World Academics Journal of ___________________________________________ Research Paper .

Engineering Sciences
Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.114-130, June (2020) E-ISSN: 2348-635X

Evaluation of Differential Pressure Sticking and Stuck Pipe in Oil and

Gas Drilling Technology and Its Production Operations
Ekun S. Kayode1*, Oguogho Lami2
1,2
Dept. of Industrial and Production Engineering, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo state, Nigeria

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Available online at: www.isroset.org

Received: 31/Mar/2020, Accepted: 19/May/2020, Online: 30/June/2020
Abstract- The research work is to evaluate and study differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe in oil and gas drilling
technology and its productions operations, using practical field operations of Nigerian petroleum Development Company
as a case study. A clear attempt have been made in this research work to investigate and mitigate differential pressure
sticking and stuck pipe problem experienced by the industry in the portion of their Well 9 and 10 offshore deviated well of
total depth of 14,500ft and 13,500ft as compared with a deviated producing offshore well 6 of a total depth of 15,400ft and
a producing onshore vertically well XI of a total depth 10,500 ft. Since the problem is monotonous, a viable pipe releasing
agent (PRA) fluid and Surge method was suggested in this study in addressing this problem at the point of occurrence with
an appropriate VERSA system composition fluid with other necessary reagents. A flow chart model was used in this study
to simulate how this fluid can be spotted around the stuck zone, in freeing the stuck pipe from the wellbore, after soaking
for 20-40 hour alongside with proper jarring mechanism the free point depth was determine with stretch method. Chart was
used to evaluate well 9 & 10 with stuck pipe and their economic losses in relating with well 6 and producing well XI, depth
graphs of well 9 & 10 were plotted to analyze the in-depth point of differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe zone at
about 13,604ft & 11,677ft. Temperature increased with depth graph and its behavior with pressure were also plotted and
analyzed.

Keywords— Differential Pressure Sticking, Oil Well, Stuck Pipe, oil and gas Drilling, Spotting Fluid, Production,
Temperature, pressure, OKONO & ABURA (Oil well field name).

I. INTRODUCTION Generally, the most well-known two kinds of stuck pipe in

the literature are differential and mechanical. Often during
The Petroleum industry is one of the biggest industries in drilling operations the drill string gets stuck. Sticking can
the world and it has a significant impact on the world happen while drilling, making an association, logging,
economy. Its business spreads over continents and it testing, or during any kind of operation which may
controls the most important asset of nonrenewable energy. involves leaving the hardware in the gap.
One of the major aspects of the oil and gas industry is
drilling. Drilling started as the straightforward procedure In the case of differential sticking, it has an immediate
of digging a gap into a repository. The oil and gas industry relation to differential pressure between the hydrostatic
resembles any industry on the planet, which involves many segment created by the drilling liquid in the well and
issues in its operations. However, drilling down gap issues formation pressure. Differential sticking happens when
are ranked among the most significant issues as they bring high overbalanced drilling liquid applies a large amount of
about immense uses. Although all down opening drilling differential pressure across a thick mud cake. A stuck pipe
issues are challenging, unpredictable, and involve situation can take place anywhere on the planet where
spending loads of time and cash, stuck pipe is viewed as drilling operations are led and it has a long history. Several
one of the most troublesome drilling issues. Stuck pipe can authors have thought of certain statistics that show the
be depicted with the end goal that during drilling a well, seriousness of substantial misfortunes because of stuck
the up or/and down pipe development or/and pipe rotation pipe. In 1991 [26]. Directed some research and found that
is out of nowhere confined or solidified. In this manner, BP (British Petroleum) had spent more than $30 million
drilling operations are suspended as no all the more every year for stuck pipe issues. Between 1985 and 1988,
drilling is achieved. Pipe sticking could happen because of an average of $170,000 was spent per well because of
many causes. It very well may be because of ill-advised stuck pipe. In addition, they stated that stuck pipe charges
drilling liquid properties, well geometry, the nature of the in the whole oil industry were estimated to surpass $250
bored formation, and/or inappropriate drilling parameters. million yearly. Then again, a study within Sedco Forex in
In drilling industry, stuck pipe has been classified into 1992 showed that stuck pipe accounts for 36% of total
several sorts according to various basis and categories. drilling issues [55].

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

and multilaterals, vertical well and so forth. It can runs in

A. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY seriousness from minor burden to significant difficulties,
The aim of this study is to evaluate differential pressure which can have fundamentally negative results, such as
sticking and stuck pipe in oil and gas drilling technology loss of the drill string or complete loss of the well. To
and its production operations by utilizing the general formulate water base mud and oil base mud as pipe
handy field of oil and gas drilling and production releasing spotting fluid with average application procedure
operations of Nigerian petroleum Development Company for freeing stuck pipe and likewise to evaluate NPDC well
as a case study. in summary, the research is of importance 10, 9 and 6 deviated well with vertical well profundity
because problems are what drilling operations and information and looked at production loss information of
personnel are about! We recognize that if we could barrel of crude produced every day for economical
eliminate the drilling problems peculiar to a given area, we purpose. The results included temperature impact with
could reduce the oil and gas well cost, by Understanding profundity, contact time, spotting fluid types formulation
fundamental causes of such problem and determining the for pipe freeing and application procedures, normal field
most expeditious and economical solution to this problem, application impact of differential sticking to well
this prompt us in looking for a lasting solution to stuck production cost and economic loss, looking at the potential
pipe caused by differential pressure sticking within the oil of differential pipe sticking to drilling practice, field
and gas wellbore in OKONO field area, using the most information data, probability of sticking pipe by deciding
recent spotting fluid method and surge or u-tubing method sticking time, plausibility of stuck pipe by differential
in freeing of this stuck pipe with an appropriate VERSA pressure sticking in a deviated well over vertical well.
system fluid compositions and formulations.
The paper is organizes as follows, Section I of the paper
B. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY contains general introduction of the study which entails
The objective of this study is to investigate and mitigate aim and purpose of the research work, Section II contain
the effect of differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe the literature review of the research work, Section III
problem within the wellbore in OKONO 9 and 10 deviated contain the methodology and Materials use for pipe
well in oil and gas drilling operations. Differential releasing agent fluid formulation and applications at the
pressure sticking and stuck pipe is one of most basic issue stuck zone, section IV of the study contain necessary
looked during drilling of oil and gas well. With gigantic discussion of results, Drilling and production well field
effect on drilling proficiency, well expenses and rough Data under study, temperature and differential pressure
creation in oil industry. Setting out on the impact and sticking graphs, well data tables, histogram, vertical and
alleviation of differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe directional schematic wellbore Architecture and
is a complex one, which incorporates intensive research construction summary, Section V of the study contain the
work and questionnaire within the company oil and gas conclusion and recommendation of future approach for
fields and the department in concern. Here we try to assess Nigerian petroleum development company in addressing
and alleviate the reasons for event of such issues to oil and gas drilling operations problem as regards to
disregard risks and outrageous drilling expenses and differential pressure sticking of stuck pipe during drilling
recommending down to business well-site approach in practices.
freeing this stuck pipe and keeping it from further
occurrence and minimizing its activities by utilizing II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
spotting fluid and U-TUBE method applied by flowchart
simulation model. More than a significant extended period More than quite a while oil industry is confronting
of time oil industry is defying inconveniences related with inconveniences related with the stuck pipes. Differential
the stuck pipe. These events are assessed to cost the pipe sticking is one of the stuck pipe mechanisms with a
industry many countless dollars every year, events related significant effect on drilling efficiency and well expenses
to differentially pipe sticking can be at risk for as much as [5],[85],[89]. These events are basic wherever on the
half of unquestionably the well cost. Differential pipe planet and are evaluated to cost the business a huge
sticking problems by and large result in the huge amount amount of dollars every year. Well instability keeps on
of personal time, well expense and time overruns as a non- being a refreshed difficulty for oil and gas industry
productive time regarding loss of rig days either due to notwithstanding of various advances in drilling
halting of drilling operations or an endeavor to free the procedures[2],[3],[8],[11],[19],[23],[26],[84],[92]. This
stuck pipe. This huge misfortune is constantly accounted issue has been an exceptional center point since drilling of
for in the well budget cost as a possibility factor for the wells have been growing up to get more access to crude
dangers related with the stuck pipe problems in the well oil. According to economic perspective, the loss of one
arranging and drilling execution approach, the ongoing billion dollar for each year due to the wellbore hazards
increment in drilling movement, lack of experienced [90]. On missing time comparing to 40% of all drilling
personnel and equipment, and drilling in higher-dangers related non-gainful time, builds the significance of
zones have expanded the danger of stuck pipe occasions in wellbore strength issue for the drilling business [73]. A
all drilling operations. Differential pipe sticking is a few investigations additionally accentuations that the
serious problem particularly in drilling cutting edge wells differential pipe sticking seriously influences well expense
like profoundly directional or deviated wells, level wells, and activity time as a non-profitable time [1],[6],[24],[89].

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

In spite of the fact that the expense of stuck pipe in A VERSA system was firmly emulsified, with a stable
profound oil and gas wells is evaluated to be the quarter of temperature, transform emulsion, oil-base liquids. The
all out spending plan [87]. This occurrence is constantly accompanying system and combination was embraced
represented in the well spending cost as a possibility factor with oil to water proportion of about 70:30 % was utilized
for the dangers related with the stuck pipe problem in the and included after which 4 lb/bbl VG-69T Organophilic
well structure and drilling execution approach Mud which was also utilized to viscosify the liquid to help
[1],[6],[24],[74],[89]. The ongoing increment in drilling weight material and give gel qualities, 10lb/lbb of HRPE
practice, deficiency of experienced work force and or VERSAMOD was likewise included, customary
personnel, and drilling in higher-dangers zones, have VERSA composition 6lb/bbl VERSAMULT was added to
expanded the danger of stuck pipe occasions in all drilling respond with 8lb/bbl lime to shape a calcium cleanser to
activities [92]. The idea of differential pressure sticking of go about as an emulsifier. The framework was kept basic,
drill pipe was first revealed by [47]. As indicated by 3lb/bbl VERSACOATT was additionally added to the
laboratory tests, they expressed that pipe sticking plan, estimated and permitted to blend for 20 minute, and
outcomes when the drill pipe gets moving against a Calcium chloride brine water was utilized as the internal
penetrable bed and a part of the zone of the pipe is phase of the transform emulsion. Measured saline solution
disengaged by mud cake [49]. Investigated pipe sticking will influence the properties and detail Concentration of
typically dependent on drilling parameters [24]. Created an calcium chloride of 38% by weight was utilized and
information base remembering 22 drilling parameters for 6lb/bbl VERSA TROL which was permitted to blend for
73 non-pipe stuck wells and 54 pipe sticking wells in 30 minute was also included generally to have an
Mexico's inlet. As of late, some examination is being adequately low liquid loss with basic formulations.
directed so as to decide the qualities of stuck pipe, for
example, the profundity of pipe sticking [8]. Attempted to Table 1.The following is the Materials that was selected in order of
decide the profundity of pipe sticking by methods for composition and formulation for oil base mud (diesel and crude oil)
composition for spotting fluid formulation as prevalent fluids for
consistent Free-Pipe logs. These investigations were the
freeing stuck pipe for typical well site Approach Applications
base of essential near examination that could recognize the FUNCTION PRODUCT
pipe sticking mechanisms notwithstanding its likelihood CONTINUOUS PHASE BASE OIL
forecast [50]. Improved the expectation stuck pipes' DISPERSED PHASE WATER
models by applying measurable procedures in 100 wells of SALT (FOR BRINE) CaCl2
Mexico's inlet. These models were utilized for PRIMARYEMULSIONANT VERSA MUL
counteraction of pipe sticking and activity sparing [78]. As SECONDARY EMULSIONANT VERSACOAT*
of late introduced an utilization of Artificial Neural FLUID LOSS AGENT VERSA TROL
ALKALINITY PROVIDER LIME
Network (ANN) techniques for understanding the reasons
ORGANOPHILIC CLAY VG-69
for differential stuck pipe [58]. Actualized ANN to WEIGHTING AGENT BARITE
anticipate the pipe sticking in Iranian seaward oil fields
[63]. Did an examination to anticipate and stay away from Table 2 CONVENTIONAL VERSA SYSTEM FORMULATIONS
pipe sticking dependent on versatile fluffy rationale [10]. OF 25% BY WT CACL2 BRINE: 96% SALT PURITY)
Examined use of ANN and Support Vector Machines VERSA SYSTEM UNITS Quantity
(SVM) in stuck pipe expectation [53]. utilized SVM with
VERSAMULT lb/bbl) 6.00
Gaussian portion capacity to anticipate differential pipe
sticking [36]. Did an exhaustive report to look at the VERSACOATT lb/bbl) 3.00
execution of various Neural Networks and Neuro Fuzzy Lime lb/bbl) 8.00
Systems in expectation of pipe stuck. In 2010 [73]. Led an VG-69T lb/bbl) 4.00
examination to explore stuck pipe likelihood by ANN in
VERSATROLT lb/bbl 6.00
one of Iranian oil fields. The consequences of their
examination indicated over 90% exactness for stuck pipe Oil Ib/bb 70.0
expectation in the researched oilfield. In their Mud Weight bbl/gal) 8.50
investigation, a complete number of 275 cases were Water bbl 30.0
gathered from the day by day drilling reports (DDRs) in
CaCl2 lb/gal 32.0
one of the Iranian oil fields. The information contained
115 stuck and 160 non-stuck cases. Non-stuck information
were gathered from days that the wells were totally B. SPOTTING FLUID OR PIPE REEASING AGENT
protected and had not gotten stuck in a similar general (PRA) PROCEDURE AND APPLICATION IN
zones of activity [5].Improved the current consistency FREEING STUCK PIPE
models in pipe sticking. The oil base muds, water base mud, are all PRA, this
liquid spotted all over the stuck zone, which enter the filter
cake and evacuate it. The idea of spotting fluid(s) is like
III. METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS. the oil-base alters (water-in-oil) emulsion mud. Both
depend on the osmotic weight idea. Oil-base mud and
A. PIPE RELEASING AGENT FLUID MIXING additionally spotting liquid is exceptionally smooth mud in
PROCEDURE which the level of hindrance is constrained by changing

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

the chloride substance of the water stage. Chlorides D. SURGE OR U-TUBING METHOD OF FREEING
marginally higher than the chlorides in the water in the STUCK PIPE (DIFFERENTIAL STICKIN)
shale will restrain the shale. Chlorides a lot higher will To a reasonable position. This lighter fluid is a
expel the water from the Shale, which toughens the mass combination of diesel oil, crude oil, water, nitrogen, HCL,
of the gap. Checks openings are generally penetrated with gas or any fluid that is accessible with a suitable weight.
alter emulsion oil mud in light of the fact that the shale is This can be a quick and viable liberating method, for the
profoundly hindered. On account of spotting liquid, the most part not used in conceivably precisely unstable
chloride substance of the water stage (inner stage) was formations as it will in general stun the formation.
blended higher than the saltiness of the mud framework. Anyway U-tubing can be used ordinarily a while later with
This distinction in saltiness will bring about osmotic no threat of any harm to the formation.
weight that will restrain and toughen the mud filter cake.
E. U-TUBING PROCEDURE IN WELL SITE
Table 3 Standard Formulation: The table below shows the APPLICATION
formulation for mixing 50 bbl of the complete weighted Spotting (There can't be a strong buoy valve in the string for
fluid of the above oil base mud and typical application Procedure
this procedure.)
Mud Oil-base Pipe free Water- Barite
weight(ppg) mud (bbl) drums base Mud (MT) i. In this procedure of pipe freeing method a full-opening
(bbl) Kelly rooster valve is introduce into drill string at a
8.0 30 3 18 0.5 working state, on the apparatus Switch, required
10.0 29 3 13 32 volume of light fluid is circulated into the annulus by
12.0 27 3 11 5.7 means of the stifle line With a concrete pump (for
14.0 25 3 10 8.0 accuracy). CLOSE THE CHOKE
16.0 25 3 6 10.5 ii. An RH torque is work into the string (±0.75
18.0 22 3 5 12.9
turns/1000ft) and slack off. Vent the drill pipe over the
Kelly through the standpipe to permit air to be sucked
i. A PRA Pill which is 1.5 bigger than the annulus volume in.
and adjacent to the uppermost Permeable segment in iii. Therefore suck off the back pressure on the gag in
which the pipe was stuck. stages and Monitoring the return of the light fluid
ii. The pill should be invariably 1-2 ppg (0.1-0.2 SG) accurately by means of outing or strip tank (while
heavier than the mud. working pipe).
iii. Prepare a 50 - 100 bbl low YP spacer (base oil, brine, iv. Work the pipe vigorously at each seep off stage and,
seawater) for pumping in front of the pill. Check the when it is moving keeps it moving.
spacer is good with both the mud and the PRA Pill. v. The annular preventer is open and circulate back to
iv. After which, Spot the spacer and the pill at the mud. (On the off chance that there is any threat of gas,
maximum stream rate in a conceivable manner. This is make sure to Circulate through the stifle before
important in order to get the PRA behind the pipe where opening the annular.)
it was stuck exactly. vi. The Floor underneath the top drive, circulate the head,
v. Leave the pill in order to drench until the pipe is free or or Kelly drive.
the choice is made at a satisfied point. But at this point is vii. Perform all the necessary calculations according to the
advisable not to try circulate out and pull out if the pipe worksheet. The necessary Calculations are for U-tubing
doesn't give off an impression of being liberating; this to formation pressure. In the event that an alternative
isn't successful. hydrostatic pressure is required (i.e. which is above or
vi. Again, tried work the pipe while the pill is drenching: beneath formation pressure) make sure to calculate the
slack off 20,000lbs, work RH torque into the string equivalent formation pressure and use it in the
(±0.75 turn/1000ft), discharge torque. This will work the worksheet as necessary as possible.
stuck point down the gap a couple of inches or a couple viii. Therefore Close the annular preventer with minimum
of feet each time until the pipe 'suddenly' pulls Free. shutting press requires.
Note that Differentially stuck pipe turns out to be more Table 4 U-Tube calculations Variables
stuck with time. It is important to blend and spot the pp Formation pressure at zone of interest (SG)( or)
spotting fluid as quickly as possible. It is informed to maximum formation pressure
blend an overabundance regarding PP2 Formation pressure at 2nd zone of interest
Spotting fluid, so sufficient volume is left inside the drill TVD True vertical depth of zone of interest
string to permit 1-2 bbl for every hour of crisp fluid to be TVD2 True vertical depth of 2nd zone of interest
MDX Actual length of light fluid column(m)
pumped over the stuck zone.
MDA Actual length of air column in pipe after U-tubing(m)
MW Mud density in hole (SG)
C. THE FOLLOWING WAS USED TO FORMULATE WATER BASE MUD AS
WW Density of light fluid to be pumped (SG)
SPOTTING FLUID SEA WATER, BARITE, LIGNOSULFONATE CAUSTIC
CH Height of choke line (m)
SODA ,PAC, CMC AND CAC03 AS PRAVELENT FLUIDS AS PIPE
CC Capacity of choke line (bbl/m)
RELEASING AGENT
Ann Capacity of drill pipe /casing annulus (bb/m)
DP Capacity of drill pipe (bb/m)

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

F. MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS OF U-TUBING with a given pull is measured, the amount of the free pipe
METHOD OF FREEING STUCK PIPE. can be calculated. A point was mark at the rotary table
The equations that can be adopted in the field using u- level with the hook load completely slacked off. Tension
tubing or surge method in the quest of stuck pipe freeing on the pipe was pulled at least equal to the normal hook
are as follows; load (air weight) of the pipe prior to getting stuck. The
i.True Vertical depth of light fluid in gag/annulus after tensions applied as a pulling force, F1, and measure the
U-tubing = X m stretch, S1, in the pipe in inches, due to the pulling force
X = (MW - PP) x TVD ÷ (MW - WW) F1 was recorded. Next, additional tension was pulled
True Vertical depth of mud in annulus after U-tubing = which has been predetermined within the range of safe
Ym tensional limits on the pipe. The new pulling force was
Y = TVD - X recorded as F2, and the stretch, S2, was measured in
ii. Volume of light fluid in annulus/stifle after U-tubing = inches, which resulted due to the pulling force F2. The
V bbls stuck pipe depth can be determined by using the following
V = (CH x CC) + [(MDX - CH) x Ann] equation:
iii.True vertical depth of air in drill pipe after U-tubing =
Am Stuck Pipe Depth, D = Stuck Pipe Depth,
Am = (MW - PP) ÷ (MW x TVD) D = 7351000 *W * DS
iv.The Volume of air in drill pipe after U-tubing = VA F2 - F1
bbls Where W =weight of drill pipe
VA = MDA x DP (S1 –S2) =The stretch of the pipe from
v.Complete volume of light fluid to be pumped = Vo bbls The reference point (in.)
Vo = V + VA F2 –F1 = Additional pull require (lbs)
vi.Max drawdown on some other formation in the well = Drill string is stuck if BF + FBHA > MO
DR psi Where MO, maximum over pull:
DR = ((Pm - PP2) x 1.421 x TVD2) F, background friction:
Pm = x WW + [(TVD2 - X) MW] ÷ TVD2 FBHA: force exerted on BHA
(In the event that TVD2 < X, at that point Pm = WW)
vii.Starting pressure on gag in the wake of pumping but G. COLLECTION AND ASSESSMENT OF WELL 9 & 10
before seep off = P CH DATA IN WHICH DIFFERENTIAL STICKING
P CH = X1. (MW - WW) x 1.421 OCCURRED WHEN IT WAS DRILLED THROUGH
In the event that PP > MW, at that point PCH given by: DAILY WELL REPORT.
[(X1. (MW - WW)) + (TVD). (PP - MW))] X 1.421 Through questionnaire and field trip experience, the well
X1 = True vertical tallness of light fluid subsequent to were drilled base on the following data with appreciable
pumping. occurrences of differential pipe sticking Within High
viii.Measuring stretch method pressure High temperature (HPHT) formation zone WELL
9 & 10 were drilled to appraise the deeper reservoir
When pipe becomes stuck, the first step is to determine at OKONO deep levels (sands H & I) in the eastern flank of
what depth the sticking has occurred. Stretch in pipe can OKONO field with sand-I as the primary target and sand-
be measured and calculation made to estimate the depth to H the secondary target. Both are deviated well i. e
the top of the stuck pipe. If the length of stretch in the pipe directional drilled well

Table 5 WELL TRAJECTORIES UNDER STUDY DEPTH DATA COLLECTED OF WELL 9 & 10 CONSTRUCTION SUMMARY
Well time estimate Planned Depth(ft) Planned Duration
Well time Activity
Rig move and position 0 6.0
Drilling 81/2” pilot hole 750 1.0
Drilling 36‟‟ hole section 750 1.0
Run and Cmt 30‟‟ conductor pipe 700 2.0
Drill 26‟‟ hole open hole section 1610 2.0
Run & Cmt 20” casing 1610 1.5
Run well + BOP+ Marin rises/Test 1610 2.0
Drill 12 1/4‟‟ pilot hole 0 0.0
Wire line 0 0.0
logging/formation
Evaluation
Drill 171/2” hole 6500 8.0
Wiper trip condition hole/Mud & POOH for Csg Run 6500 2.0
Run and Cmt 13 3/8‟‟ casing 6500 3.0
N/U And Test BOP 6500 2.0
Drill 12 ½‟‟ to TD @12,500ft -ss 12300 10.0
Wiper trip condition hole/Mud & POOH for Csg Run 12300 2.5
Run & Cmt 9 5/8‟‟ casing 12300 6.0
Drilled 8 1/2‟‟ hole to 14,347ft 13400 2.0

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World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

Wiper trip condition hole/Mud & POOH for Csg Run 13400 2.0
Run & Cmt 7‟‟ liner 13400 2.0

Fig 1 directional well trajectory of Okono we

H. SOME PIPE RELEASING AGENT (PRA) MATERIALS AND LABORTORY APPARATUS

Plate 1 Sample bay Plate 2 Electro thermal heating mantle

Plate 3 Metler electrical balance plate 4 separating funnel

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

Plate 5 sample of lignosulfonate, unweight fluid

Well 6 & Abura XI well successfully drilled without stuck pipe occurrence (producing wells) data.
The analysis of the data for this well were made by comparing them with the impediment of non-producing well because
of differential pressure sticking From drilling report obtained, (OKONO 6) is a developmental and deviated well with the
following drilled depth; 2000ft, 4000ft, 6000ft, 8000ft, 10000ft, 12000ft, 14000ft and 16000ft .

WELL XI; is an onshore well, which is producing successfully and is a deviated well. From the well report method and
questionnaire we found out that the well was drilled base on the data in table

FIG 2 Practical Okono well 6 schematic depth (Deviated well) due to differential sticking

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF SPOTTING method of freeing the pipe is protected since the
FLUID APPLICATIONS IN THE OIL WELL pressure can be reduced in a few stages. The mud
FIELD UNDER STUDY weight itself isn't reduced, and if a kick occurs, the
fluid which was flowed out of the annulus can control
i. The adequacy of how spotting fluid and U-tubing it.
method that was received to free stuck pipe caused The weight of an oil-based mud oscillates between (7.5
by differential staying can be applied through the lb/gal) to (22 lb/gal). The bottom hole density is more
use of simple flow chart simulation model over consistently affected by temperature and pressure
the underlying mechanical method and hydraulic conditions than water-based muds. The temperature
method that was used in Well 9 and 10 without increasing will decrease the mud density because of
success. thermal expansion phenomena, while the high pressure will
ii. The impact of stuck pipe occurrence on Well 9 increase the density compressing the oily phase
and 10 as contrast and a producing admirably .
production limit information for efficient purpose. B. THE FLUID AND RHELOGICAL PROPERTIES
iii. Analysis of the Well 9 ,10, and Well XI by The Viscosity is affected either by temperature and
graphical well profundity information and number pressure. As the temperature builds, the viscosity
of cumulative days spent in penetrating such well , diminishes. Then again, the pressure expanding causes a
due to possibility of stuck pipe in both veered off viscosity expanding. Marsh viscosity of the liquid is firmly
well and vertical well. impacted by temperature conditions. This sort of
estimation, be that as it may, has a demonstrative capacity
A. FREEING STUCK PIPE BY SPOTTING FLUID OR the rheological properties of mud are controlled through a
PIPE RELEASING AGENT (PRA) AND U-TUBING rotating viscometer. The plastic viscosity, yield point and
OR SURGE METHOD USING SIMPLE FLOW gel quality are estimated (as indicated by the pseudo plastic
CHART SIMULATION MODEL. rheological model) with a rheometer. A most precise
In Fig 4, the flowchart below, any PRA pill should be examination of the mud rheology is finished by the "Power
spotted within the time of 4h of sticking for better results. Law" model. Drilling cuttings and weighting materials in
After the hours of 16 hours there is a minimal possibility of suspension are observed through the examination of the gel
the pill working, so the method should be discourage after quality for static settling or through perusing at 3 or 6 rpm
this time in terms of usage. Unlike U-tubing, there are no for dynamic settling.
hydrostatic limitations on using pipe discharge agents
(PRAs). For environmental consistence in any case, a great Rheological tests on oil-based mud must is done at the base
PRA line up with the nature of the environment should be opening temperature as the plastic viscosity of these muds
adopted or used. is truly reasonable to temperature varieties. By and large,
the higher the temperature, the lower the plastic viscosity.
 WITH SPOTTING FLUID; the final product is that The yield is very impacted by the temperatures in which
the filter cake shrinked, resulting in a littler contact tests are made. In any case, the reliance of the yield point
region between the filter cake and the stuck pipe. on temperature is considerably progressively worried above
Literature shows that the osmotic pressure between 175°C. The yield point is expanded with organoliphic mud,
salt-saturated calcium chloride brine inverse crisp fluidizing or weakening with oil. The gel quality acts like
water shale at 25°C can reach up to 24,400 PSI. In the the yield point. It increments including organoliphic dirts
meantime, the osmotic pressure between salt-saturated water or rheological modifiers and then again, it will
sodium chloride brine inverse new water shale at 25°C diminish with the utilization of wetting specialists,
can arrive at 5,800 PSI. This makes the calcium fluidizers and weakening with the base oil
chloride brine transcendently used in oil-base muds
and spotting fluids. The freeing fluid is constantly C. THE GRAPH OF PROBABILITY OF PIPE FREEING
lighter than the mud in the opening, so there will be AGAINST SOAKING TIME (HOURS)
extensive movement up the gap after it is spotted. It is Graph and table below shows the likelihood of the pipe
important that another slug be spotted about like coming free against absorbing time hours. This was used to
clockwork. At any rate eight hours should be took into calculate the time a pill was left to splash before circulating
consideration the procedure to produce results. out and chilling out. From examine, it is prudent to douse
Torqueing the pipe during this time is fitting and for a minimum of 20 hours and a maximum of 40 hours.
limited quantities of weight can be left on the stuck Before attempting to liberate stuck pipe from the formation
pipe on the off chance that it is off base.
TABLE 6- THE GRAPH OF PROBABILITY OF PIPE
FREEING AGAINST SOAKING TIME (HOURS)
 WITH U-TUBING; as the fluid is spotted around the
Probability of pipe freeing 0, 10, 20,30,40,50, 60, 70 80,
stuck pipe, the fluid flowed back, thereby bringing
(%) 90.
down the fluid level in the annulus; therefore the Soaking Time (HOURS) 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50.
hydrostatic pressure on the formation is reduced. In the
event that this is sufficient to at any rate equal the
formation pressure, the string will come free. This

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

v. Jar not cocked.

vi. Drag too high to allow sufficient force to be applied at
the jar to fire it (usually mechanical jars).
vii. Well path is such that compression cannot be applied
to the jar. (No down jar action).
viii. Jar is firing but impact cannot be felt at the surface.
ix. Right hand torque is seems trapped in torque at a set
able mechanical jars.
x. Not waiting long enough for the jar to fire

E. MATHEMATICAL MODEL THAT WAS ADOPTED WITHOUT

SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME
Tripping in; over pull/ container upwards
Fig 3. The graph of probability of pipe freeing against soaking Tripping out; slack- off/ container downwards
time Circulation if potential was set up.
The Pipe Was Worked In a Descending Order; Worked
torque into the string down to the suck point which is
normally 0.75 Turns/100ft know the impact of the torque
on the containers, slack off and let the containers fire down

The Pipe Was Worked upwards; the force was

expanded gradually or maximally applied from the
beginning at first container with 40-50,000LBS
Over the force required to trip the jar. The force increase
gradually was over an hour no success.
Overpull calculations
Beginning Overpull
1/2 x BHA weight underneath jars (in air)
Calculation of Maximum Overpull
Estimate frail purpose of string. (Typically drill pipe at
surface, however check if running a blended
String eg. 6.5/8"/5" drillpipe.)
Most extreme overpull at powerless point (Tm)
Tm = 0.85 x Tensile quality at feeble point
Calculate weight of drill string in air above feeble point
(Wsw).
(Wsw = 0 if feeble point at surface).
Most extreme overpull on weight indicator (Wim):
Wim = Wb + Tm + Wsw
Calculation of Overpull at stuck point (To):
To = Wi - Wb – Ws
where:
Wb = square weight
Wi = weight indicator perusing
LEGEND; PRA = pipe release agent. Ws = weight of drill string in air above stuck point
Fig 4 freeing flowchart by PRA and U- tubing application Note:
Wi should never surpass Wim
D. THE INITIAL MECHANICAL JARRING AND Jarring calculations
HYDRAULIC METHOD THAT WAS USED IN WELL Burden Required to Trip Jar Upwards
10 & 9 WELL IN FREEING STUCK PIPE WITHOUT Ls = Wi - Wj + Lj+ Dh – Pf
SUCCESS (NO Burden Required to Trip Jar Downwards
SUCCESS). Ls = Wi - Wj - Lj - Dh – Pf
Number of reasons in which the jars fail to free the stuck Where:
pipe. Ls = surface burden to operate jar (lbs)
i. Incorrect weight applied to fire container - at least one Wi = weight indicator perusing (lbs)
presumptions in computation error. Lj = wanted jar load (lbs)
ii. Pump open force exceeds compression force at jar (no Dh = opening drag (lbs) Wj = weight of BHA in air
down jar action). beneath jar (lbs)
iii. Stuck above the jar. Pf = siphon open force (lbs)
iv. Jar mechanism failed.

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

Fig. 5 Flow chart of free stuck pipe by hydraulic and mechanical method (NO SUCCESS)

F. THE EFFECT OF STUCK PIPE OCCURENCES ON

OKONO 9 AND 10 WELL AS COMPARE WITH A
PRODUCING WELL PRODUCTION CAPACITY
DATA FOR ECONOMICAL PURPOSE.
Differential sticking has been one of the major challenges
in most of the NPDC WELLS with negative effect on
drilling efficiency, well cost and production capacity.
From data collection, it was found that losing an oil well
because of differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe can
lead to huge economic loss of about $60,000,0000 per
well. As a result of this impediment WELL 9 and 10 are
not producing, therefore shutdown for the quest of drilling
another well, which in turn lowering NPDC production
capacity of barrel of crude oil generated per day in the Fig 6 histogram of producing well compared with non producing
WELL area. So the answer to increase their hydrocarbon well
reservoir base around WELL area is to drilled more well
successfully as possible with a lasting solution to For NPDC to really fulfiled their mission statement of
differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe as regards to increasing their hydrcarbon reservoir base, more well
the method suggested in this research work so as to needed to be drill successfully without impediment of
eliminate and prevent future occurrence of such problem, differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe incident as the
because the preventive and predicting stuck pipe are more major problem in the WELL field area, the above chart
economical to solving the problem when stuck in the hole. simply explain the production capacity of WELL 6 with
9237bopd barrel of crude produce per day and that of
TABLE 7- PRODUCTION DATA TABLE WELL XI FIELD with production capacity of 5000bopd
WELL NAME OKONO 6 OKONO 9 OKONO ABURA as compare with WELL 9 &10 with zero production
10 XI
PRODUCTION 9237 0 0 5000 because of the incident of stuck pipe caused by differential
CAPACITY pressure sticking, instead of abandoning this well and
(bopd) questing to drilled new once with unforseen circumstances
that may generate,the problem of the stuck once can be

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

tackled severly by right method of using spotting fluid and

U- TUBE method as regards to the one analysed in this
research work along side with proper jarring method to
free this pipe thereby increasing the number of wells and
also result in huge economical saving.

The second figure describe huge amount loss to

differential stuck problem per well, as this problem
continueously escalating in the WELL FIELD AREA
production capacity keep decreasing and thereby result to
huge economical losses.

Fig 7 Bar chart of economical loss due to pipe differentially stuck

The figure above describe huge amount loss to differential

stuck problem per well, as this problem continuesly
escalating in the OKONO FIELD AREA production
capacity keep decreasing and thereby result to huge
economical losses.

G. THE DATA OF AMOUNT LOSS ECONONMICALLY IN OKONO 10 OR J DUE TO STUCK PIPE CAUSED
BYDIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE.

TABLE 8 - WELL COST ESTIMATE LOSS PER WELL

PERCENTAGE OF
S/N DESCRITION OF COST ITEM AMOUNT ($x1000) WELL COST (%)
1.0 INTANGIBLE COSTS
1 Rig Operating Days (67days) 20,837.00 41.12
2 Rockbit 300.00 0.59
3 EIA 68.00 0.13
4 Mud Chemical / Engineering 1,200.00 2.37
5 MWD/LWD 2,400.00 4.74
6 Directional Drilling 420.00 0.83
7 Mud Logging 250.00 0.49
8 Cementing / Additives / Accessories 1,500.00 2.96
9 Casing Running 450.00 0.89
10 Solids Control 1,100.00 2.17
11 Jars/Tools Rental 450.00 0.89
12 ROV 1,600.00 3.16
13 Wireline Logging 2,300.00 4.54
14 Rig Positioning 100.00 0.20
15 Seabed Survey 111.00 0.22
16 Supply Vessel 1 1,200.00 2.37
17 Supply Vessel 2 1,200.00 2.37
18 Security Vessels 1,920.00 3.79
19 Borehole Survey 85.00 0.17
20 Helicopter Services 2,400.00 4.74
21 Drilling Consultant 240.00 0.47
22 Homage 34.48 0.07
23 ICT 240.00 0.47
24 Logistics Handling 2,300.00 4.54
25 Fuel, Lube, Water 182.00 0.36
26 Welding Services 80.00 0.16
SUB-TOTAL 42,967.48 84.79
27 TANGIBLE COSTS
28 Well Head and Accessories 950.00 1.87
29 Casings 1,820.00 3.59
30 Liner hanger & Accessories 330.00 0.65
SUB-TOTAL 3,100.00 6.12
31 TOTAL 46,067.48
32 ADD 10% CONTINGENCY 4,606.75 9.09
GRAND TOTAL 50,674.23 100.00

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

TABLE 9- TEMPERATURE PROFILE OF THE WELL FORMATION TABLE

DEPTH(TVD)ft TEMP.DEG.0F
0 0
2000 110
4000 140
6000 170
8000 190
10000 230
12000 260
14000 300
16000 330

H. TEMPERATURE GRAPH INCREASE WITH DEPTH

The graph below show how temperature increased with depth when the well was drilled and as you drilled below the
formation the higher the temperature and the higher the risk of stuck pipe in the high temperature high pressure zone.

Fig. 10 temperature graph increase with depth graph of depth of Okono10 well

Fig 11 Okono 9 graph showing differential pressure sticking and stuck pipe with depth

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

The graph above show the depth at which differential pressure sticking occurred and stuck pipe when the well was
drilled and trying jarring method of freeing this pipe prove abortive and is summarize below.
1ST STUCK PIPE
i. First stuck pipe occurred @ 11280ft MD on June 15, 2013.
ii. Severed drill collar @ 10960ft MD on June 20, 2013.
iii. Set 500ft of cement plug with TOC @ 10460ft on June 24, 2013.
iv. Sidetracked well @ 9154ft MD on June 27, 2013.
2ND STUCK PIPE
v. Second stuck pipe occurred @ 13604ft on 23/7/2013.
vi. Lost rotation & observed 200psi pressure increase.
vii. Worked string and regained circulation but no rotation.
viii. Unable to Jar free stuck drill string (Jar cocking & firing well).
ix. Discovered restriction in drill string @ 10710ft while RIH FPI tool on 26/7/2013.
x. Dislodged restriction from 10710ft - 13520ft & recovered “G” sand on August 7, 2013.
xi. Drillstring severed @ 13170ft on August 8, 2013.
xii. Set 500ft of cmt plug above fish with TOC @ 12520ft on 10/8/2013.
xiii. Attempted to sidetrack in 8½” open hole @ 13091ft & unsuccessful.
And it can be seen that the well above is a deviated well with a total depth of 13500f

TABLE 10- TEMPERATURES AGAINST PRESSURE GRAPH OKONO 10

DEPTH(ft TVD) PRESSURE(ppge)

0.00 0.00
2000 8
4000 9
6000 10
8000 11
10000 12
12000 13
14000 14
15000 15
16000 16
17000 17
18000 18
19000

Fig. 12 Temperatures against Pressure Graph Okono 10

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

Table 11- ABURA XI WELL DATA

O/B(psi) MW(ppg) P/P(ppg) FP(ppg) Depth(ft) Depth(ft)(TVD)
16.22 8.6 8.34 9.5 1200 1200
112.32 8.7 8.34 15 6000 6000
209.49 8.8 8.34 15 8920 8758
185.95 9.0 8.6 15 9118 8940
217.24 9.0 8.6 16 11280 10444
296.74 9.1 8.6 16 13450 11413
320.58 9.1 8.6 16 15500 12301

point at which formation can fracture and mud weight

(MW) in ppg.

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. CONCLUSION
As for the application of spotting fluid or PRA and U-
TUBE Method with typical oil and gas well data obtained
in this study, we can emphatically say that spotting fluid
and U- tube alongside with proper jarring mechanism are
considered as appropriate method in freeing stuck pipe
caused by differential pressure sticking and they are
extremely capable of eliminating this common problem in
NPDC oil and gas drilling operation and production
operations and at the same time proved helpful in
decreasing economical loss of well suspension or
abandonment in the quest to drill new once due to this
problem. As technology begins to improve, more deviated
well and sensitive formations are drill, stuck pipe problem
needs to be put into consideration to avoid this unforeseen
problem during drilling operation, because research and
field data analysis used in this project work reveals that the
chances of getting stuck in a deviated wells are more
Fig 14 abura well-xi vertically producing well higher than that of vertically drill wells as a result of this
understanding the reasons for pipe sticking and executing
great drilling practices, for example, great mud and filter
cake properties, pipe and drill string development, wiper
trips, taper type and spiral bottom hole assembly,
formation and hydrostatic pressure, controlling entrance
rate and limiting contact area, the sticking problem can be
diminished or total eliminated, resulting in enormous
savings and increase production capacity of crude oil for
the company. This work also revealed that when freeing
stuck pipe by U-tube method is very safe since the
pressure can be reduced in several steps. The mud weight
itself is not reduced, and if a kick occurs, the fluid which
was flowed out of the annulus can control it and that of
spotting fluid or PRA is that the filter cake will shrink,
Fig. 15 graph of depth (ft) against mud weight (ppg) of Abura xi
resulting in a smaller contact area between the filter cake
well and the stuck pipe, , the freeing fluid is perpetually lighter
than the mud in the hole, so there will be impressive
The above graph shows ABURA vertical well, producing migration up the gap after it is spotted.
successfully with production capacity of about 5000bopd
at about 10,500ft and from practical point view and well In this research work, it can be succinctly reveals that
data analysis, it can be deduced that the chance of getting flowchart model has been used to enumerate the way and
stuck in a deviated well are far higher than the vertical manner spotting fluid and U- TUBE method can be
well, since more well are needed to be drilled and practically adopted in the field when differential pressure
technology has drastically improved more hydrocarbon are sticking and stuck pipe occurs and also shows it efficiency
targeted directionally in the reservoir than vertical drilled and effectiveness over the use of hydraulic and mechanical
well, p/p represent pore pressure, FP represent fracture method that was initially used by NPDC in freeing this

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 World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences Vol.7, Issue.2, June 2020

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AUTHORS PROFILE
[73] Shadizadeh, S. R., Karimi, F. and Zoveidavianpoor, M., Mr kayode Ekun is a Graduate of Prduction and Materials
Drilling Stuck Pipe Prediction in Iranian Oil Fields: An Engineering 2014/2015 in the department of Materials and
Artificial Neural Network Approach, Iranian Journal of Production Engineering now Industrial and Production
Chemical Engineering Vol. 7, No. 4 (Autumn), IAChE, 2010. Engineering Department in Ambrose Alli University,
[74] Sharif QJ (1997). “A Case Study of Stuck Drill pipe Problems
and Development of Statistical Models to Predict the
Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria and a holder of Diploma in
Probability of Getting Stuck and If Stuck, the Probability of Chemical and petroleum studies (2008) in the department
Getting Free.” University of Engineering & Tech, Lahore, of Chemical Engineering in University of Benin Benin
Pakistan. City, Edo state, Nigeria currently a Master Degree Student
[75] Shell Intensive Training Programme manual (SPDC) Well in Mechanical Engineering in Ahmadu Bello University,
Engineering Cost pp.31-54. Zaria Kaduna State, Nigeria. My research area of interest
[76] Shell petroleum Development company (SPDC) standard
drilling procedures manual REV 4-2007 chap.12 well are but not limited to this; Nanotechnology, Petroleum and
evaluation and control Energy system, Materials for Energy storage and
[77] Shell Special Intensive Training Programme manual drilling generation, Behaviour of materials at extreme
problem pp.4&10 pressures/temperature, Physical Metallurgy with regards to
[78] Siruvuri C, Halliburton Digital and Consulting Solutions, phase diagrams and microstructures, High
Nagarakanti S, Samuel R (2006). “Stuck Pipe Prediction and
Temperature/High pressure Materials, Corrosion
Avoidance: A Convolutional Neural Network Approach.” Paper
SPE 98378 presented at the 2006 IADC/SPE Drilling Technology, Welding Engineering with good experience
Conference, Miami, Florida. in manufacturing process and oil industry.
[79] Symposium held in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
[80] T/27P BARRAMUNDI-l August, (1999) OPERATIONS Lami Oguogho she is an astute Graduate of Industrial
MANUAL pp5910-01/0172. Chemistry from Kaduna state university, Nigeria, and a
[81] TAMU – Pemex drilling manual 2013 Offshore Drilling
technology.
Holder of Master Degree in Industrial Chemistry from
[82] Torne, J., Rourke, M., Derouen, B. and Kessler, C., Middle East University of Benin, Benin city with vast interest in
Case-Study Review of a New Free-Pipe Log for Stuck-Pipe environmental and industrial chemistry, Analytical
Determination and Pipe-Recovery Techniques, SPE 147859, chemistry, Hazardous materials, Heavy Metal,
SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition held hydrocarbon and mineral processing currently a
in Jakarta, Indonesia, 20–22 September 2011. prospective Ph.D. student.

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