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6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion, Spring 2005
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6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 1: Integral Form of Maxwell’s Equations
I. Maxwell’s Equations in Integral Form in Free Space
1. Faraday’s Law
∫ E i ds = - dt ∫ µ
C S
0 H i da
Circulation Magnetic Flux
of E
µ0 = 4π ×10-7 henries/meter
[magnetic permeability of
free space]
EQS form: ∫ E i ds = 0
C
(Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, conservative electric
field)
di
MQS circuit form: v = L (Inductor)
dt
2. Ampère’s Law (with displacement current)
d
∫ H i ds
C
= ∫ J i da
S
+
dt ∫ε
S
0 E i da
Circulation Conduction Displacement
of H Current Current
MQS form: ∫ H i ds
C
= ∫ J i da
S
dv
EQS circuit form: i = C (capacitor)
dt
6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 1
Prof. Markus Zahn Page 1 of 6
3. Gauss’ Law for Electric Field
∫ ε E i da
S
0 = ∫ ρ dV
V
-9
10
ε0 ≈ ≈ 8.854 ×10-12 farads/meter
36π
c= ≈ 3 × 108 meters/second (Speed of electromagnetic waves in
ε0 µ 0
free space)
4. Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Field
∫ µ H i da
S
0 = 0
In free space:
B = µ0 H
magnetic magnetic
flux field
density intensity
(Teslas) (amperes/meter)
5. Conservation of Charge
Take Ampère’s Law with displacement current and let contour C → 0
d
lim
C →0
∫ H i ds = 0 = ∫ J i da + dt ∫ ε E i da
C S S
0
∫ ρ dV
V
6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 1
Prof. Markus Zahn Page 2 of 6
d
∫ J i da
S
+
dt ∫ ρ dV = 0
V
Total current Total charge
leaving volume inside volume
through surface
6. Lorentz Force Law
(
f = q E + v × µ0 H )
II. Electric Field from Point Charge
∫ ε0 E i da = ε0Er 4π r2 = q
S
q
Er =
4π ε0r2
q2
T sin θ = fc =
4π ε0r2
T cos θ = Mg
q2 r
tan θ = =
4π ε0r2Mg 2l
6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 1
Prof. Markus Zahn Page 3 of 6
1
⎡ 2π ε0r3Mg ⎤ 2
q= ⎢ ⎥
⎣ l ⎦
III. Faraday Cage
d d dq
∫ J i da = i = - dt ∫ ρ dV = - dt (-q) = dt
S
∫ idt = q
6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 1
Prof. Markus Zahn Page 4 of 6
IV. Boundary Conditions
1. Gauss’ Continuity Condition
Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.
∫ ε E i da = ∫ σ dS ⇒ ε (E
S
0
S
s 0 2n - E1n ) dS = σ sdS
ε0 (E2n - E1n ) = σ s ⇒ n i ⎡⎣ε0 (E2 - E1 ) ⎤⎦ = σ s
2. Continuity of Tangential E
Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.
∫ E i ds = (E
C
1t - E2t ) dl = 0 ⇒ E1t - E2t = 0
(
n× E1 - E2 = 0)
Equivalent to Φ1 = Φ2 along boundary
6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 1
Prof. Markus Zahn Page 5 of 6
3. Normal H
∇ i µ0 H = 0 ⇒ ∫µ
S
0 H i da = 0
µ 0 (H a n - Hbn ) A = 0
H an = Hbn
n i ⎣⎡H a - H b ⎤⎦ = 0
4. Tangential H
∇ ×H = J ⇒ ∫ H i ds = ∫ J i da
C S
Hbt ds - H at ds = Kds
Hbt - H at = K
n × ⎡⎣H a - H b ⎤⎦ = K
5. Conservation of Charge Boundary Condition
∂ρ
∇ i J+ =0
∂t
d
∫ J i da + dt ∫ ρdV = 0
S V
∂
n i ⎡⎣ J a - J b ⎤⎦ + σs = 0
∂t
6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 1
Prof. Markus Zahn Page 6 of 6
