FLUID MECHANICS
Prepared by:
ENGR. PRINCESS DIVINE A. DACSIG
DEFINITION OF TERMS
FLUID MECHANICS- branch of science which deals with the
study or behaviour of fluids (gases or liquids).
FLUID- is any substance that can flow either liquid or gas.
FLUID STATICS- study of fluids at rest in equilibrium stations.
FLUID DYNAMICS- study of fluids in motion and is much more
comlex than the other.
UNIT WEIGHT:
� = ������ �� �����
������
Units:
• English: ��/��3
• Metric: ����/��3
• SI: �/�3or ��/�3
MASS DENSITY:
���� �� �����
�=
������
Units:
• English: �����/��3
• Metric: ����/��3
• SI: ��/�3
MASS DENSITY: (for gases)
�
�=
��
where:
• p - absolute pressure of gas in Pa
• R - gas constant Joule/Kg-∘ �
• for air: R= 287 J/kg ∘ � = 1716 lb-ft/slug-∘ �
• T - absolute temperature in degree kelvin
• ∘ � =∘ � + 273∘ � =∘ � + 460
DENSITIES OF SOME COMMON SUBSTANCES
PROBLEM:
1. Find the mass and weight of the air at 20℃ in a living room
with a 4.0m by 5.0m and a ceiling of 3.0m high.
2. Find the mass density of helium at a temperature of 4°C
and a pressure of 184 kPa gage, if atmospheric pressure is
101.325 kPa. Use R= 2079 J/kg-°K
PRESSURE:
-the amount of force exerted on a given area. Its SI unit is in
Pascal (Pa) (N/m2)
�
�=
�
where:
F= Force in newton
A= Cross sectional area (m2)
P= Pressure in Pa
PRESSURE:
-the amount of force exerted on a given area. Its SI unit is in
Pascal (Pa) (N/m2)
� = ���
where:
�= density
g= gravitational force
h= height
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:
• For an open tank we should include the pressure outside the tank
pressing on the top of the surface of the liquid
������ = ���� + ���
1 atm = 101.325 kPa
= 760 mmHg
= 760 torr
= 14.696 psi
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE:
• Compare the total pressure at the bottom of a swimming pool of
depth 3.00m if it is filled with freshwater and seawater.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
������ ������
�= �=
������ ������
For water:
• � = 62.4 ��/��3 = 9.81 ��/�3
• � = 1.94 �����/��3 = 1000��/�3
• � = 1.0
A solid sphere has a radius of 1.5 cm and a mass of 0.038 kg. Calculate
the specific gravity or relative density of the sphere.
VISCOSITY:
The property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance
to shearing forces. A perfect fluid would have no viscosity.
Kinematic Viscosity, � (nu)
The ratio of thedynamic viscosity of the fluid (�)to its mass density
�
� = �
VISCOSITY:
The dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C is 1x10-3 N-s/m2 , what is the
kinematic viscosity in english units?
SURFACE TENSION:
• The surface tension of a fluid is the work that must be done to
bring enough molecules from inside the liquid for the surface to
form a new unit area of that surface in
• Pressure inside a droplet of liquid:
��
�=
�
where:
• � = ������� ������� �� �/�
• � = �������� �� �ℎ� ������� �� �
• � = ���� �������� �� ������
If excess pressure is balanced by a column of oil (with specific gravity 0.8)
4 mm high, where d = 2.0 cm, find the surface tension of the soap bubble.
CAPILLARITY:
� = ������ Use � = 140°for mercury on clean glass.
��
• For complete wetting, as with water on clean glass, the angle � �� 0 ∘. Hence
the formula becomes:
��
�=
��
where:
• ℎ = ��������� ���� �� ����������
• � = ���� ����ℎ�
• � = �������� �� �ℎ� ����
• � = ������� �������
Estimate the height to which water will rise in a capillary tube of
diameter 3mm. Use � = 0.0728 N/m and � = 9.81 kN/ m3 for water.
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:
��
�=
–��/�
in ��/��8 �� ��
where:
• �� = �ℎ���� �� ��������
• �� = �ℎ���� �� ������
• � = ������
A liquid compressed in a container has a volume of 1 liter at
pressure of 2 MPa. What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of the
liquid.
COMPRESSION OF GASES:
• For the same mass of gas subjected to different conditions, the product of
absolute pressure and volume divided by itsabsolute temperature is constant.
p�v� = p�v�
where:
�� ��
• �1 = ������� �������� �������� �� ���
• �2 = ����� �������� �������� �� ���
• �1 = ������� ������ �� ���
• �2 = ����� ������ �� ���
• �1 = ������� �������� ����������� �� ��� �� ∘ � (∘ � + 273)
• �2 = ����� �������� ����������� �� ��� �� ∘ � (∘ � + 273)
• for Isothermal Conditions: (constant temperature, �X = �Y)
�� �� = �� ��
• for Adiabatic or Isentropic Conditions: (no heat exchanged)
�� � ��
�� � � k= ���� andk ( ) = = ��������
�� ��
also:
�� �� (�]�)/�
�� = (��)
where:
• � =ratio of the specific heat at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant
volume. Also known as adiabatic exponent.
If 9m3 of an ideal gas at 24°C and 150kPa is compressed to 2m3,
a) what is the resulting pressure suuming isothermal conditions.
b) what would have been the pressure and temperature if the
process is isentropic.
Use k = 1.3
PRESSURE DISTURBANCES:
• Pressure disturbances imposed on a fluid move in waves. The
velocity or celerity is expressed as:
��
�= �
in m/s or ft/s
Where:
• � = �������� �� �������� �� �������� ���� �� �/� �� ��/�
• �� = ���� ������� �� ���������� �� �ℎ� ����� �� �� �� ��/��2
