S POROZOA
PLASMODIUM
Scientific name: Plasmodium
Higher classification: Plasmodiidae
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Rank: Genus
Order: Haemosporida
PLASMODIUM VIVAX
Figure 2. P.vivax in RBC
Fig.3 Stages of P. vivax (a. early trophozoite b. late trophozoite)
Plasmodium vivax is a protozoal parasite and a human pathogen. This parasite is the
most frequent and widely distributed cause of recurring malaria. Although it is less
virulent than Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the five
human malaria parasites,
PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite of humans, and the
deadliest species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans. The parasite is
transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito and causes the disease's
most dangerous form, falciparum malaria.
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoan that causes malaria in humans. It is one
of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect other organisms as pathogens,
also including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, responsible for
most malarial infection. Found worldwide, it causes a so-called "benign malaria", not
nearly as dangerous as that produced by P. falciparum or P. vivax. The signs
include fevers that recur at approximately three-day intervals – a quartan
fever or quartan malaria – longer than the two-day (tertian) intervals of the other
malarial parasites.
PLASMODIUM OVALE
P. ovale malaria is endemic to tropical Western Africa. It is relatively unusual outside
of Africa and comprises less than 1% of isolates where found. It is also seen in the
Philippines, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea, but is relatively rare in these areas.
Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in
humans. It is one of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans
including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible for
most malarial infection.
ISOSPORA
ISOSPORA BELLI
Cystoisospora belli, previously known as Isospora belli, is a parasite that causes an
intestinal disease known as cystoisosporiasis. This protozoan parasite is opportunistic
in immune suppressed human hosts. It primarily exists in the epithelial cells of the
small intestine, and develops in the cell cytoplasm.
Scientific name: Cystoisospora bell
Higher classification: Cystoisospora
Rank: Species
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Conoidasida
Family: Sarcocystidae
SARCOCYSTIS
SARCOCYSTIS LINDEMANNI
In the muscles of humans, tissue‐cysts were described with a size of about 120 × 70
μm (Fig. 1). The cyst merozoites (bradyzoites) have a length of up to 13 μm. The
final host and the way of infection is unknown. Probably humans are only accidental
hosts, since many species of monkeys show such cysts, which may induce myositis.
This parasite apparently, has a worldwide distribution, since it was originally
described by the German physician Lindemann, who, in the service of the Russian
Czar, found these cysts in the tongue ‐muscles of hanged prisoners.
TOXOPLASMA
TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects most species of warm-blooded
animals, including humans, and causes the disease toxoplasmosis
is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan eukaryote (specifically
an apicomplexan) that causes the infectious disease toxoplasmosis. Found
worldwide, T. gondii is capable of infecting virtually all warm-
blooded animals, but felids, such as domestic cats, are the only known definitive
hosts in which the parasite may undergo sexual reproduction
In humans, T. gondii is one of the most common parasites in developed countries;
serological studies estimate that 30–50% of the global population has been exposed to
and may be chronically infected with T. gondii, although infection rates differ
significantly from country to country. For example, estimates have shown the highest
prevalence of persons infected to be in France, at 84%, as of 2000. Although mild,
flu-like symptoms occasionally occur during the first few weeks following exposure,
infection with T. gondii produces no readily observable symptoms in healthy human
adults. This asymptomatic state of infection is referred to as a latent infection and has
recently been associated with numerous subtle adverse or pathological behavioral
alterations in humans, though it has been shown recently that the association between
behavioural changes and infection with T. gondii is weak. In
infants, HIV/AIDS patients and others with weakened immunity, infection may cause
a serious and occasionally fatal illness, toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan eukaryote that causes the
infectious disease toxoplasmosis.
Scientific name: Toxoplasma gondii
Higher classification: Toxoplasma
Order: Eucoccidiorida
Family: Sarcocystidae
Class: Conoidasida
Phylum: Apicomplexa
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that causes the diarrheal disease
cryptosporidiosis. Both the parasite and the disease are commonly known as
“Crypto.” The Cryptosporidium, sometimes informally called crypto, is a genus of
apicomplexan parasitic alveolates that can cause a respiratory and gastrointestinal
illness that primarily involves watery diarrhea with or without a persistent cough in
both immunocompetent and immunodeficient humans.
Scientific name: Cryptosporidium
Subclass: Coccidia
Higher classification: Cryptosporidiidae
Class: Conoidasida
Order: Eucoccidiorida
(unranked): Diaphoretickes
Lower classifications: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis
CILIATES
BALANTIDIUM COLI
TROPHOZOITE :
Size : 28 – 152 µ / 50 – 200 in length
: 22 – 123 µ /40-70 wide
Shape : large, ovoid, pointed anteriorly and broadly; rounded posteriorly
Motility : rotary, boring
Nuclei : two; kidney-shaped macronucleus
: small spherical micronucleus
Other features : one or two visible contractile vacuoles
: cytoplasm may contain food vacuoles and bacteria
: small cytostome present
: layer of cilia around organusm
Cyst :
Size : 43-66 µ / 45-65
Shape : rounded
Nuclei : two; kidney-shaped macronucleus
Other features : one or two contractile vacuoles in young cycts
: double cyst wall
: row of cilia visible in between cyst wall layers of young cysts
