standardization, 2003). The following summarizes the status:
Report 19 473 Rogowska

TABLE 4: Cooling load demand in public sector (Schlappmann, 2000)

Cooling load of the Space/person Cooling load/person

Destination floor area (W/m2) (m2) (W)
Min Max Min Max Min Max
Apartments, hotels 41 31 9.2 30 1570 2560
Libraries 94 236 3.7 7.4 420 1400
Big rooms, banks 110 236 3.7 7.4 480 1400
Shopping centres
76 122 1.8 2.8 230 440
underground
Shopping centres first floor 81 188 1.5 4.1 280 510
Shopping centres next floors 76 122 3.6 6.7 370 810
Office buildings 72 163 7.5 12 720 1400
Individual offices 105 202 4.5 11.8 700 1630
Dinning rooms 283 490 1.2 1.6 430 790
Conference rooms 185 206 0.56 0.8 185 210

CEN/TC 89 N 602 Buildings - Calculation of cooling load and energy needs for cooling - Part 1: Cooling
load calculation; under development;
CEN/TC 89 N 742 Energy calculation - Thermal performance of buildings - Calculation of energy needs
for cooling; under development;
prEN ISO 15927-4 Hygrothermal performance of buildings - Calculation and presentation of climatic data
- Part 4: Data for assessing the annual energy for heating and cooling (ISO/DIS 15927-4:2003); under
approval;
CEN/TC 156 Ventilation for buildings - Cooling load; under development.

4. SYSTEM DESIGN

The purpose of this work is to make the thermal and fluid-flow calculations for a proposed cooling system
based on a geothermal heat source. The ammonia-water pair is not suitable for application because of the
high temperature requirements for the generator (125-170/C). Therefore, the single stage (single effect)
LiBr – water cooling technology was chosen as the most appropriate match to available temperatures. In
this case, the range of driven temperatures for the desorption process from 75 up to 120/C provides the
value of coefficient of performance (COP) about 0.7 (Florides et al., 2003).

The use of geothermal heat energy or other sources of energy, like for example waste energy from industrial
processes, can be interesting for the Polish climate with the need for space heating during the wintertime,
and space cooling during the summertime. The geothermal water will be utilized as a heat source for the
cooling system. The surplus will be a supplement for the heat energy supply for the district heating network
featuring different operational requirements.

The cooling system considered here, shown in Figure 4, is designed to deliver chilled water to the
balneology centre, office buildings with air conditioning, and storage, as these are possible users of
refrigeration. It is especially important to create a distribution network that combines possible connection
of new users and a variable cooling load demand during the year.
Rogowska 474 Report 19

4.1 Heat and mass transfer equations and basic assumptions for a cooling system

The absorption cooling cycle consists of coupled mass and heat transfer balances in the evaporator,
absorber, desorber and condenser without the solution heat exchanger. A single stage LiBr - H2O
absorption system is presented, and all calculations done in reference to the numbering principle illustrated
in Figure 4. The following basic assumptions were made to simplify the modelling of the system:

• Heat losses and heat gains between the system and its environment are neglected;
• The steady state of the refrigerant is pure water;
• There are no friction or pressure losses in pipes and components;
• The pump is isentropic;
• The throttling processes in valves are isenthalpic;
• Heat source supplies pressurized hot water to desorber.

It is necessary to properly understand the thermodynamic state of each point in the diagram. The external
energy transfers to the absorption system are shown on the schematic in Figure 4. The main processes and
assumptions for the cooling circuit are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5: Description of main thermodynamic state points (points refer to Figure 4)

Point State Details and assumptions

7 Superheated vapour Water vapour leaving desorber has no salt content (pure water)
8 Saturated liquid water Vapour quality set to 0 after condensation
9 Vapour-liquid refrigerant state Vapour flashes as liquid passes through expansion valve
10 Saturated vapour Vapour quality set to 1 after evaporation
11 Saturated liquid solution Weak solution of water and LiBr
12 Subcooled liquid solution Calculations based on isenthalpic pump model
13 Subcooled liquid solution Calculations based on heat exchanger model
14 Saturated liquid solution Rich solution of water and LiBr
15 Subcooled liquid solution Calculations based on heat exchanger model
16 Vapour-liquid solution state Adiabatic expansion in the valve

To perform equipment sizing and performance evaluation of a single stage LiBr water absorption chiller,
after taking into account the basic assumptions, energy balance for each component must be considered.
For calculations in this paper, mass flow, m& and energy flux, Q& , respectively, were used.

The energy balance in the evaporator can be written as (nomenclature is given at the end of the report):

Qe = m10 ⋅ h10 − m9 ⋅ h9 m10 = m9 ; where (1)

where Qe is the cooling load and chilled water will be delivered to the users by the external loop with
mass flow m & 17

Since the value of m10 is known, m11 can be calculated from the mass balance in the absorber, and with the
assumptions that:

m11 ⋅ x11 = m16 ⋅ x16 (2)

m11 = m10 + m16 (3)

During the calculations, it is possible to set the lithium bromide mass fractions in the solution, x11 and x16
Report 19 475 Rogowska

as the input value, or calculate them from the known relationships. Point 15, the outlet from the solution
heat exchanger is the closest approach to the crystallisation line. If the range of mass fraction of LiBr
changes from 50% at the absorber outlet to the solution heat exchanger (Point 11) to 62% at the inlet to the
absorber (Points 10 and 16 ), then the calculated operating conditions avoid crystallisation danger.

The energy balance equation on the absorber is:

Q a = m10 ⋅ h10 + m16 ⋅ h16 − m11 ⋅ h11 (4)

The minimum work input to the solution pump can be obtained from:
m& 12 ⋅ v12 ( p12 − p11 )
W = (5)
η sp

As mentioned in Chapter 2, the value of the electrical energy for this pumping is very small and in
comparison with heat energy used in this system it can be neglected.

The energy balance equations for the solution heat exchanger read:

Qshx _ cold = m14 ⋅ h14 − m15 ⋅ h15 (6a)

Q shx _ hot = m13 ⋅ h13 − m12 ⋅ h12 (6b)

It is known that heat streams on both sides are equal if an adiabatic shell is assumed.

Q& shx _ cold = Q& shx _ hot (7)

The effectiveness of the heat exchanger, g, is a useful parameter to describe the performance of a heat
exchanger. The definition says that it is the ratio of the actual heat transfer to the maximum possible heat
transfer for given inlet conditions (Herold et al., 1996). In calculations, the minimum heat capacity occurs
on the colder side of the solution heat exchanger, and then the effectiveness is written as:
T14 − T15
ε= (8)
T14 − T12

These parameters influence the COP of the system on a large scale. The higher the effectiveness, the higher
the COP. The absence of a solution heat exchanger in the cycle is significant, and causes higher COP,
because the heat of the return solution from the desorber can be recovered to heat up the LiBr-water mixture
before entering the generator. For this component, the energy balance equation would be:

Qd = m 7 ⋅ h7 + m14 ⋅ h14 − m13 ⋅ h13 (9)

Assuming purity of the water vapour leaving the desorber, the following equation is the result:

m13 ⋅ x13 = m14 ⋅ x14 (10)

Overall, the mass balance on the desorber is expressed as:

m13 = m14 + m7 (11)

Another mass flow parameter, the solution circulation ratio f, presents the relationship between the mass
flow rate through the solution pump and the vapour flow rate leaving the generator, as follows:
Rogowska 476 Report 19

m3
f = (12)
m7

Finally, the condenser heat can be determined from an energy balance equation, which gives:

Q c = m 7 ⋅ h7 − m8 ⋅ h8 , and m 7 = m8 (13)

A heat transfer model of each heat exchanger was added to the system to provide better understanding and
bring the model closer to realistic conditions. All input and output values from the heat exchanger model
can be followed, and in the future different and improved heat exchanger models can be considered. In this
paper, the UA type heat exchanger model was used to specify the size and performance of the heat
exchanger as a function of the UA value and the logarithmic mean temperature difference, defined as:

∆Tlm =
(T
h ,1 − Tc ,1 ) − (Th , 2 − Tc , 2 )
(T − T )
ln h ,1 c ,1
(14)
(Th,2 − Tc , 2 )
where h and c refer to the hot and cold sides of the heat exchanger;
1 and 2 refer to the sides of the heat exchanger; and
)Tlm describes the potential of heat transfer between the hot and cold sides.

The product of the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, and the heat exchanger area, A, are very useful for
heat exchanger calculations, and can be found in the literature from Holman (2002). The amount of the
exchanged heat can then be calculated from the formula:

Q& = UA ⋅ ∆ Tlm (15)

Finally, the coefficient of performance for the cooling cycle is defined as:
Qe m17 ( h17 − h18 )
COP = = (16)
Qd m24 ( h24 − h25 )

This is the main parameter for estimating the efficiency of the

operating absorption system. The easiest interpretation formulates
it as the ratio of useful energy output (cooling capacity obtained at
the evaporator) to the primary energy input (heat input for the
generator plus work input for the pump). The work input for the
pump is negligible relative to the heat input at the generator.
Therefore, the pump work is often neglected in an analysis.

The main geothermal multi-plate counter-flow heat exchanger was

calculated using the assumption that the heat capacities of both
FIGURE 6: Characteristic fluid
fluids are equal, and the pinch method was applied to determine the
temperature variation for a
temperature difference between them. The temperature pattern in
counter-flow heat exchanger
the counter-flow exchanger is illustrated in Figure 6.

With Tpinch= 2 K, the return temperature from the district heating system T3 can be determined as:

T3 = T2 − T pinch (17)

The heat fluxes on the geothermal and municipal network sides are calculated as:
Report 19 477 Rogowska

Q& ghx = m& 1 ⋅ ( h1 − h2 ) (18a)

Q& net = m& 4 ⋅ ( h4 − h3 ) (18b)

The value of h4 is obtained from the energy balance in the heat exchanger. If there is no external work
done, there is no heat transfer to the system. The heat exchanger is well insulated and changes in kinetic
and potential energy are negligible, so the steady-flow energy equation can be written as:

m& 4 ⋅ ( h4 − h3 ) = m& 1 ⋅ ( h1 − h2 ) = Q& (19)

where Q& is the heat transferred from the hot stream to the cold stream.

From the known enthalpy h4, and pressure P4, the temperature of supplied water to the system T4 is found.
The mean logarithmic temperature difference for the counter-flow heat exchanger was obtained from
Equation 14, and is introduced for the given streams 1, 2, 3, 4, as:

∆Tghx =
(T1 − T4 ) − (T2 − T3 )
(T − T )
ln 1 4
(20)
(T2 − T3 )
and used to calculate the UAghx value of the heat exchanger by using the following relationship:

Q& ghx = UA ghx ⋅ ∆ Tghx (21)

With the heating load Q& ghx and the UAghx product known , the counter-flow geothermal heat exchanger can
be selected.

For the purposes of the calculations, the mass flow m

& 4 in the municipal network water is used as an input
number as well as the mass flow m& 24 in the external loop. Connection with the municipal heating network
system is available through the external circuit to the generator. To avoid the situation that all the heating
medium will have to be delivered to the cooling system, as the first user, a by-pass in point 25 was
designed. Such a solution allows for control of the mass flow m& 24 in point 5 where mixing of two heat
fluxes takes place, with the heat energy guided to the district heating system. The energy balance helps
obtain the amount of heat energy delivered to users:

Q ghx − Qd = Quser (22)

Return water pressure is expected to be 350 kPa (point 6), and the pressure after the circulation pump 700
kPa (point 3). The external water loop at the evaporator side delivers chilled water to the consumers.
During calculations, values for T17 and m& 17 were assumed.

4.2 Modelling work with the Engineering Equation Solver (EES)

Modelling of thermal systems presents many advantages. The most important is the elimination of the
expenses for solutions which could bring big risks during future operation. Modelling involves the
knowledge about the processes in the system, introduced as the equations describing each state point. The
next step is the validation of the model with respect to expected conditions to determine e.g. necessary input
and output energy, and to predict temperature variations. Finally, by applying optimization techniques the
suitable solution can be found. If time allows, simulations on the behaviour of the complete system can
be repeated for corrections.
Rogowska 478 Report 19

In this study, the computer software EES (F-Chart Software, 2003) was used to investigate the performance
of the absorption cooling system and its behaviour in configuration with a geothermal heat source. Each
component of the system is been treated as an independent module with a certain number of input values,
required mass and energy balance equations, and involved relationships between parameters with the aim
to calculate the output variables.

The EES program was written as a set of modules for each physical component of the system. This
structure enables adding, replacing, or removing the modules; and also modules can be employed several
times, with different parameter inputs. This process happens without changing the other components. Such
principles present many advantages. It is suitable to explore the effect of design alternatives considering
system configuration and new models of the used components.

The property equations including relationships of enthalpy, temperature, concentration, and vapour pressure
of LiBr-H2O solution were used from the external library. These functions use correlations from the
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (ASHRAE, 1989). Thermodynamic properties of water have been
implemented using the thermodynamic property correlation (Harr et al., 1984).

4.3 Calculation results

To find suitable operating conditions for specific applications, a sensitivity calculation was performed
utilizing EES, and following all assumptions and sequences of equations described in Section 4.1 on
thermodynamic equations, and including mathematical correlations for the fluid properties.

The geothermal doublet, heat exchanger, and connection to the cooling system and municipal district
heating network, were presented in a simplified way in Figure 5. Following the numerical sequence used
in this scheme, results of the calculations are presented in Tables 6 and 7. In each state point enthalpy, mass
flow, pressure, temperature, LiBr concentration, and quality of water after throttling, were investigated.
To illustrate the relationships between parameters in the absorption cooling system with the same
evaporator cooling capacity of 10 kW, two variants are introduced:

TABLE 6: Operating parameters of a system with a 10 kW LiBr-water absorption chiller - variant A

Report 19 479 Rogowska

A. Evaporator absorber pressure P10 = 0.9 kPa; generator condenser pressure P14 = 5 kPa; solution heat
exchanger exit temperature T13 = 55/C; generator exit LiBr concentration x14 = 62%.

B. Evaporator absorber pressure P10 = 0.7 kPa; generator, condenser pressure P14 = 7.347 kPa; solution
heat exchanger exit temperature T13 = 55/C; generator exit LiBr concentration x14 = 60%.

TABLE 7: Operating parameters of a system with a 10 kW LiBr-water absorption chiller - variant B

Table 8 presents a summary of energy fluxes in main components like desorber, evaporator, absorber,
condenser, solution heat exchanger, power needed for the solution pump, capacity of geothermal heat
exchanger, heating load delivered to the district heating users, and return water pump power.

TABLE 8: COP and energy flows at various components in cooling system for both variants

Variant A Variant B
COP 0.7567 0.6944
Q_d [kW] 13.21 14.4
Q_e [kW] 10 10
Q_a [kW] 12.63] 13.75
Q_c [kW] 10.59 10.65
Q_shx [kW] 1.605 2.635
W_sp [kW] 0.1205 0.2684
Q_ghx [kW] 15395 15395
Q_user [kW] 15382 15381
Wp [kW] 35.26 35.26
g_sxh 0.5625 0.5398

In the cases, A and B, the same cooling load is produced in the evaporator, but in variant A the coefficient
of performance is much higher. This means less heating energy is needed to enable a sufficient desorption
process in the generator. In addition, the size of other heat exchangers is smaller. To analyse the reason
of the higher COP, a sensitivity analysis is carried out in the next section.
Rogowska 480 Report 19

4.4 Discussion on the variation in the COP

Figure 7 shows the effect of the generator 1 25

outlet temperature T14 on the variation of the COP P12=5 kPa

COP P12=7.347 kPa
coefficient of performance on the two P14 when P10=0.9 kPa
variants introduced in Section 4.3. The 0.9 P14 when P10=0.7 kPa 20
cooling COP of the absorption cooling

Gen erator p ressu re P14 [kPa]

system is higher for scenario A, with the
pressure in generator P12 = 5 kPa. Another 0.8 15
conclusion is that the higher the T14, the
lower the COP value. This behaviour may

COP
be explained by the fact that although the
0.7 10
high temperature of the heat source tends to
increase the cooling COP, it also increases
the average temperatures in the condenser
and absorber, which results in the decrease 0.6 5

in the COP. This negative effect reduces

the benefits of high-temperature heat source
utilization and decreases COP, but at the 0.5 0
same time it confirms that absorption 70 80 90 100 110
technology with a low-temperature Generator temperature outlet T14 [°C]
geothermal source gives acceptable results FIGURE 7: Effect of the generator exit temperature T14
in cooling load extraction. The influence of
the generator temperature T14 on the 1
desorber pressure P14 was also investigated.
It depends on the properties of the lithium For P10=0.9 kPa
bromide-water solution. With the For P10=0.7 kPa
concentration x14 known, the pressure in the
0.8
generator can easily be calculated.

An increase of the generator exit

temperature T14, causes lowering of the COP
and increase of desorption pressure. These
COP

0.6
two parameters, COP and generator
pressure P14, are strongly connected with
each other. The mentioned relationship is
shown in Figure 8, also taking into account
assumed conditions in the two variants A 0.4

and B, with the different evaporator

pressures of 0.7 kPa and 0.9 kPa, and,
respectively, different LiBr concentrations
of 62% and 60% at the inlet to the absorber. 0.2
It can be seen that higher desorption
0 10 20 30
pressure in the generator influences COP in
Generator pressure P14 [kPa]
a negative way.
FIGURE 8: Effect of generator pressure, P14
When LiBr is dissolved in water, there
exists a specific minimum solution temperature for any given salt concentration. It is important to operate
the system within such conditions to keep a distance from the crystallization line. Since the generator exit
LiBr percentage ratio x14 is kept fairly constant at 60%, the COP value reaches almost maximum, as shown
in Figure 9.

Additionally, as seen in Figure 10, COP increases with lower concentrations of LiBr in the working solution
at the absorber exit side (x11). With the considered variants, the LiBr percentage ratio was chosen as 55%.
Report 19 481 Rogowska
1 1 44

For P14=5 kPa and P10=0.9 kPa

For P14=7.347 kPa and P10=0.7 kPa
0.8 40
0.8

Abso rb er temp erature T11 [°C]

0.6 36
COP

COP
0.6

0.4 32

0.4
0.2 COP for P[12]=5 kPa 28
COP for P[12]=7.347 kPa
T11 if P[12]=5 kPa
T11 if P[12]=7.347 kPa

0.2 0 24
56 58 60 62 52 54 56 58
Generator outlet LiBr/Water concentration x14 [%] Absorber outlet LiBr/Water concentration x11 [%]
FIGURE 9: Effect of LiBr percentage ratio FIGURE 10: Effect of LiBr percentage ratio
at absorber exit x11
As mentioned before, there is a strong
relationship between LiBr concentration and temperature of the solution. To ensure proper operation of
the absorption cycle, the temperature at the outlet from absorber T11 has to be kept at a lower level. It
requires the supply of low temperature cooling water for the absorber heat exchanger. In this paper, the
temperatures of the cooling medium were assumed as 25/C at the inlet, and around 35-37/C at the exit.

The generator heat exchanger is a very sensitive point 1

during the designing stage. Thus, the temperature For P14=5 kPa and P10=0.9 kPa
variations at this component cannot be omitted in this For P14=7.347kPa and P10=0.7 kPa

study. As can be seen in Figure 11, the higher 0.9

generator inlet temperature T13 improves the COP. The

most important effect, which is discussed in literature 0.8
by Herold et al. (1996), is the COP increase with higher
temperature of the medium delivered to the generator
(state point 24).
CO P

0.7

Increasing the heat source temperature contributes to

0.6
improvement in the COP for the cooling circuit as can
be seen in Figure 12. However, there exists a certain
limit of COP, and higher temperatures for the generator 0.5
will not overcome it. So there is no COP benefit to
operate single effect machines with high temperatures;
0.4
to get higher COP, double effect devices are available.
50 55 60 65
The low temperature of the heat source has an influence Generator inlet temperature T13 [°C]
on the bigger size of the heat exchange area in the FIGURE 11: Effect of generator inlet
desorber and other components of the absorption temperature T13
cooling cycle, and it will be visible as a higher cost of
the system.

For an absorption cooling system, heat from the absorber and condenser must be rejected at the cooling
tower, or another source of cooling must be found, e.g. sea, river water. Figure 11 gives the interpretation
of low-temperature cooling water accessibility, as the way to improve the COP value, with COP varying
slightly. The cooling streams to the condenser, and the absorber can be connected in parallel or serial flow
arrangements. In the considered cases, the temperature of the cooling fluid to both components was
identical (25/C).
Rogowska 482 Report 19
Condenser cooling water temperature T21 [°C] 4.5 Calculated results for the proposed
10 20 30 500 kW cooling unit
1

The system in this study consists of a

district heating network and the connection
T21
0.9
T24
with an absorption cooling unit. Evaluation
of this kind of a system is related to the
demands for cooling and heat supply for the
district heating users. The initial cooling
0.8
load demand analysis proved that 500 kW
cooling power would be sufficient for the
COP

requirements of the city of Stargard

0.7
Szczeci½ski. Table 9 presents the results of
calculations for the main points and follows
the numerical sequence in the scheme in
T17=12°C Figure 4.
0.6 T19=25°C
T21=21°C Calculations were based on expected
operating conditions. Average mass flow
from the production well was assumed to be
0.5
70 kg/s (250 m3/h), the pressure 1500 kPa,
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 and the transferred heat by the geothermal
Desorber inlet water temperature T24 [°C] fluid is 13,471 kW. Enthalpy, mass flow,
FIGURE 12: Effect of the generator inlet temperature pressure, temperature, LiBr concentration
T24 and the temperature of cooling source T2 and quality of water were
investigated in each state point.
TABLE 9: Operating parameters of a system with Mass flows and temperatures in
a 500 kW LiBr-water absorption chiller the introduced system, were
controlled at the external heating
loop to the desorber, so that the
district heating users will get
sufficient amount of hot water
with the right parameters. The
desorber will be supplied with 20
kg/s of 85/C hot water. Under
these conditions, to obtain 500
kW chilled water at the
evaporator, the exit temperature
from the desorber needs to be
76.67/C. After mixing with
stream 23, heat is transferred to
the district heating system in the
amount of 12,773 kW. Design of
a single-stage absorption chiller
was possible after taking into
account previous considerations
regarding COP variations. The
pressure level chosen for the
evaporator and absorber was 0.77
kPa, and for the desorber and
condenser at 6 kPa. Coefficient
of performance equals 0.7164 for
Report 19 483 Rogowska

the introduced 500 kW unit. Heating power delivered to TABLE 10: COP and heat transfer rates
the desorber was 698 kW and the solution heat exchanger for components of the district cooling
power of 123.6 kW determines the choice of equipment. system with a 500 kW LiBr-water
There is no doubt that the cooling water demand for this absorption chiller
size of the cooling unit plays a significant role. For this
case, a 25/C cooling water source was assumed. The Parameters
results show that a high flow of the cooling medium is for 500 kW
needed for the condenser, m & 21 = 12.68 kg/s and absorber cooling system
m& 19 =13.3 kg/s. Heat fluxes for both components are COP 0.7164
Q_d [kW] 698
Q& _ c = 530.4 kW and Q& _ a = 667.6 kW, respectively. Q_c [kW] 530.4
There are two pumps in the system, - power needed for Q_e [kW] 500
the solution pump is 0.1205 kW, and for the return water Q_a [kW] 667.6
pump it is 30.85 kW. The effectiveness of the solution Q_shx_h [kW] 123.6
heat exchanger, g = 0.5691. Q_ghx [kW] 13471
Q_user [kW] 12773
Assumptions made for the 500 kW absorption chiller W_sp [kW] 0.1205
calculations are introduced in Appendix II, and the results Wp [kW] 30.85
from the EES code for district cooling system are shown g_sxh 0.5691
in Table 10. They will be used for equipment sizing.

The economic aspects of this system are not evaluated here.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND REMARKS

• Geothermal conditions in Stargard Szczeci½ski are suitable as a heat source for an absorption cooling
chiller, the 85°C supply water gives COP 0.71.

• During summer, there is a surplus of geothermal heat energy; this could be used for cooling purposes.

• Internal parameters have a significant influence on the COP and the reliability of the cooling system.

• Results of calculations allow the proper choice of equipment.

• High cooling water demand for the condenser and absorber could be obstacles for implementation of the
absorption technology.

• The EES program enables the creation of various internal conditions for a chosen refrigerant-absorbent
solution, as well as considering the different parameters of the geothermal heat source.

Further work will include validation of the model with expected conditions to determine amounts of input,
output energy, and prediction of temperature variations. Finally, applying optimization techniques including
economics, should give suitable solution. If time allows, simulations can be carried out to represent the
behaviour of a complete system under different operating conditions such as a different heat source, cooling
water, chilled water, and hot water temperatures. Further studies are recommended to investigate the operation
of an absorption system as a heat pump during the winter time.
Rogowska 484 Report 19

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Ingvar B. Fridleifsson for giving me the possibility to attend the UNU Geothermal
Training Programme. Many warm thanks to Mr. Lúdvík S. Georgsson and Mrs. Gudrún Bjarnadóttir for
assistance and help during my stay at Orkustofnun. I am very appreciative to Mr. Páll Valdimarson, for his
excellent lectures and sharing his great knowledge. My thanks to Mrs. Fjóla Jónsdóttir for editing my text,
Mr. Jón Ágúst Thorsteinsson for an introduction to EES and the critical reading of my report, and Mr.
Thorleikur Jóhannesson for efficient consultations.

I wish to extend my warmest gratitude especially to my fiancé Konrad, Mrs. Maria-Victoria Gunnarsson, Dr.
Beata K“pi½ska, and all persons who provided me with help, guidance and advice. I would like to thank Prof.
W»adys»aw Nowak and Prof. W»adys»aw Szaflik from the Technical University of Szczecin for giving me
permission to participate in this training. Special thanks to Zdzis»aw Malenta from Eko-Inwest S.A for sharing
the data from Geotermia Stargard and support me with information, which were fundamental for my project.

NOMENCLATURE

A = Area (m2); W = Power (kW);

COP = Coefficient of performance; x = Mass fraction (%);
EES = Engineering Equation Solver;
f = Solution circulation ratio; Greek letters
h = Enthalpy (kJ/kg); g = Effectiveness;
m = Mass (kg); D = Density (kg/m3);
m& = Mass flow (kg/s); < = Specific volume (m3/kg);
Q = Energy (kJ); 0 = Efficiency
Q& = Heat demand / heat transfer rate (kW);
Subscripts
q = Vapour quality;
shx = Solution heat exchanger
P = Pressure (kPa);
ghx = Geothermal heat exchanger
SHX = Solution heat exchanger;
net = District heating network
T = Temperature (/C);
user = District heating users
) Tm = Logarithmic mean temperature
e = Evaporator
difference (°C);
d = Desorber
Tpinch = Smallest temperature difference (K)
c = Condenser
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient
a = Absorber
(W/m2K);
p = Pump
V& = Volumetric flow rate (m3/h); sp = Solution pump

REFERENCES

ASHRAE, 1989: 1989 ASHRAE Handbook of fundamentals. American Society of Heating Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta.

BHKW Infozentrum Rastatt, 2003: Basic information on combined power, heat and cold. BHKW
Infozentrum Rastatt, internet website: www.bhkw-infozentrum.de/erlaeuter/kwkk_grundlagen.html, (in
German).

Biernat, H., and Parecki, A., 2002: Assessment of development of deep geothermics in Poland, based on
Report 19 485 Rogowska

projects accomplished in the years 1991-2001, further prospects. Heat Transfer and Renewable Sources
of Energy, IX International Symposium, Szczecin-Miedzyzdroje, Poland, 415-420.

CEN European Committee for Standardization, 2003: Working programmes with European Standards.
CEN, internet website: www.cenorm.be.

City Government Stargard Szczeci½ski, 2003: Location and economy of city Stargard Szczeci½ski. City
government Stargard Szczeci½ski, internet website: www.stargard.pl.

F-Chart Software, 2003: EES, Engineering equation solver. F-Chart Software, internet website:
www.fchart.com/ees/ees.shtml.

Florides, G.A., Kalogirou, S.A, Tassou, S.A. and Wrobel, L.C., 2003: Design and construction of LiBr-
water absorption machine. Energy Conversion and Management, 44, 2483-2508.

Haar, L., Gallagher, J.S., and Kell, G.S., 1984: NBS NRC steam tables. Hemisphere Publishing Co., 400
pp.

Herold, K.E., Radermacher, R., and Klein, S.A., 1996: Absorption chillers and heat pumps. CRC Press,
Florida, 329 pp.

Holman, J.P., 2002: Heat transfer (9th ed). McGraw – Hill Higher Education Corp., N.Y. 665 pp.

Kabat, M., and Soba½ski, R., 2002: Renewable energy sources. Installation Market, 12 (in Polish).

K“pi½ska, B., 2003: Current geothermal activities and prospects in Poland - an overview. Paper presented
at the European Geothermal Conference in Szeged 2003, (Geothermics in press).

Koz»owski, T., and Malenta, Z., 2002: Cooperation of a geothermal heat source with a conventional
district heating system in Stargard Szczeci½ski. Heat Transfer and Renewable Sources of Energy, IX
International Symposium, Szczecin-Miedzyzdroje, Poland, 445-450.

Ministry of Environment, 2000: The strategy for renewable energy resources development. Ministry of
Environment, Poland.

Rogowska, A., 2002: Solar cooling - application of solar energy for air conditioning of the buildings.
Renewable Energy Sources and Hydrogen Technology, 9th Symposium, Stralsund, Germany, (in German),
8 pp.

Schlappmann, D., 2000: Heating, air & air conditioning technology. Gentner Verlag, Stuttgart. handbook
(in German), 267 pp.

Soko»owski, J., 1993: Polish geothermal resources and their potential utilization in aid of environmental
protection (in Polish). Technika Poszukiwa½ Geologicznych, Geosynoptyka i Geotermia, 5-6.

Srikhirin, P., Aphornratana, S., and Chungpaibulpatana, S., 2001: A review of absorption refrigeration
technologies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 5, 343-372.

Zakrzewski, B., 2002: Influence of supply air parameters on energetic costs of cold production in air
conditioning systems (in Polish). IV Technical Conference "Air Conditioning and Ventilation of XXI
Century" Gda½sk.

Zapa»owicz, Z., Nowak, W., and Stachel, A., 2002: Condition and perspectives of utilization of
geothermal energy in Poland. 4th International Scientific Conference: Effective Production, Transmission
and Consumption of Energy, Kosice, Slovakia, 191-198.
Rogowska 486 Report 19

APPENDIX I: Properties of common refrigerants

Water
103
g- K
6.
2
6.7 kJ/ k

7
7.2 7.7 8 .2

5.
102
260°C

101 180°C
P [bar]

120°C
100
85°C

10-1

10-2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

10-3
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

h [kJ/kg]
FIGURE 1: Water properties

Ammonia
103
4.5

4. 9

102
3
5.

K
g-
5.

90°C /k
kJ
1
6.
55°C
P [bar]

101 25°C

-1.34°C

100

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

10-1
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

h [kJ/kg]
FIGURE 2: Ammonia properties
Report 19 487 Rogowska

APPENDIX II: Assumptions for calculations of the district cooling system

with 500 kW cooling unit

Assumptions:

"Data for calculations -condenser"

T_pinch_c = 15 [K]
T[21] = 25 [/C]
T[22] = 35 [/C]
P[21] = 100 [kPa]

"Data for calculations -evaporator"

T_pinch_e = 3 [K]
P[10] = 0.77 [kPa]
Q_e = 500 [kW]
T[17] = 12 [/C]
P[17] = 300 [kPa]

"Data for calculations- absorber"

P[19] = 60 [kPa]
T[19] = 25 [°C]
T[20] = 37 [°C]

"Data for calculations -solution pump"

0_p = 0.80
P[12] = 6 [kPa]

"Data for calculations -generator"

P[4] = 700 [kPa]

m[4 ] = 70 [kg/s]
m[24 ] = 20 [kg/s]
x[14] = 60 [%LiBr]
T[13] = 55 [°C]

"Data for calculations Users, pump, geothermal heat exchanger"

0_p_net = 0.80
T_pinch_ghx = 2 [K]

"Parameters from the well"

m[1] = 70 [kg/s]
T[1] = 87 [°C]
T[2] = 41 [°C]
P[1] = 1500 [kPa]