INTEGRATED SCIENCE TEXT

INTEGRATED SCIENCE TEXT

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Cells
Animal Cells, Plant Cells & Functions

Features of a typical cell

ALL cells are surrounded by a partially permeable membrane which is called A

CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE. Inside the cell is a jelly-like substance called the
CYTOPLASM. Cytoplasm is approximately 70% water and contains many dissolved
substances, especially protein The structures that are Found inside the cytoplasm are
called ORGANELLES.

Organelles
1. Most cells contain a VACUOLE.

2. This is a space within the cell which is

surrounded by a membrane and contains s
solution.

3. Plants have very large vacuoles which contain a

solution of sugars and other substances which is
called CELL SAP.

4. Animal cells have very tiny vacuoles which

contain food and water.

5. The ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM is a

network of membranes which is found in the
cytoplasm of all cells. They are responsible for making fats and proteins.
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6. MITOCHONDRIA are the Powerhouses for cells. They are responsible fro releasing en-
ergy by combining food and oxygen.

7. RIBOSOMES are very thin, round objects that

are attached to the ends of the endoplasmic
reticulum.

8. It is here that proteins are made by joining

amino acids together.

9. The NUCLEUS stores information which helps

the ribosomes to make the right sort of proteins.
This information is kept on the chromosomes.

Structures that are unique to plants.

1. The CELL WALL surround plant cells and are
made of cellulose.

2. The cell wall is fully permeable.

3. CHLOROPLAST is a green pigment which

traps sunlight.

4. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses it to make

food, as a result starch grains are found inside
the chloroplast
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Caption

The Animal Cell

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Caption

The Plant Cell

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Similarities between plant and

animal cells
1. Both have a cell surface membrane.

2. Both have cytoplasm.

3. Both have a nucleus.

4. Both have mitochondria

5. Both contain endoplasmic reticulum

6. Both contain ribosomes.

Differences between plant and

animal cells
Plant cells Animal Cells

1. Have a cell wall Have No Cell Wall

2. Often have chloroplast Have No Chloroplast

3. Have very large vacuoles Have only small vacuoles

containing cell sap

4. Have starch granules Sometimes have glycogen granules

5. Regular in shape Often Irregular Shape

Cells and Organisms
1. ORGANELLES make up cells.
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2. Similar CELLS are grouped together to form

tissues

3. TISSUES are grouped together to form organs.

4. ORGANS are grouped together to form

systems.

5. SYSTEMS are grouped together to make up an

ORGANISM.

Additional Resources
Video - https://youtu.be/3nBtY6LR030
https://youtu.be/MfopLilIOeA
https://youtu.be/nR-lsNDVhcY

Test on Cells (School Account is needed)

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfj1GvRKOwNZ686Uto_8sJw6DhzfP6gUoE4-
fOd4qXcbcNw1Tg/viewform?
hr_submission=ChkIlN3whJsEEhAIwM_pkqIFEgcIot6X_ZoEEAE

Matter
Change of State
1. Heat is a form of energy
2. When heat is added to matter or removed from matter a change of size occurs.
3. When heat is added to matter the molecules move faster
4. When heat is taken away from matter the molecules move slower
5. The process which occurs when a solid is heated is called melting
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6. an example of a solid being heated and what is form is putting ice (solid)in the sun which melts it
and turn it into a liquid (water)
7. The process which occurs when a liquid is heated is called Evaporation.
8. Give an example of a liquid being heated and what is formed.
when water is boiled or heated it evaporates and forms steam.
9. The process which occurs when a gas is cooled is called condensation.
10. Give an example of a gas being heated and what is formed.
When gas is heated it turns into plasma: A pressure cooker is an example of what happens when you
heat a gas another example is when you increase the temperature of gas in a balloon it increases
11. The process which occurs when a liquid is cooled is called freezing.
12. Give an example of a liquid being heated and what is formed.
A Liquid being heated forms gas for example: boiling water for too long turns into gas.

Quiz on Matter
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeZDCjfaw5eT42oKZ1GD3BgtKoG66LqDOyr1DqKK7y87DzroQ/
viewform?hr_submission=ChkIlN3whJsEEhAIiaii6OcEEgcIot6X_ZoEEAE

Reproduction

What are sexual & Asexual Reproduction?

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Caption

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use energy from sunlight to
make their own food. (autotrophic nutrition)

The importance of photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is important for the following reasons:

• High-energy food molecules, such as starch can be made and stored in plants
• It provides an important energy source that can be used by other living organisms
when they eat plants and or other animals

• Plants are grown on a large scale in agriculture to provide food for the growing human
population
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• It maintains the correct balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the air

The process of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in TWO distinct stages: the light stage and the dark stage.

Stage 1 – the light stage. In this stage sunlight energy is used to break down water
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen molecules sunlight energy.

Chemical equation: 2H 2 O molecule is split 2 H 2 + O 2

Word equation: water sunlight energy hydrogen + oxygen

Stage 2 – the dark stage. In this stage the hydrogen (H 2 ) that is produce in stage 1 is
now combined with carbon dioxide.

Chemical equation: 12H 2 + 6 CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O

Word equation: hydrogen + carbon dioxide glucose + water

For simplicity, photosynthesis is summarized as:

Chemical equation: 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 sunlight in the presence C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2of

chlorophyll Word equation: water + carbon dioxide sunlight in the presence glucose +
oxygen of chlorophyll.

Site of Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis generally takes place in the chloroplast of leaves. Leaves are well
suited for photosynthesis in the following ways:

1. They are thin and flat so that they have a large surface area through which light en-
ergy can be easily absorbed.
2. The surface of the leaves have stomata (stoma singular) through which gases diffuse
in and out of the leaf.
3. They have chloroplast containing chlorophyll which traps sunlight energy. This is
also where photosynthesis occurs.
4. They have veins which act as a transport system for water and the products of photo-
synthesis.Events after photosynthesis.
5. Some of the glucose that is made by the plant is used for its personal energy require-
ments.
6. Some of the glucose is used to form starch which is stored in the leaves, and the
stems and roots of some plants.
7. Some of the glucose is combined with elements that are absorbed by the plant to form
molecules such as fats and proteins.

Transport Systems
Substances enter and leave the cells by osmosis and diffusion. These processes are only
efficient if there is a large surface area to volume ration, and only over very short dis-
tances. Walls through which diffusion occurs are usually only One cell thick. In large ani-
mals and plants, a transport system is needed to movie substances over longer distances.

Water enters the roots by osmosis and mineral salts by diffusion. Water and salts are
pulled Up in the xylem vessels as water is lost from the leaves during transpiration. When
food has been made in the leaves, it travels up and down in the Phloem. The phloem ves-
sels are living, and the xylem vessels are dead
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Transport in Plants

The diagram below shows some agar blocks. Use the information in the diagram to com-
plete the table below.

Block Surface Area (cm²) (lxb x 6) Volume (cm3) (lxbxh)

D
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1. What do you notice about the surface area to volume ratio as the size of the block in-
creases?

2. What processes are important for substances entering and leaving cells?

3. What is surface area to volume ratio and why is important?

4. Give two examples where diffusion occurs in (a) plants and (b) animals.

5. How is a plant well adapted for taking in water? How does it happen?List all the liq-
uids, gases and solutions that enter, leave and travel in a plant. Briefly describe how each
one is transported (including the processes involved, such as osmosis and diffusion).

Transport in Humans

The main components of our circulatory system are:

A. The heart: pumps the blood

B. Blood Vessels: Carries blood around the body
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C. Blood: The transport medium

D. The double circulatory system has two separate circuits. Blood passes through the
heart twice in one complete circuit of the body.

Two ways in which arteries and veins are suited to their function are:

1. Arteries must carry blood from the heart into the organs of the body so meaning two
of arteries functions that are suited for it would be: give under pressure and allow
their walls to stretch and to recoil and help to push the blood along.

2. Veins must carry blood from the organs back towards the heart so two functions that
are suited for it would be: to allow blood to pass through easily and to prevent blood
from flowing in the wrong direction.

Two ways a capillary is suited for its function is:

1. Firstly a capillary Transports blood. They are like tubes already so they are a the right
size to exchange blood and tubes transport liquid forms of things in the human world.
Capillaries are small enough to fit between cells.

2. Materials can easily pass through their walls easily because it is thin. To sum every-
thing up Capillaries have very thin walls that are only 1 cell thick. These walls are
also very permeable (leaky!!). This allows the carbon dioxide, oxygen and nutrients
to diffuse between cells and vessels.
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Three ways the structure of the heart fits its functions are:

• The hearty is divided into a left side and a right side by the septum. the right ventricle
pumps blood only to the lungs and the left ventricle pumps blood to all other parts of
the body.

• One-way valves prevents blood that flows in only one direction throughout the heart.
This prevents the blood from flowing
backwards. The walls of the atria are
thin. They can be stretched to receive
blood as it returns to the heart. They
can contract with enough force to
push blood through the bicuspid and
tricuspid valves into the ventricles.
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Function Example

Support Vertebral column

Pectoral girdle (shoulder bones)
Pelvic girdle (hip bone)
Leg bones

Movement Leg and arm bones

Vertebral column

Protection Skull
Ribs
Vertebral column

Making red and white blood cells Marrow in leg bones and ribs

Label the Skeleton

Answer Key:

F
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Joints

Definitions
Tendon - type of tissue that connects muscle to bone

Ligament - type of tissue that connects bone to bone

Bone - A bone is a rigid tissue that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate ani-
mals. Bones protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells,
store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility.

Muscle - Muscle: Muscle is the tissue of the body which primarily functions as a source
of power. ... Muscle which is responsible for moving extremities and external areas of the
body is called "skeletal muscle." Heart muscle is called "cardiac muscle." Muscle that is
in the walls of arteries and bowel is called "smooth muscle."

Joints - A joint is the part of the body where two or more bones meet to allow move-
ment. Generally speaking, the greater the range of movement, the higher the risk of injury
because the strength of the joint is reduced. The six types of freely movable joint include
ball and socket, saddle, hinge, condyloid, pivot and gliding.

⁃ 360 joints in the human body

⁃ Fixed joints cannot be moved

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Types of joints

The three types of joints that are found in the human body are:

1. Fixed joints(immovable joints) - can’t move. Lower leg: (tibia & fibula found in the
lower leg)

2. Partially moveable joints (hinge joints) - they allow the bones to glide or pivot eg.
The Knee and the elbow.
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3. Movable Joints (ball & socket joint) E.g The Hip, hand & shoulder joint.

Muscles Understanding

⁃ Antagonistic Muscles found in biceps

• Antagonistic muscles are pairs of muscles which work in opposite directions in order to
create movement.

• When one muscle is relaxing the other one is contracting.

• Muscles can only pull bones. Never pushes!

• Muscle pulling - agonist

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• Muscle relaxing - antagonist

• Raising arm it contracts (biceps)

• Raising arm (triceps) relaxing / gets longer.

• When a muscle contracts and it causes movement of limb it is called a "flexor” this
shortens the limb.

• When a muscle contracts and causes the limb to lengthen/straighten it is called an exten-
sor.
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NAMING SALTS
Reactions of acids to produce salts

1. Acid + alkali / base salt + water

2. Acid + metal salt + hydrogen

3. Acid + carbonate Salt + carbon dioxide + water

Naming Salts

Type of Acid Type of Salt

Hydrochloric Acid Chloride

Sulphuric Acid Sulphate

Nitric Acid Nitrate

Carbonic Acid Carbonate

Salts have two parts to their name.

The first part of the name comes from the base / alkali / metal / carbonate that is used in the reaction.The
second part of the name comes from the types of acid that is used in the reaction.
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ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

An Acid is a substance with a pH of less than 7.

Properties:

1. When an acid is added to a carbonate or hydrogen carbonate gas is given off. Acid + carbonate (hy-
drogen carbonate) carbon dioxide + water + salt

2. Sour taste (It is unsafe to taste chemicals).

3. Acids react with metals to produce hydrogen gas.

Acid + metal (active) salt (aqueous) + hydrogen (gas)

4. Acid turns moist blue litmus red. They develop definite colors with indicators.

A Base is a substance that neutralizes an acid to form a salt and water only. A base is the oxide or hy-
droxide of a metal. An alkali is a soluble base. Acid + base salt + water.

Properties:

1. Turns moist red litmus blue. They develop definite colors with other indicators.

2. They have a slippery feel.

3. They do not react with sodium carbonate.

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A Salt is the product, together with water of the neutralization an acid with a base/alkali.

pH: a measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is. A pH of 7 is neutral; a pH of greater than 7 is al-
kaline; pH less than 7 is acidic. Neutralization is the cancellation of the effect of an acid by adding a
base to it.

Principles of Neutralization:

1. Reducing indigestion: Acid indigestion occurs when there is too much acid ‘build up’ in the stom-
ach. Neutralizing the excess acid with a mild alkali such as Milk of Magnesia or sodium hydrogen car-
bonate relives this.

2. Calming bee and wasp stings: Use vinegar (ethanoic acid) for a wasp sting. Use sodium hydrogen
carbonate for a bee sting.

3. Cleaning toilet bowls: The active ingredient in some toilet bowl cleaners is sodium hydrogen sul-
phate, which dissolves in water to produce a solution of pH less than 7. This suggests that many toilet
stains are alkaline in nature.

4. Removing fruit stains, wine and tea stains: the substance disodium tetraborat (common name bo-
rax) is a base. It is used to remove these stains.
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METALS & NON METALS

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SENSE ORGANS - THE NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE SYS-

TEM

WATER