At ne) Pay ent} ve SHORT ANSWERS QUE: eau the question carefully. Write ctearly and legibly. ~ Be consistent from one pal : © Drawa graph if one is required. pola © Ifthe question can be answered with one | word or number, GOH’ "t write more. Q.2{i) Distinguish between shell and sub-shell. * a hell (Sub Energy level) Shell (Energy level) shell o1 The circular path around the nucleus in which J A $ electrons revolve is called shell or orbit. shells of sub energy level : J Each sub shell is described by “t” value, ~@ Each shell is described by “n” value. = 01523, G@= DT mB * KLM, an... are shells +s, p.d, fare sub shells. ~ Number of electrons ina shell (21). =. Number of electrons in a sub shell. s=26, p= Ge", d= 100", f= 14e K =e, L-= 8e:,M = 18e7 Q.2(j) An atoms electrically neutral, why? casi vIn an afom, the number of protons is equal to number of electrons. The magnitude of charge ova proton is exact tne as the charge on an electron but With opposite:sign. So the total positive charge is equal to total negate charge. Hence an atom is overall a neutral particle. rt of your answer to another y energy level is sub divided into sub Q.2(iii) How many sub-shells-are there in N shell? ‘Ans: For N-shell, the value of ‘n* = 4 ‘As we know that; Number of sub shells in a shell = value of ‘n” It means for N-shelly there aré four sub shells designated as 4s, 4p, 4d & 4f. Q.2(iv) Give notation for sub-shells of M shell Ans: Sy Q.2(v) List the sub-shells of M shell in order of increasing energy. ‘Ans: M shell has thee sub shells which are 3s, 3p) and 3d. The order of their increasing energy is 38 <3p <3d. Q.2(vi) Can you identify an atom without knowing number of neutrons in it? ‘Ans: Atomic number is the number of protons or number of el i i f ectrons in an atom, We-can identify an atom from is atom number (Nurnber of proton. Son atom can be identified without iow ite number of neutrons. Q.3 The electronic configurations listed are ir i : incorrect. Explain what mi in each and write correct electronic configurations. ire Se vee x= 1s?28"2p‘3p? y= 18228'2p' 2= 19°28%2p°9p! :. 1 CHI Federal CHEMISTRY ~ 1x (Sinbjcctive) senineane ‘sub shell can, Correct electronic toutigurailons ves sigrom, ‘Afier 2p sub shell there should be 3s sub shell Stonfonraton: iavagh Pen : see s sub shell can ac gd me "Correct electronie configuration nos eo= TeeT behind See yaaa Scctronc coger se gerons After 2p sib shell:there Should beaeeib shells Which orbital n each ofthe folowing pais lower in engrgy? ()_28,2p_,_(b) 3p.2p_, (0) 35,48 sng 7 ‘Auf-bau Principle, the order of inveasing energy of sub sells is pig IS <28< ap < cae 39 oF 8, In this €ase 25 is lower in-energy than 2p. ‘ te (b) 3p,2P° In this case 2p is lower in energy than 3p. pinta Dito Ieee ease at © 354s In this case 3s is lower Draw Bohr's Model for the following atoms indicating the location for electron, protons and neutrons: ~~ ((@). Potassium (Atomic Number19, Mass Number 38) ro x Es (0) Silicon (Atomic Number. 14 Mass Number 28) eee gy (o). in (Atomic Number 18 ‘Mass Number 39) (a). Potassium (Atomic Number 19, Mass Number 39) : Potassium atom (b) Silicon (Atomic Number 14 Mass Number 28) °.- + er : z Silicon atom(©) Argon (Atomic Number 18 Mass Number 39) ‘Argon atom Q.6 Write electronic configuration for the following, oot, (a) _Hsi_, (b) Mg, (0) _jyAb__» (0) fer. Is°2s°2p3s73p" Ans: (a) BSi (©) TAL 15°2s"2p'3s%3p! Q.7_ Describe the contribution that Rutherford made to the development of the atomic theory Ans: Contribution of Rutherford: Rutherford proposed first atomic model ofan atom. He suggested thatall ofthe positive che a my the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. The remaining volume of the atom is occupied by cea entripetal forse due to the revolution of eqn that revolve around the nucleus in circles called: orbits. The o¢ balances the electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and electron, Explain how Bohr's atomic theory differed from Rutherford's atomic theory: - Q8 Ans: CLL Iwas based upon quantum theory. nucleus in. orbits ‘* © Electrons revolve around the nucleus, © Electrons revolve around the : - of fixed energy. : No idea about orbits was introduced. * Orbits had angular momentum. Atoms should produce continuous spectrum. ['+ Atoms should produce line spectrum, [4 Atoms should collapse * Atoms should exist. Q.9 Describe the presence of sub-shells in a shell: ; ipal quantum numbers help us to describe these sells, Ans: ~ In atomic spectrum, the spectral lines represent shells. Princ When atomic spectrum is observed by means ofa high resolving power spectrometer, the individual spectral ling are replaced by severil-very fine lines, i.e, original lines are seen divided into‘other lines. This-ig called fne structure or multiple stricture and they represent sub shells, - 2.11 The atomic number of an element is 23 and its mass number is 56: (2) How many protons and electrons does an atom of this element have? (b) _How many neutrons does this atom have? asi (a) As we know that ; ‘ tiumber of protons = number of electrons : Atomic number = So an atom of this element has: : Number of protons = 23, Number of electrons =~ 23 oe ¢Mass mimber Neutrons Protons + Neutrons Mass number ~ Protons 2 36-23, Number of neutrons = 33 {We get following information from ZAC, Number of protons 1B Number of electrons =. 13 (ii) Number of neutrons 9 Guy, Atomic Number © 2¢y)_ Mass Number “How testing prevailing theories bring about changes in them? fas: Dalions _ seams theory. explained data from many experiments, So.it was widely accepted. Discovery of, sub- atomic panies ad isotopes proved that some ofthe Daton’s ideas about atoms are not correct. Seles die discard his theory. Instead, they. revised the theory to take into account new discoveries. This shows how testing prevailing theories bring about changes in them 14. How experimental results of some scientists help chemist to formulate new theories arid new explanation. r ‘was the first scichtist: who proposed first atomie model of an atom. He Suggested that all of the “= positive charge and most of the mass of the afom is concentrated in the nucleus. The remaining volume of the atom is occupied by electrons that revolve arotind the nucleus in circles called orbits. These: suggestions remain ‘© unchallenged. But his model could not explain the stability of an atom and line spectrum for an atom. 3 : leaped over difficulty by using Quantum theory of Radiation that was proposed by Max Plank. Bohr proposed that an electron moves around the nucleus in well defined circular paths called orbits. An orbit has fixed energy. Electron present in an orbit does not emit energy. Bohr’s atomic theory explains nicely the stability of an atom and also explains why an atom gives line spectrum. Development of Bohr’s atomic model explains how interpretations of experimental results of other scientists help chemist to formulate new explanation and new theories, , | OiS W-24 is-a radioactive isotope used to diagnose restricted blood circulation, for example in legs. How = many electrons, protons and neutrons are thereiin this isotope. Valence shell electronic configuration of Mis 3s*. “kis: From valence shell electronic configuration of an atom, we can determine its electrons and protons. .M= 1s'28"2p%3s! This shows that this radioactive isotope has: Number of proton = _11,number of electrons = [1 Mass number = protons + neutrons : “Neutrons = mass number Protons : = 24-11 a Number of neutrons = 2356 Q.16 Two isotopes of chlorine are } Ans: Set not sits va Dissimilarities Both have different number of neutrons, +__ Both the atoms have same number of protons. 2 Both the atoms’ have same number of |e’ Both ‘differ’in total number ‘of: protons ‘ang neutron. Ss ‘e Both have different mass numbers. Both have same atomic number. = 2 shell? * = Q.17__How many electrons can be placed in all of the sub-shells in the n Ans: Whenn=2 (L-shell) é ft a Ithas two sub shells i.e., 2s, 2p z 1 ‘Number of electrons in ‘2s" is 2 and 'Q.18° Mass number of an atom indicates total number of protons and neutrons”in the nucleus. Can yo identify an atom without any neutron? Ans: © Atomic number is the number of protons or number of electrons in an atom. We can ident atom number (Number of proton). So an atom can be identified without knowing its number of Q.19 The table shows the nuclei of five different atoms ¥ % in NNN aC z Name of atom | Number of Protons electrons. is 6, So total electrons placed in all'sub shells of n'=2 shell are 8: an atom from j utrons, “=~ ‘Ans: Questions Answers (a) _ Which atom has highest mass number? SE (b) Which two atoms are isotopes? BandC (©)_Which atom has least number of electrons? [iste 2 (d) “Which atom will have electronic configuration Is'2s'2p"? D (e)__Which-of the atom contains the most number of electrons? E..-J “@.20. Naturally occurring nitrogen has two isotopes N-14 and N-15. Which isotope has greater number ¢ electrons? Ans: Isotopes of an element have same number of electrgns. So bot! electrons each. GICRBIOCR , N-14-and N-15 have. topes of nitroge