Chemistry

Moles Worksheet

For

Grade 11

Cedar School

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Abul Fazal

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Contents

1 Atoms 3

2 Chemical Formulae 9

3 The Mole 13

4 Chemical equations 23

5 Amounts of substances 27

6 Chemical In Solution 32

Answers 38

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Moles
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Moles Abul Fazal

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Section 1: Atoms
1 Atoms

All matter is made of particles. At one time, it was thought that the tiniest particle was the
atom, which comes from the Greek word meaning ‘indivisible’.
We now know that atoms can be split and that there are particles smaller than atoms, sub-
atomic particles, electrons, protons and neutrons. You will need to know about these
particles, which make up the different kinds of atoms.
However, you must understand that chemistry is all about rearrangements of atoms that do
not themselves change.
Atoms are very small. The hydrogen atom, the smallest and lightest of all atoms, has a
diameter of about 108 mm. 1 g of hydrogen atoms contains about 6 x 1023 atoms. It is very
difficult to ‘see’ an individual atom and find its mass.
An atom is the smallest, electrically neutral, particle of an element that can take part in a
chemical change.
A molecule is the smallest, electrically neutral, particle of an element or compound that
can exist on its own.
An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, which carries an electric charge.
You need to know these definitions by heart, but you also need to be able to recognise the
formulae of atoms and molecules. Li, O, Cl, C are all formulae which represent atoms. Some
but not all of these can exist on their own. Oxygen, for example, unless combined with
something else always exists as oxygen molecules, O2, which contain two atoms. Water
contains only one atom of oxygen but here it is combined with two hydrogen atoms.
Make sure that you really understand these ideas:
a single oxygen atom, O, cannot exist on its own
a single oxygen atom can exist when combined with something else, but then it is part of a
molecule
an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms, O2
a few elements exist as single atoms: for these elements, an atom is the same as a
molecule.

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2 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 1 Atoms

 Definition of
numerical Relative
value Formula
as Relative Mass: InMass.
Molecular manyItways this is more
is calculated accurate
by adding than Relative
together the relative
Molecular
atomic Mass.ofMany
masses salts, even
the elements in in the
the solid state,
molecule. Theexist
totalasisions rather in
expressed than molecules.
units of grams per
Although
mol the-1formula
or g mol . of sodium chloride is normally given as NaCl, it is not a simple molecule
but a giant lattice and it is more accurately4written as (Na+Cl–)n. Since this compound does not
have molecules,
Example 1 it cannot have relative ‘molecular’ mass. However, the principle is the same:
Example
add the 1

relative atomic masses of sodium (23) and chlorine (35.5) to give 58.5, the relative
formula mass
Calculate the of NaCl.
Molar Mass of sulfuric acid H SO 2 4

Remember:
This moleculethat relative atomic mass, molecular mass and formula mass have no units.
contains

Examples: Calculation of Molar Mass from relative atomic mass data

1
Before you start2 these
atomsquestions
of hydrogen each
make sureofyou
mass 1 Section
read = 2 x4:1The mole=of2this
g mol
workbook.
1
When you carry1outatom of sulfur of
experiments mass
you will32.1 = in
weigh chemicals 1 xgrams.
32.1 Molar= 32.1
Mass ghas
molthe same
numerical value as Relative Molecular Mass. It is calculated by adding together the 1relative
4 atoms of oxygen of mass 16 = 4 x 16 = 64 g mol
atomic masses of the elements in the molecule. The total is expressed in units of grams per
mol or g mol-1. Total mass = 98.1 g mol 1

Example 2
1

Calculate the Molar Mass of lead nitrate

sulfuric acid Pb(NO
H2SO4 3)2
Care! This molecule
This molecule contains TWO nitrate groups.
contains

1 1
12 atom
atomsofofhead of mass
hydrogen 207.2
each of mass 1 == 12 xx 207.2
1 == 207.2 g mol
2 g mol
1
21 atoms ofsulfur
atom of nitrogen of mass
of mass 32.114 == 21xx14
32.1 == 32.1 mol 1
28 ggmol
64 atoms of oxygen of mass 16 == 64xx16
16 == 64 mol1 1
96ggmol
Total
Totalmass
mass == 331.2 mol1 1
98.1 ggmol

Example 2
Example 2

Calculate the Molar Mass of lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2

Care! This molecule contains TWO nitrate groups.

1
1 atom of head of mass 207.2 = 1 x 207.2 = 207.2 g mol
1
2 atoms of nitrogen of mass 14 = 2 x 14 = 28 g mol
1
6 atoms of oxygen of mass 16 = 6 x 16 = 96 g mol

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1
Total mass = 331.2 g mol
4 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

4 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

1 Atoms Abul Fazal

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Example 3
Example 3

Calculate the Molar Mass of CuSO4.5H2O

Care! This molecule has 5 molecules of water attached to each molecule of copper sulfate.
Many students make the mistake of thinking that there are 10 hydrogens and only 1 oxygen.

1
In CuSO4 1 atom of copper of mass 63.5 = 1 x 63.5 = 63.5 g mol
1
1 atom of sulfur of mass 32.1 = 1 x 32.1 = 32.1 g mol
1
4 atoms of oxygen each of mass 16 = 4 x 16 = 64 g mol
1
In 5H2O 5 x 2 atoms of hydrogen each of mass 1 = 10 x 1 = 10 g mol
1
5 x 1 atoms of oxygen each of mass 16 = 5 x 16 = 80 g mol
1
Total mass = 249.6 g mol

Calculations of this type are generally written as follows.

1
CuSO4.5H2O = [ 63.5 + 32.1 + (4 x 16) + 5{(2 x 1) + 16} ] = 249.6 g mol

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Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 5
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 1 Atoms

 Exercise 1: Calculation of the Molar Mass of compounds
6
Calculate the Molar Mass of the following compounds. You will find data concerning relative
Exercise 1: Calculation of the Molar Mass of
atomic masses on the periodic table of elements (in Section 12). When you have finished this
set of calculations keep the answers for reference. You will find them useful for some of the
Compounds

other questions in this workbook.

1 H2O

2 CO2

3 NH3

4 C2H5OH

5 C2H4

6 SO2

7 SO3

8 HBr

9 H2SO4

10 HNO3

11 NaCl

12 NaNO3

13 Na2CO3

14 NaOH

15 Na2SO4

16 KMnO4

17 K2CrO4

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18 KHCO3

19 KI

20 CsNO3

21 CaCl2

22 Ca(NO3)2

23 Ca(OH)2

6 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

1 Atoms Abul Fazal

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24 CaSO4

25 BaCl2

26 AlCl3

27 Al(NO3)3

28 Al2(SO4)3

29 FeSO4

30 FeCl2

31 FeCl3

32 Fe2(SO4)3

33 PbO

34 PbO2

35 Pb3O4

36 Pb(NO3)2

37 PbCl2

38 PbSO4

39 CuCl

40 CuCl2

41 CuSO4

42 ZnCl2

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43 AgNO3

44 NH4Cl

45 (NH4)2SO4

46 NH4VO3

47 KClO3

48 KIO3

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 7
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 1 Atoms

 8

49 NaClO

50 NaNO2

51 CuSO4.5H2O

52 FeSO4.7H2O

53 (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O

54 Na2S2O3.5H2O

55 (COOH)2.2H2O

56 MgSO4.7H2O

57 Cu(NH3)4SO4.2H2O

58 CH3CO2H

59 CH3COCH3

60 C6H5CO2H

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8 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
1 Atoms Abul Fazal
 9
Section 2: Chemical formulae
2 Chemical Formulae

A chemical formula is a useful shorthand method for describing the atoms in a chemical.
Sometimes you will see the formula used instead of the name, but you should not do this if
you are asked for a name.
The chemical formula of an element or compound tells you:
which elements it contain, eg FeSO4 contains iron, sulfur and oxygen
how many atoms of each kind are in each molecule, eg H2SO4 contains two atoms of
hydrogen, one atom of sulfur and four atoms of oxygen in each molecule
how the atoms are arranged, eg C2H5OH contains a group of atoms known as the ethyl
group C2H5, and a hydroxyl group -OH
the masses of the various elements in a compound, eg 18 g of water, H2O, contains 2g of
hydrogen atoms and 16 g of oxygen since the relative atomic mass of hydrogen is 1 (x 2
because there two hydrogen atoms) and that of oxygen is 16.
You should not learn a large number of chemical formulae by heart. However, it is useful to
know a few of them and then be able to work out the rest.
You can work out the formulae of compounds containing metals from the charges on the ions.
Metals in group 1 always have charge +1 in their compounds.
Metals in group 2 always have charge +2 in their compounds.
Metals in group 3 always have charge +3 in their compounds.
Ions of group 7 elements have charge 1.
Ions of group 6 elements have charge 2.
Ions of group 5 elements have charge 3.
In the compound, the number of positive and negative charges is equal so that the overall
charge is zero.
Some metals form more than one ion, and this is shown by a roman numeral in the name.
Iron(II) chloride contains Fe2+ ions so the compound is FeCl2. Iron(iii) chloride contains Fe3+ ions
so the compound is FeCl3.

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Some ions have formulae which you cannot deduce from the periodic table, and you will need
to learn these:
OH hydroxide
NO3 nitrate
CO32 carbonate
SO42 sulfate
NH4+ ammonium.
Compounds which do not contain metals have covalent bonds. The number of bonds a non-
metal can form depends on the number of electrons in its outer shell.

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 9
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 2 Chemical Formulae

 phosphorus can form 3 or 5 bonds
oxygen and sulfur form 2 bonds
10
halogens form 1 bond.
Here are a few examples.
Sodium sulfate
The formula of a sodium ion is Na+
The formula of a sulfate ion is SO42
There must be two sodium ions, each with charge 1+, to balance the two – charges on
sulfate.
The formula with two Na+ and one SO42 is written Na2SO4
Calcium hydrogen carbonate
The formula of a calcium ion is Ca2+
The formula of a hydrogen carbonate ion is HCO3-
There must be two hydrogen carbonate ions, each with charge 1 , to balance the two
+ charges on calcium.
The formula with one Ca2+ and two HCO3 is written Ca(HCO3)2
Note: A bracket must be placed around a group or ion if it is multiplied by 2 or more and/or
composed of more than one element. For example,
MgBr2 no bracket required
Ca(OH)2 bracket essential as CaOH2 is incorrect.
Often you can cancel the numbers on the two formulae, eg:
Ca2(CO3)2 = CaCO3
However, you should not do this for organic compounds. For example, C2H4 has 2 atoms of
carbon and four of hydrogen so it cannot be cancelled down to CH2.
Copper(I) oxzide means use copper with charge 1, ie Cu2O. Lead(II) nitrate means use lead
with charge 2, ie Pb(NO3)2.
The periodic table can help you find the charge on an element and the number of bonds it can
make, and hence the formula of its compounds.
Although you can use the table to work out the formulae of many compounds it is important to
realise that all formulae were originally found through experimentation.
On the next page you will find a table of the more common elements and ions that you may

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have met at GCSE level. Also included are some that you will meet in the first few weeks of
your Advanced Level course or that are mentioned in some of the calculations in this
workbook. These are in italics.

10 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

2 Chemical Formulae Abul Fazal

 Exercise 2: Writing formulae from names
11
Use the data in the table Symbols and charges of common elements and ions to write the
formulae of the following. Before you start this exercise, make sure you have read Section 3:
Exercise 2: Writing Formulae from names

Naming of compounds.

1 Sodium chloride

2 Sodium hydroxide

3 Sodium carbonate

4 Sodium sulfate

5 Sodium phosphate

6 Potassium chloride

7 Potassium bromide

8 Potassium iodide

9 Potassium hydrogen carbonate

10 Potassium nitrite

11 Magnesium chloride

12 Magnesium nitrate

13 Magnesium hydroxide

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14 Magnesium oxide

15 Magnesium carbonate

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– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 2 Chemical Formulae

 12

16 Calcium oxide

17 Calcium chloride

18 Calcium sulfate

19 Calcium carbonate

20 Barium chloride

21 Barium sulfate

22 Aluminium chloride

23 Aluminium oxide

24 Aluminium hydroxide

25 Aluminium sulfate

26 Copper(II) sulfate

27 Copper(II) oxide

28 Copper(II) chloride

29 Copper(II) nitrate

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30 Copper(I) oxide

31 Copper(I) chloride

32 Zinc nitrate

33 Zinc carbonate

14 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

2 Chemical Formulae Abul Fazal

 This number is known as the Avogadro constant, L, and is equal to 6.02 x 1023 mol 1.
The molar mass of a substance is the mass, in grams, of one mole.
13
Section 4: The mole
The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole at room temperature and
Section 4: The mole
atmospheric pressure (r.t.p). It is equal to 24 dm3 at r.t.p.
3 The Mole

Avogadro’s Law states that equal volumes of all gases, under the same conditions of
temperature and atmospheric pressure contain the same number of moles or molecules. If
Whenthe
chemists
volumemeasure
is 24 dmhow 3
, at much
room of a particularand
temperature chemical
pressure,reacts
this they measure
number, is thethe amount in
Avogadro
When
grams chemists
or the volume of a gas.much
constant. measure how of a particular
However, chemical
chemists find reacts they
it convenient measure
to use a unitthe amount
called a in
grams
mole. or
Youthe
needvolume of a and
to know gas.beHowever, chemists
able to use several find it convenient
definitions to use a unit called a
of a mole.
WhenYou
mole. youneed
talk about
to know moles,
and beyouable
musttoalways state definitions
use several whether you of are dealing with atoms,
a mole.
The moleions,
molecules, is the amountetc.
formulae of substance
To avoid any which containsitthe
ambiguity sametonumber
is best of particles
show this (atoms,
as a formula.
The
ions,mole is the amount
molecules, formulae of or
substance
electrons) which contains
as there the same
are carbon number
atoms in 12ofg particles
of carbon(atoms,
-12.
ions, molecules, formulae or electrons) as there are carbon atoms in 12 g of 23 carbon1 -12.
Example calculations
This number is knownusingas themoles
Avogadro constant, L, and is equal to 6.02 x 10 mol .
This number is known as the Avogadro constant, L, and is equal to 6.02 x 1023 mol 1.
The molar mass of a substance is the mass, in grams, of one mole.
These
The calculations
molar mass form the basis of
of a substance many
is the of the
mass, calculations
in grams, of oneyou will meet in your Advanced
mole.
Thecourse.
Level molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole at room temperature and
The molar volume
atmospheric pressureof a(r.t.p).
gas is the
It is volume
equal tooccupied
24 dm3 at byr.t.p.
one mole at room temperature and
atmospheric pressure (r.t.p). It is equal to 24 dm3 at r.t.p.
Example
Avogadro’s1 Law states that equal volumes of all gases, under the same conditions of
Avogadro’s
temperatureLaw andstates that equal
atmospheric volumes
pressure of allthe
contain gases,
sameunder the same
number conditions
of moles of
or molecules. If
temperature
Calculation of and
the atmospheric
number
3 of pressure
moles of contain
material the
in a same
given number
mass
the volume is 24 dm , at room temperature and pressure, this number, is the Avogadroof of moles
that or
materialmolecules. If
the volume is 24 dm3, at room temperature and pressure, this number, is the Avogadro
constant.
a Calculate the number of moles of oxygen atoms in 64 g of oxygen atoms. You need the
constant.
Whenmass
you of
talkone molemoles,
about of oxygen atoms.
you must This is
always the whether
state Relative youAtomic Mass in with
are dealing gramsatoms,
and in this
1
When you
case talk
it is about
16 g molmoles,
. you must always state whether you are dealing
molecules, ions, formulae etc. To avoid any ambiguity it is best to show this as a formula. with atoms,
molecules, ions, formulae etc. To avoid any ambiguity it is best to show this as a formula.
Example calculations using moles
Example calculations using moles
mass in grams
number of moles
These calculations of atoms
form the basis of many of the calculations you will meet in your Advanced
These molar
calculations form the basis of many
Level course. ofmass of atoms you will meet in your Advanced
the calculations
Level course.

Example 1
Example
Example1
1
64 g of oxygen atoms
number
Calculation of moles
of the numberof oxygen
of moles of material in a given mass of that1 material
Calculation of the number of moles ofmolar massinofaoxygen
material of 16of
given mass g mol
that material
a Calculate the number of moles of oxygen atoms in 64 g of oxygen atoms. You need the
a Calculate
mass of one themole
number of moles
of oxygen of oxygen
atoms. This isatoms in 64 g of
the Relative oxygen
Atomic atoms.
Mass You need
in grams the
and in this
mass ofisone = This
4 moles
is theof oxygenAtomic
atoms Mass in grams and in this
case it 16 mole
g molof
1 oxygen atoms.
. Relative
case it is 16 g mol 1.

mass in grams

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number of moles of atoms mass in grams
number of moles of atoms molar mass of atoms
molar mass of atoms
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 25
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

64 g of oxygen atoms
number of moles of oxygen 64 g of oxygen atoms
number of moles of oxygen molar mass of oxygen of 16 g mol 11
molar mass of oxygen of 16 g mol
= 4 moles of oxygen atoms
= 4 moles of oxygen atoms

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 25
Student
– Issue 2workbook – Moles,
– November 2008 ©Formulae
Edexcel and Equations
Limited 2008 – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 25
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 3 The Mole

 b Calculate the number of moles of chlorine molecules in 142 g of chlorine gas.

14
mass in grams
Examplenumber
2
of moles of atoms
molar mass of atoms
b Calculate the number of moles of chlorine molecules in 142 g of chlorine gas.

The first stage of this calculation is to calculate the molar mass of chlorine molecules.
Molar mass of Cl2 = 2 x 35.5 = 71 g mol 1 mass in grams
number of moles of atoms
molar mass of atoms

142 g of chlorine gas

number of moles of chlorine 1
The first stage of this calculation is molar mass of
to calculate chlorine
the of 71of
molar mass g mol
chlorine molecules.
1
Molar mass of Cl2 = 2 x 35.5 = 71 g mol
= 2 moles of chlorine molecules
Example 3

c number
Calculate
ofthe number
moles of moles of CuSO4142
of chlorine .5H2gOofinchlorine
100 g of gas
the solid.
molar mass of chlorine of 71g mol 1
The Relative Molecular Mass of CuSO4.5H2O =
1
[63.5 + 32.1 + (4 x 16) + 5{(2x1) =+ 16}]2=moles
249.6 of
g mol
chlorine molecules

c Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4.5H2O in 100

100ggof
ofthe solid.
CuSO 4 .5H 2 O
number of moles of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O
The Relative Molecular Mass of CuSOmolecular
4.5H2O = mass of CuSO .5H O of 249.5 g mol 1
4 2
[63.5 + 32.1 + (4 x 16) + 5{(2x1) + 16}] = 249.6 g mol 1
= 0.4006 moles of CuSO4.5H2O molecules

Example 2 100 g of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O

number of moles of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O 1
molecular mass of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O of 249.5 g mol
Calculation of the mass of material in a given number of moles of that material

= 0.4006 moles of CuSO4.5H2O molecules

The mass of a given the mass of the number of moles of
= x
Example
number2of moles 1 mole material concerned

Calculation of the mass of material in a given number of moles of that material

a Calculate the mass of 3 moles of sulfur dioxide SO2.

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1 mole of sulfur dioxide has a mass = 32.1 + (2 x 16) = 64.1 g mol 1
The mass of a given the mass of the number of moles of
3 moles
number of SO2 = 3 x=64.1 = 192.3
of moles g
1 mole
x
material concerned

ab What is the
Calculate mass
the massofof
0.05 molesofofsulfur
3 moles Na2S2dioxide
O3.5H2O?SO2.
–1
11 mole
mole of
of sulfur
Na2S2Odioxide
3.5H2O =has
[(23 x 2) +=(32.1
a mass 32.1 x+ 2)
(2 +x (16
16) x= 3)]
64.1+ g5[(2
molx 11) +16] = 248.2 g mol
30.05 moles
moles of2Na
of SO 2S2
=3 xO64.1
3.5H2=
O 192.3
= 0.05gx 248.2 = 12.41 g

b What is the mass of 0.05 moles of Na2S2O3.5H2O?

26 1 mole of Na2S2O3.5H 2O =workbook

Student [(23 x 2) + (32.1
– Moles, x 2)and
Formulae + (16 x 3)]– Edexcel
Equations + 5[(2 AS/A
x 1)GCE
+16] g mol–1
= 248.2(8CH01/9CH01)
in Chemistry
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
0.05 moles of Na2S2O3.5H2O = 0.05 x 248.2 = 12.41 g

26 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
3 The Mole Abul Fazal
 c 100ggof
Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4.5H2O in 100 of the
CuSO 4 .5H 2 O
solid.
number of moles of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O 1
=4.5H0.4006
The Relative Molecular Mass of CuSOmolecular moles of CuSO4.5H2O molecules
2O = mass of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O of 249.5 g mol

[63.5 + 32.1 + (4 x 16) + 5{(2x1) + 16}] = 249.6 g mol 1

Example 2 15 moles of CuSO4.5H2O molecules
= 0.4006

Calculation
Example 2 of the mass of material in a given number of moles of that material
100 g of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O
number of moles of CuSO 4 .5H 2 O 1
Calculation of the mass of material in molecular mass of
a given number of CuSO
moles4 .of
5Hthat
2 O ofmaterial
249.5 g mol
The mass of a given the mass of the number of moles of
= x
number of moles 1 mole material concerned
= 0.4006 moles of CuSO4.5H2O molecules

The mass of a given the mass of the number of moles of

= x
number
Example of moles 1 mole
2 the mass of 3 moles of sulfur dioxide SO2. material concerned
a Calculate
Example 3

1 mole of sulfur dioxide has a mass = 32.1 + (2 x 16) = 64.1 g mol 1

Calculation of the mass of material in a given number of moles of that material
a Calculate the mass of 3 moles of sulfur dioxide SO2.

3 moles of SO2 = 3 x 64.1 = 192.3 g

1 mole of sulfur dioxide has a mass = 32.1 + (2 x 16) = 64.1 g mol 1
The mass of a given the mass of the number of moles of
3 moles of SO2 = 3 x=64.1 = 192.3 g
b number
What isofthe Na2S2O3.5H2x
mass of 0.05 moles1ofmole
moles O? material concerned
1 mole of Na2S2O3.5H2O = [(23 x 2) + (32.1 x 2) + (16 x 3)] + 5[(2 x 1) +16] = 248.2 g mol–1
b What is the mass of 0.05 moles of Na2S2O3.5H2O?
a 0.05 moles
Calculate of Naof2S32Omoles
the mass 3.5H2Oof
= sulfur
0.05 xdioxide
248.2 =SO
12.41
2. g
1 mole of Na2S2O3.5H2O = [(23 x 2) + (32.1 x 2) + (16 x 3)] + 5[(2 x 11) +16] = 248.2 g mol–1
1 mole of sulfur dioxide has a mass = 32.1 + (2 x 16) = 64.1 g mol
0.05 moles of Na2S2O3.5H2O = 0.05 x 248.2 = 12.41 g
3 moles of SO2 = 3 x 64.1 = 192.3 g
Example
26 4
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
b What is the mass of 0.05 moles of Na2S2O3.5H2O?
26 1 mole of Na2S2O3.5H
Student –1
workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
2O = [(23 x 2) + (32.1 x 2) + (16 x 3)] + 5[(2 x 1) +16] = 248.2 g mol
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
0.05 moles of Na2S2O3.5H2O = 0.05 x 248.2 = 12.41 g

26 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

abul fazal

Abul Fazal 3 The Mole

 Example 3 16
Example 3
Calculation of the volume of a given number of moles of a gas
Example 3 of the volume of a given number of moles of a gas
Calculation
You will be given the information that 1 mole of any gas has a volume of 24 dm3
3
(24,000
You will be ) at the
cmgiven room temperature
information thatand pressure.
1 mole of any gas has a volume of 24 dm3
Calculation 3of the volume of a given number of moles of a gas
Example 3
(24,000 cm ) at room temperature and pressure.
You will be given the information that 1 mole of any gas has a volume of 24 dm3
(24,000 The
Calculation cmvolume
3
) at
of the of atemperature
room
volumegiven of anumber
givenand pressure.
number of molesofofmoles
a gas
= number x 24 000 cm3
The volume of moles of gasnumber
of a given
You will be given the information that 1 mole of any gas
= number has a volume
of moles x of 24 dm0003 cm3

3 of moles of gas
(24,000 Thecm ) at room
volume of a temperature
given numberand pressure.
Example 4

a What is the volumeofofgas 2 mol of carbon = dioxide?

number of moles x 24 000 cm3
of moles
a What is the volume
Remember you of 2needmol of
to carbon dioxide?

The volume ofdo not

a given number work out the molar mass to do this calculation as3it does
not matter what = number of moles x 24 000 cm
Remember of you do gas
moles not
of it is. to work out the
need
gas molar mass to do this calculation as it does
a What is the volume of 2 mol of carbon dioxide?
2not matter
moles what gas
of carbon it is. = 2 x 24 000 cm3 = 48 000 cm3 = 48 dm3
dioxide
Remember you do not need to work out the molar mass to do this calculation as it does
2not
moles of carbon
matter what dioxide
gas it is.= 2 x 24 000 cm3 = 48 000 cm3 = 48 dm3
a What is the volume of 2 mol of carbon dioxide?
b 2Remember
What isofthe
moles carbon
youvolume notofneed
dodioxide 0.0056
= 2to moles
x 24 of
cmchlorine
000out
work
3
= 48
the molecules?
000
molar cm 3
mass= to
48do
dm 3
this calculation as it does
b notWhat
Volumeis the
matter volume
of what
0.0056 gasofit0.0056
moles moles of
is.of chlorine chlorinex molecules?
= 0.0056 24 000 cm3 = 134.4 cm3
3
Volume ofcarbon
0.0056dioxide
moles of
= 2chlorine
24 000=ofcm 3
0.0056
= 48x 000 cm3cm
24 000 = dm3
134.4 cm3
b 2What
molesisof
the volume of 0.0056 xmoles chlorine = 48
molecules?
Example 4
Example 5
of 0.0056 moles of chlorine = 0.0056 x 24 000 cm3 = 134.4 cm3
Volume
Example 4
bCalculation
What is the
of volume of 0.0056
the number molesofofgas
of moles chlorine molecules?
in a given volume of that gas

Example 4
Calculation
Volume ofof0.0056
the number
moles of moles of=gas
chlorine in a given
0.0056 volume
x 24 000 cm3 =of that cm
134.4 gas3

Calculation of the number of moles volume of gas inofagas

given volume of that gas
in cm 3
Example 4
number of moles of gas
volume 24of
000gas
cmin cm3
3
number of moles of gas 3
Calculation of the number of moles of gas in a cm
24 000 given volume of that gas
volume of gas in cm3
number of moles of gas
24 000 cm3
a Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen molecules in 240 cm3 of the gas.
volume of gas in cm3
number
a Calculate
Example 6
the of molesof
number ofmoles
gas of hydrogen molecules 3
in 240 cm3 of the gas.
3
24 000 cm
a number
Calculate the number 240
of cm
moles of 0hydrogen molecules in 240 cm3 of the gas.
of moles 3 3 .010 moles
240000
24 cmcm
number of moles 3
0.010 moles
a Calculate the number 24 000 cm
moles of hydrogen molecules in 240 cm3 of the gas.
240ofcm 3
number of moles 0.010 moles

abul fazal
24 000 cm 3
3
b How many moles of 240 cm3are there in 1000 cm of the gas?
a gas
number of moles 0.010 moles
b How many moles 24 of a000
gascmare3 there in 1000 cm3 of the gas?
3
b How many moles of a gas 1000 cm in 1000 cm3 of the gas?
are there
number of moles of gas 3 0.0147 moles
1000
24 000cmcm 3
number of moles of gas 0 .0147 moles
24are
b How many moles of a gas cm3 3 in 1000 cm3 of the gas?
000there
1000 cm
number of moles of gas 0.0147 moles
24 000 cm 3
1000 cm 3
number of moles of gas 0.0147 moles
24 000 cm 3

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 27
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 27
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 27
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

3 The Student
Mole workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) Abul 27
Fazal
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
 240 cm3
number of moles 0.010 moles
24 000 cm 3
17

Example 7

b How many moles of a gas are there in 1000 cm3 of the gas?

1000 cm 3
number of moles of gas 0.0147 moles
24 000 cm 3
Example 5

Calculation of the volume of a given mass of gas

Example 8

For this calculation you need to apply the skills covered in the previous examples.
Calculate the volume of 10 g of hydrogen gas.
This is a two-stage calculation a) you need to calculate how many moles of hydrogen gas are
present and b) you need to convert this to a volume.
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 27
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
10 g of hydrogen(H 2 )
number of moles of hydrogen(H 2 ) 1
molecular mass of hydrogen(H 2 ) of 2 g mol

= 5 moles

5 moles of hydrogen = 5 x 24 000 cm3 = 120 000 cm3 = 120 dm3

Example 6

Calculation of the mass of a given volume of gas

For this calculation you need to apply the skills covered in the previous examples.
Calculate the mass of 1000 cm3 of carbon dioxide.
Again this is a two-stage calculation a) you need to calculate the number of moles of carbon
dioxide and then b) convert this to a mass.

1000 cm3 of CO 2
number of moles of CO 2
volume of 1mole of CO 2 of 24 000 cm3

abul fazal
= 0.0147 moles

0.0147 moles of carbon dioxide = 0.0147 x 44 g = 1.833 g

Abul Fazal 3 The Mole

 18
Exercise 4a: Calculation of the number of moles of material in a
Exercise
given mass 3a: Calculation
of that material of the number of moles of
material in a given
In this set of calculations masschosen
all the examples of that material
are from the list of compounds whose molar
mass you calculated in Exercise 1.
In each case calculate the number of moles of the material in the mass stated.

1 9.00 g of H2O

2 88.0 g of CO2

3 1.70 g of NH3

4 230 g of C2H5OH

5 560 g of C2H4

6 0.641 g of SO2

7 80.1 g of SO3

8 18.20 g of HBr

9 0.0981 g of H2SO4

10 3.15 g of HNO3

11 19.3 g of NaCl

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12 21.25 g of NaNO3

13 2.25 g of Na2CO3

14 0.800 g of NaOH

15 17.77 g of Na2SO4

30 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

3 The Mole Abul Fazal

 19

Exercise 3b: Calculation of the mass of material in a

Exercisenumber
given 4b: Calculation of theof
of moles mass of material in a given number
at material
of moles of at material
In each case calculate the mass in grams of the material in the number of moles stated.

1 2 moles of H2O

2 3 moles of CO2

3 2.8 moles of NH3

4 0.50 moles of C2H5OH

5 1.2 moles of C2H4

6 0.64 moles of SO2

7 3 moles of SO3

8 1 mole of HBr

9 0.012 moles of H2SO4

10 0.15 moles of HNO3

11 0.45 moles of NaCl

abul fazal
12 0.70 moles of NaNO3

13 0.11 moles of Na2CO3

14 2.0 moles of NaOH

15 0.90 moles of Na2SO4

16 0.050 moles of KMnO4

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 33
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
Abul Fazal 3 The Mole
 20

17 0.18 moles of K2CrO4

18 0.90 moles of KHCO3

19 1.5 moles of KI

20 0.12 moles of CsNO3

21 0.11 moles of CaCl2

22 4.1 moles of Ca(NO3)2

23 0.0040 moles of Ca(OH)2

24 0.10 moles of CaSO4

25 0.21 moles of BaCl2

26 0.10 moles of CuSO4

27 0.56 moles of ZnCl2

28 0.059 moles of AgNO3

29 0.333 moles of NH4Cl

30 1.1 moles of (NH4)2SO4

abul fazal
31 0.025 moles of NH4VO3

32 0.10 moles of KClO3

33 0.10 moles of KIO3

34 10 moles of NaClO

35 0.0010 moles of NaNO2

34 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

3 The Mole Abul Fazal

 21

Exercise 4c:
Exercise Calculation of theof
3c:Calculation volume of a givenof
the volume number of moles
a given
of a gas
number of moles of a gas
In each case calculate the volume of the number of moles of gas stated.
(Assume that all volumes are measured at room temperature and pressure and that 1 mole of
gas has a volume of 24 000 cm3 under these conditions.)

1 1 mole of CO2

2 0.1 moles of NH3

3 0.5 moles of C2H4

4 2 moles of SO2

5 0.12 moles of SO3

6 3.4 moles of HBr

7 0.11 moles of Cl2

8 0.0040 moles of CH4

9 10 moles of H2

10 0.45 moles of O2

11 0.0056 moles of C2H6

abul fazal
12 0.0090 moles of C3H8

13 0.040 moles of C2H2

14 0.123 moles of NO

15 0.0023 moles of HCl

36 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 3 The Mole

 22

Exercise 3d:Calculation of the number of moles of

Exercise 4d: Calculation of the number of moles of gas in a given
gas in a
volume of given
that gasvolume of that gas
In each case calculate the volume of the number of moles of gas stated.
(Assume that all volumes are measured at room temperature and pressure and that 1 mol of
gas has a volume of 24 000 cm3 under these conditions.)

1 200 cm3 of CO2

2 500 cm3 of NH3

3 1000 cm3 of C2H4

4 2000 cm3 of SO2

5 234 cm3 of SO3

6 226 cm3 of HBr

7 256 cm3 of Cl2

8 200 cm3 of CH4

9 2000 cm3 of H2

10 2400 cm3 of O2

abul fazal
11 700 cm3 of C2H6

12 5600 cm3 of C3H8

13 2200 cm3 of C2H2

14 210 cm3 of NO

15 800 cm3 of HCl

38 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
3 The Mole – Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
Abul Fazal
 Chemical equations do much more than tell us what reacts with what in a chemical reaction.
23 are needed and produced, so they also tell us
They tell us how many of each type of molecule
what masses of the reactants are needed to produce a given mass of products.

4 Chemical equations

Often you will learn equations that have been given to you. However, if you are to interpret
equations correctly you must learn to write them for yourself.

Equations in words

Before you can begin to write an equation, you must know what the reacting chemicals are
and what is produced in the reaction. You can then write them down as a word equation. For
instance, hydrogen reacts with oxygen to give water, or as a word equation:
hydrogen + oxygen water

Writing formulae

When you have written the equation in words you can then write the formula for each of the
substances involved. You may know them or have to look them up. In the above example:
hydrogen is represented as H2
oxygen is represented as O2
water is H2O.
So we get:
H2 + O2 H2O
However, this will not suffice as a full equation as you will discover if you read on!

Balancing the equation

One of the most important things you must understand in chemistry is that atoms are
rearranged in chemical reactions. They are never produced from ‘nowhere’ and they do not
simply ‘disappear’. This means that in a chemical equation you must have the same number of
each kind of atoms on the left-hand side of the equation as on the right. Sometimes you need
to start with two or more molecules of one of the reactants and you may end up with more
than one molecule of one of the products.
Let us look at two very simple examples:
carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide

abul fazal
C + O2 CO2

56 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 4 Chemical equations

 24

Exercise
Exercise 6a:4a: Balancing
Balancing equations

equations
Balance the following equations. To get you started _ indicates in the first six questions where
numbers need to be inserted to achieve the balance. In one or two difficult cases some of the
numbers have been added. You will not need to change these. Remember all the formulae are
correct!

1 _ H2 + O2 _ H2O

2 BaCl2 + _ NaOH Ba(OH)2 + _ NaCl

3 H2SO4 + _ KOH _ K2SO4 + H2O

4 K2CO3 + _ HCl _KCl + H2O + CO2

5 CaCO3 + _HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

6 Ca + _H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

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7 Pb(NO3)2 + NaI PbI2 + NaNO3

8 Al2(SO4)3 + NaOH Al(OH)3 + Na2SO4

9 Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + H2O

10 Pb(NO3)2 PbO + NO2 + O2

58 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
4 Chemical equations Abul Fazal
 25

11 FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3

12 NH4NO3 N2O + H2O

13 NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2

14 CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O

15 C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O

16 PCl3 + H2O H3PO3 + HCl

17 8HNO3 + 3Cu Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O

18 4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + NO2 + H2O

abul fazal
19 H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O

20 H3PO4 + NaOH Na3PO4 + H2O

21 H3PO4 + NaOH Na2HPO4 + H2O

22 6NaOH + Cl2 NaClO3 + NaCl + H2O

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 59
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 4 Chemical equations

 26

Exercise 4b: What’s wrong here?

Exercise 6b: What’s wrong here?

The following equations all contain one or more mistakes. These may be in a formula, in the
balancing, in the state symbols or even in the chemistry. You need to identify the error and
then write out a correct equation.

1 Na(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H(g)

2 PbNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) PbCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

3 CaOH2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

4 C2H4(g) + 2O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2(g)

5 MgSO4(aq) + 2NaOH Ca(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)

6 Cu(NO3)2(s) + CuO(s) 2NO(g) + O3(g)

7 Cu(s) + H2SO4(aq) CuSO4(aq) + H2(g)

8
abul fazal
AlCl2(s) + 2KOH(aq) Al(OH)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)

9 NaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) NaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

10 2AgNO3(aq) + MgCl2(aq) Mg(NO3)2(s) + 2AgCl(aq)

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
4 Chemical equations 61
Abul Fazal
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
 27
Section 8:
Section 8: Amounts
Amounts of
of substances
substances
5 Amounts of substances

Equations can also tell us how much of a chemical is reacting or is produced. The equation in
Equations can also tell us how much of a chemical is reacting or is produced. The equation in
Section 7 tells us that 2 moles of (solid) magnesium atoms react with 1 mole of (gaseous)
Section 7 tells us that 2 moles of (solid) magnesium atoms react with 1 mole of (gaseous)
oxygen molecules to produce 2 moles of (solid) magnesium oxide molecules.
oxygen molecules to produce 2 moles of (solid) magnesium oxide molecules.
We know that the relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24, and that of oxygen is 16 (see
We know that the relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24, and that of oxygen is 16 (see
periodic table in Section 12). And from the equation we balanced in Section 6 we can suggest
periodic table in Section 12). And from the equation we balanced in Section 6 we can suggest
that 48 g of magnesium react with 32 g of oxygen (because an oxygen molecule contains two
that 48 g of magnesium react with 32 g of oxygen (because an oxygen molecule contains two
atoms) to give 80 g of magnesium oxide.
atoms) to give 80 g of magnesium oxide.
Since we know the ratio of reacting masses (or volumes in the case of gases) we can calculate
Since we know the ratio of reacting masses (or volumes in the case of gases) we can calculate
any reacting quantities based on the equation.
any reacting quantities based on the equation.

Example 1
Example 1
Example 1

a What mass of magnesium oxide would be produced from 16 g of magnesium in the reaction
a What mass of magnesium oxide would be produced from 16 g of magnesium in the reaction
between magnesium and oxygen?
between magnesium and oxygen?

i Write out the full balanced equation

i Write out the full balanced equation
2Mg(s) + O (g) 2MgO(s)
2Mg(s) + O22(g) 2MgO(s)
ii Read the equation in terms of moles
ii Read the equation in terms of moles
2 moles of magnesium reacts to give 2 moles of magnesium oxide
2 moles of magnesium reacts to give 2 moles of magnesium oxide
iii Convert the moles to masses using the M values
iii Convert the moles to masses using the Mrr values
(2 x 24.3g) of magnesium gives 2 x (24.3 + 16) = 80.6 g of Magnesium oxide
(2 x 24.3g) of magnesium gives 2 x (24.3 + 16) = 80.6 g of Magnesium oxide
80..6
80 6 xx 16
16
16 g of magnesium gives = 26.5 g of Magnesium oxide
16 g of magnesium gives 2 xx 24
24..33 = 26.5 g of Magnesium oxide
2

b What volume of oxygen would react with 16 g of magnesium in the above reaction?
b What volume of oxygen would react with 16 g of magnesium in the above reaction?
In this case the oxygen is a gas so the volume of each mole is 24 000 cm3 at room
In this case the oxygen is a gas so the volume of each mole is 24 000 cm3 at room
temperature and pressure and you do not have to worry about the molecular mass of the
temperature and pressure and you do not have to worry about the molecular mass of the

abul fazal
gas.
gas.
From the equation:
From the equation:
2 moles of Mg react with 1 mole of O
2 moles of Mg react with 1 mole of O22
2 x 24.3 g of Mg react with 1 x 24 000 cm3 of O (g)
2 x 24.3 g of Mg react with 1 x 24 000 cm3 of O22(g)

16 g of Mg react with 11 24
24 000
000 16 16
= 7901 cm3 of oxygen
16 g of Mg react with = 7901 cm3 of oxygen
22 24
24..33

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 69
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008 69
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Abul Fazal 5 Amount of Substances

 (2 x 24.3g) of magnesium gives 2 x (24.3 + 16) = 80.6 g of Magnesium oxide

80.6 x 16
16 g of magnesium gives = 26.5 g of Magnesium oxide
2 x 24.3
28

Example 2

b What volume of oxygen would react with 16 g of magnesium in the above reaction?
In this case the oxygen is a gas so the volume of each mole is 24 000 cm3 at room
temperature and pressure and you do not have to worry about the molecular mass of the
gas.

From the equation:

2 moles of Mg react with 1 mole of O2
2 x 24.3 g of Mg react with 1 x 24 000 cm3 of O2(g)

1 24 000 16
16 g of Mg react with = 7901 cm3 of oxygen
2 24.3

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 69
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

Example 2
Example 3

What mass of lead(II) sulfate would be produced by the action of excess dilute sulfuric acid on
10 g of lead nitrate dissolved in water?
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
1 mole of lead nitrate gives 1 mole of lead sulfate
331.2 g of lead nitrate gives 303.2 g of lead sulfate

abul fazal
303.2 x 10 g of lead sulfate
10 g of lead nitrate gives = 9.15 g of lead sulfate
331.2

Example 3

What is the total volume of gas produced by the action of heat on 1 g of silver nitrate?
2AgNO3(s) 2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
2 moles of silver nitrate give 2 moles of nitrogen dioxide gas plus 1 mole of oxygen gas
= 3 moles of gas
2 x 169.9 g of silver nitrate give 3 x 24000 cm3 of gas

3 x 24000 cm3 x 1g of gas

1 g of silver nitrate gives = 211.9 cm3 of gas
2 x 169.9

Example 4

When
5 Amount of excess carbon dioxide is passed into sodium hydroxide solution, sodium carbonate
Substances Abul Fazal
solution is formed. This can be crystallised out as Na2CO3.10H2O. What mass of crystals would
be produced from 5 g of sodium hydroxide in excess water?
 303.2 x 10 g of lead sulfate
10 g of lead nitrate gives = 9.15 g of lead sulfate
331.2
29
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4

What mass
What is theof
total volume
lead(II) of gas
sulfate produced
would by the action
be produced by the of heatof
action onexcess
1 g of dilute
silver nitrate?
sulfuric acid on
10 g of lead nitrate
2AgNO 3(s) dissolved in water?
2Ag(s) + 2NO 2(g) + O 2(g)

2 moles Pb(NO 3)2(aq)

of silver nitrate give+ 2 moles
H2SO4(aq)
of nitrogen dioxidePbSO (s) 1 mole
gas 4plus + of 2HNO 3(aq)
oxygen gas
= 3 moles of gas
1 mole of lead nitrate gives 1 mole of lead sulfate
2 xg169.9
331.2 g of
of lead silver gives
nitrate nitrate giveg3ofx lead
303.2 cm3 of gas
24000sulfate
3
3 x 24000 cm x 1g of gas
10 g1 of
g of silver
lead nitrate
nitrate gives 303.2 x 10 g of lead sulfate =
gives = 211.9
9.15 cm3 sulfate
g of lead of gas
3312 .x2169.9

Example 3
Example 4

When is
What excess carbon
the total dioxide
volume is passed
of gas intoby
produced sodium hydroxide
the action solution,
of heat sodium
on 1 g of silvercarbonate
nitrate?
solution is formed. This can be crystallised out as Na2CO3.10H2O. What mass of crystals would
2AgNO
be produced 3(s) 5 g of sodium2Ag(s)
from hydroxide in excess+ water?
2NO2(g) + O2(g)
2 moles
Care. of need
You silverthe
nitrate
watergive 2 moles as
expressed of moles
nitrogen dioxide
in the gas plus 1 mole of oxygen gas
equation.
= 3 moles of gas
2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) + 9H2O Na2CO3(aq) + 10H2O(l) Na2CO3.10H2O(s)
2 x 169.9 g of silver nitrate give 3 x 24000 cm3 of gas
2 moles of sodium hydroxide give 1 mole of the crystals of sodium carbonate
3
2 x 40 g of sodium hydroxide 3 x 24000
give 286 g cm
of x 1g of gas
crystals
1 g of silver nitrate gives = 211.9 cm3 of gas
2 x 169.9
286 5
5 g of sodium hydroxide gives = 17.88 g of crystals
2 40
Example 4
Example 5

When excess carbon dioxide is passed into sodium hydroxide solution, sodium carbonate
solution is formed. This can be crystallised out as Na2CO3.10H2O. What mass of crystals would
be produced from 5 g of sodium hydroxide in excess water?
Care. You need the water expressed as moles in the equation.
2NaOH(aq) + CO2(g) + 9H2O Na2CO3(aq) + 10H2O(l) Na2CO3.10H2O(s)
2 moles of sodium hydroxide give 1 mole of the crystals of sodium carbonate

abul fazal
2 x 40 g of sodium hydroxide give 286 g of crystals

286 5
5 g of sodium hydroxide gives = 17.88 g of crystals
70
2 40
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– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

70 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
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Abul Fazal 5 Amount of Substances

 30

Exercise 5: Calculations of products/reactants

based
Exerciseon
8: equations
products/reactants based on equations
Calculations of
In this exercise the equations you need are given in the question, unless they were included in
Exercise 6a.

1 What mass of barium sulfate would be produced from 10 g of barium chloride in

the following reaction?

BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

2 What mass of potassium chloride would be produced from 20 g of potassium

carbonate?

3 What masses of ethanol and ethanoic acid would need to react together to give
1 g of ethyl ethanoate?

4 What mass of iron(III) oxide would need to be reduced to produce 100 tonnes of
iron in a blast furnace?

5 What mass of silver nitrate as a solution in water would need to be added to 5 g of

sodium chloride to ensure complete precipitation of the chloride?

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

6 A solution of copper sulfate reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to produce a

precipitate of copper hydroxide according to the following equation:

abul fazal
CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)

What mass of sodium hydroxide would be needed to convert 15.96 g of copper

sulfate to copper hydroxide and what mass of copper hydroxide would be
produced?

7 What volume of ammonia gas would be needed to produce 40 g of ammonium

nitrate in the following reaction?
NH3(g) + HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)

8 In the reaction between calcium carbonate and nitric acid what mass of calcium
nitrate and what volume of carbon dioxide would be produced from 33.3 g of
calcium carbonate?

5 Amount of Substances Abul Fazal

72 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
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9 What would be the total volume of gas produced by the action of heat on 33.12 g
of lead(II) nitrate ?

10 Magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid to produce a solution of magnesium sulfate. If

this is allowed to crystallise out the solid produced has the formula MgSO4.7H2O.
Write out the equation for this reaction and calculate the mass of magnesium
sulfate heptahydrate that could be produced from 4 g of magnesium.

11 Copper(II) oxide reacts with sulfuric acid to produce copper(II) sulfate. If this is
allowed to crystallise the formula of the crystals is CuSO4.5H2O.
What mass of copper oxide would be needed to produce 100 g of crystals?

12 Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases of a power station by passing
it through a slurry of calcium hydroxide. The equation for this reaction is:

SO2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq) CaSO3(aq) + H2O(l)

What mass of calcium hydroxide would be needed to deal with 1000 dm3 of sulfur
dioxide?

13 In a fermentation reaction glucose is converted to alcohol and carbon dioxide

according to the following equation:

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

What mass of alcohol and what volume of carbon dioxide would be produced from
10 g of glucose?

14 In the following reactions calculate the mass of precipitate formed from 20 g of

the metal salt in each case.

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(i) ZnSO4(aq) + 2NaOH Zn(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)

(ii) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6NaOH 2 Al(OH)3(s) + 3Na2SO4(aq)

(iii) MgSO4(aq) + 2NaOH Mg(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)

15 What volume of hydrogen would be produced by 1 g of calcium in its reaction with

water?

16 What mass of magnesium would be needed to produce 100 cm3 of hydrogen?

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Abul Fazal 5 Amount of Substances

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Section 11: Calculations involving chemicals in solution
6 Chemical In Solution

Experiments measuring concentrations of chemicals in solution are often referred to as

volumetric analysis. The name should not worry you, the basis of the calculations is the same
as all the rest, ie moles and equations.
Many reactions take place in solutions of known concentration.
Concentration in solution is generally measured as moles per 1000 cm3 of solution. For
example, sodium chloride may be labelled as 1M NaCl. This means that each 1000 cm3 of the
solution contains 1 mole of NaCl (58.5 g), or its concentration is 1 mol dm-3.
It does not mean that 58.5 g of NaCl have been added to 1000 cm3 of water as the volume of
the mixture may no longer be 1000 cm3.
The solution will have been made up by measuring out 58.5 g of the solid, dissolving it in
about 500 cm3 of water and then adding more water to make the total volume of the mixture
up to 1000 cm3. (1 dm3)
Concentration in mol dm-3 is called molarity.

concentration in grams per 1000 cm3

molarity
M r for the material dissolved

molarity volume (cm3 )

number of moles of material in a given volume
1000

molarity volume (cm 3 ) M r

mass of material in a given volume of solution
1000

abul fazal
In reactions in solution it is often more convenient to use molarity (number of mol dm 3)
rather than g dm 3.

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6 Chemical In Solution Abul Fazal

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Exercise
Exercise 11a: 6a:Calculations
Calculations basedbased on concentrations
on concentrations in solution
inCalculate
solution
of moles of the underlined species in the given volume of solution.
the number

1 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm 3 HCl

2 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm 3 HCl

3 250 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm 3 HCl

4 500 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm 3 HCl

5 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm 3 NaOH

6 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm 3 KOH

7 50 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm 3 HNO3

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8 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 H2SO4

9 25 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm 3 KMnO4

10 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm 3 FeSO4

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 85
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Abul Fazal 6 Chemical In Solution
 Calculate the mass of material in the given
34volume of solution.

11 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm 3 HCl

12 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm 3 NaCl

13 100 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm 3 NH4NO3

14 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 AgNO3

15 25 cm3 of 1 mol dm 3 BaCl2

16 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm 3 H2SO4

17 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 NaOH

18 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 K2CrO4

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19 25 cm3 of 0.02 mol dm 3 KMnO4

20 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 Pb(NO3)2

86 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

6 Chemical In Solution Abul Fazal

 What is the concentration in moles dm 3 of35the following?

21 3.65 g of HCl in 1000 cm3 of solution

22 3.65 g of HCl in 100 cm3 of solution

23 6.624 g of Pb(NO3)2 in 250 cm3 of solution

24 1.00 g of NaOH in 250 cm3 of solution

25 1.962 g of H2SO4 in 250 cm3 of solution

26 1.58 g of KMnO4 in 250 cm3 of solution

27 25.0 g of Na2S2O3.5H2O in 250 cm3 of solution

28 25.0 g of CuSO4.5H2O in 250 cm3 of solution

29 4.80 g of (COOH)2.2H2O in 250 cm3 of solution

30 10.0 g of FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O in 250 cm3 of solution

31 240 cm3 of NH3(g) dissolved in 1000 cm3 of solution

32 480 cm3 of HCl(g) dissolved in 100 cm3 of solution

33

34
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120 cm3 of SO2(g) dissolved in 250 cm3 of solution

24 cm3 of HCl(g) dissolved in 200 cm3 of solution

35 100 cm3 of NH3(g) dissolved in 10 cm3 of solution

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 87
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Exercise 6b:Simple
Exercise 11b: Simple volumetric
volumetric calculations

calculations
In this series of calculations you should start by:
writing out the equation for the reaction taking place
calculating the number of moles in the solution whose molarity is given
calculating the number of moles of the substance in the first named solution using the
reacting ratio in the chemical equation
finally, calculating the number of moles in 1 dm3 (the molarity).

In some cases you will need to calculate the molarity of the solutions before you start the
main part of the question.
For Questions 1–10 calculate the molarity of the first named solution from the data below.

1 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide reacts with 21.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm 3 HCl

2 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide reacts with 17.0 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 H2SO4

3 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid reacts with 23.6 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 NaOH

4 20 cm3 of hydrochloric acid reacts with 20.0 cm3 of a solution of NaOH

containing 40 g dm–3 of NaOH

5 25 cm3 of nitric acid reacts with 15 cm3 of a solution of 0.2 mol dm 3

NH4OH

7
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25 cm3 of a solution of barium
chloride

25 cm3 of a solution of NaCl

reacts with

reacts with
20 cm3 of a solution of 0.05 mol
dm 3 sulfuric acid

10 cm3 of a 0.02 mol dm 3 silver

nitrate

8 10 cm3 of a solution of AlCl3 reacts with 30 cm3 of 0.01 mol dm-3 silver
nitrate

9 25 cm3 of HxA reacts with 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm 3 NaOH to

give Na2A

6 Chemical
88 In Solution Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in ChemistryAbul Fazal
(8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
 37

10 25 cm3 of H3PO4 reacts with 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 NaOH to

give NaH2 PO4

11 25 cm3 of a solution of 0.1 mol dm 3 NaOH reacts with 50 cm3 of a solution of

hydrochloric acid. What is the molarity of the acid?

12 25 cm3 of a solution of 0.2 mol dm–3 KOH reacts with 30 cm3 of a solution of nitric
acid. What is the concentration of the acid in moles dm–3

13 In a titration, 25 cm3 of ammonia solution react with 33.30 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm 3 HCl.
What is the concentration of the ammonia solution in g dm 3?

14 In the reaction between iron(II) ammonium sulfate and potassium manganate

(VII)solution 25 cm3 of the Fe2+ solution reacted with 24.8 cm3 of 0.020 mol dm–3
KMnO4 solution. What is the molarity of the iron(II) ammonium sulfate solution?
The ionic equation for the reaction is

5Fe2+ + MnO4-(aq) +8H+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) +4H2O(l)

15 10 cm3 of a solution of NaCl reacts with 15 cm3 of 0.02 mol dm 3 silver nitrate
solution. What is the concentration of the NaCl solution in g dm 3?

16 25 cm3 of a solution of an acid HxA containing 0.1 mol dm–3 of the acid in each 1000
cm3 of solution reacts with 75 cm3 of a solution of 0.1 mol dm–3 NaOH. What is the
value of x?

17 25 cm3 of a solution of sodium carbonate reacts with 10 cm3 of a 0.1 mol dm 3 HCl.
What is the concentration of the sodium carbonate?

18

19
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What volume of 0.1 mol dm 3 HCl will be needed to react with 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol
dm 3 NaOH?

What volume of 0.05 mol dm 3 H2SO4 will be needed to react with 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol
dm 3 NaOH?

20 What volume of 0.02 mol dm 3 KMnO4 will be needed to react with 25 cm3 of 0.1 mol
dm 3 FeSO4 solution?
See Question 14 for the equation for this reaction.

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 89
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Abul Fazal 6 Chemical In Solution

 38
Section 13: Answers
Answers

Exercise
Exercise 1 1:

1 18 21 111.1 41 159.6
2 44 22 164.1 42 136.4
3 17 23 74.1 43 169.9
4 46 24 136.2 44 53.5
5 28 25 208.3 45 132.1
6 64.1 26 133.5 46 116.9
7 80.1 27 213 47 122.6
8 80.9 28 342.3 48 166.0
9 98.1 29 151.8 49 74.5
10 63 30 126.8 50 69.0
11 58.5 31 162.3 51 249.6
12 85 32 399.9 52 277.9
13 106 33 223.2 53 964
14 40 34 239.2 54 248.2
15 142.1 35 685.6 55 126
16 158 36 331.2 56 246.4
17 194.2 37 278.2 57 263.6
18 100.1 38 303.3 58 60
19 166 39 99.0 59 58
20 194.9 40 134.5 60 122

abul fazal
92 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
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Answers Abul Fazal

 39

Exercise 2:
22
Exercise
Exercise

1 1 NaCl
NaCl 2121 BaSO
BaSO
4 4 4141 PbCO
PbCO3 3 6161 PCl
PCl3 3

2 2 NaOH
NaOH 2222 AlCl
AlCl
3 3 4242 PbO
PbO 6262 PCl
PCl5 5

3 3 NaNa 2CO
2CO 3 3 2323 AlAl
2O23O3 4343 PbO
PbO
2 2 6363 P2PO23O3
4 4 NaNa 2SO
2SO 4 4 2424 Al(OH)
Al(OH)
3 3 4444 PbCl
PbCl2 2 6464 P2PO25O5
5 5 NO
NO 3PO
3PO 4 4 2525 AlAl 2(SO
2(SO 4)34)3 4545 PbCl
PbCl4 4 6565 H3HPO
3PO
4 4

6 6 KCl
KCl 2626 CuSO
CuSO
4 4 4646 PbS
PbS 6666 H2HSO
2SO
4 4

7 7 KBr
KBr 2727 CuO
CuO 4747 SnCl
SnCl
2 2 6767 HNO
HNO
3 3

8 8 KIKI 2828 CuCl

CuCl2 2 4848 SnCl
SnCl
4 4 6868 HCl
HCl
9 9 KHCO
KHCO
3 3 2929 Cu(NO
Cu(NO
3)23)2 4949 FeSO
FeSO
4 4 6969 CCl
CCl4 4

1010 KNO
KNO
2 2 3030 CuCu
2O2O 5050 FeCl
FeCl2 2 7070 SiCl
SiCl
4 4

1111 MgCl
MgCl2 2 3131 CuCl
CuCl 5151 FeFe 2(SO
2(SO 4)34)3 7171 SiO
SiO
2 2

1212 Mg(NO
Mg(NO3)23)2 3232 Zn(NO
Zn(NO
3)23)2 5252 FeCl
FeCl3 3 7272 SOSO
2 2

1313 Mg(OH)
Mg(OH)2 2 3333 ZnCO
ZnCO3 3 5353 Fe(OH)
Fe(OH)
3 3 7373 SOSO
3 3

1414 MgO
MgO 3434 ZnO
ZnO 5454 Fe(OH)
Fe(OH)
2 2 7474 H2HS2S
1515 MgCO
MgCO3 3 3535 AgCl
AgCl 5555 NH
NH 4Cl
4Cl 7575 ClCl
2O2O

1616 CaO
CaO 3636 AgBr
AgBr 5656 (NH
(NH )2CO
4)24CO 3 3 7676 NO
NO
2 2

1717 CaCl
CaCl2 2 3737 AgI
AgI 5757 NH
NH 4OH
4OH 7777 NO
NO
1818 CaSO
CaSO
4 4 3838 AgNO
AgNO
3 3 5858 NH
NH 4NO
4NO 3 3 7878 COCO
2 2

1919 CaCO
CaCO
3 3 3939 AgAg
2O2O 5959 (NH
(NH )2SO
4)24SO 4 4 7979 COCO
2020 BaCl
BaCl2 2 4040 Pb(NO
Pb(NO
3)23)2 6060 (NH
(NH )3PO
4)34PO 4 4 8080 HOH/H
HOH/H2O2O

abul fazal

Abul Fazal Periodic Table

Student
Student workbook
workbook – Moles,
– Moles, Formulae
Formulae and
and Equations
Equations – Edexcel
– Edexcel AS/A
AS/A GCE
GCE in in Chemistry
Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
(8CH01/9CH01) 9
– Issue
– Issue 2 –2November
– November 2008
2008 © Edexcel
© Edexcel Limited
Limited 2008
2008
 40

Exercise
Exercise 4a3a:

1 0.50 26 0.10
2 2.0 27 0.10
3 0.10 28 0.0085
4 5.0 29 0.26
5 20 30 0.104
6 0.010 31 0.20
7 1.0 32 0.082
8 0.22 33 0.050
9 0.0010 34 1.34
10 0.050 35 0.025
11 0.33 36 0.204
12 0.25 37 0.071
13 0.021 38 0.010
14 0.020 39 0.050
15 0.125 40 0.254
16 0.020 41 0.0125
17 0.167 42 0.152
18 1.0 43 0.10
19 0.046 44 0.053
20 0.020 45 0.0043
21 0.0010 46 0.036
22 0.25 47 0.266

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23 0.02 48 0.024
24 0.0025 49 0.025
25 0.20 50 1.574

Answers Abul Fazal

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 95
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 41

Exercise
Exercise 4b3b:

1 36 g 26 15.96 g
2 132 g 27 76.38 g
3 47.6 g 28 10.02 g
4 23 g 29 17.82 g
5 33.6 g 30 145.31 g
6 41.02 g 31 2.922 g
7 240.3 g 32 12.26 g
8 80.9 g 33 21.4 g
9 1.177g 34 745 g
10 9.45 g 35 0.069 g
11 26.3 g 36 49.92 g
12 59.5 g 37 27.79 g
13 11.66 g 38 4.82 g
14 80.0 g 39 9.928 g
15 127.9 g 40 302.4 g
16 7.9 g 41 757.68 g
17 34.96 g 42 39.54 g
18 90.1 g 43 10.2 g
19 249 g 44 11.6 g
20 23.39g 45 9.76 g
21 12.22g 46 4.34 g
22 672.8 g 47 9.59 g
23 0.296 g 48 41.08 g

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24 13.62 g 49 303.8 g
25 43.74 g 50 1394.8 g

96 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
Abul Fazal Periodic Table
 42

Exercise
Exercise 4c3c:

1 24 000 cm3 11 134.4 cm3

2 2400 cm3 12 216 cm3
3 12 000 cm3 13 960 cm3
4 48 000 cm3 14 2952 cm3
5 2880 cm3 15 55.2 cm3
6 81 600 cm3 16 192 000 cm3
7 2640 cm3 17 0.24 cm3
8 96 cm3 18 144 000 cm3
9 240 000 cm3 19 182.4 cm3
10 10 800 cm3 20 72 000 cm3

Exercise 4d

1 0.0083 mol 11 0.0292 mol

2 0.0208 mol 12 0.2333 mol
3 0.0416 mol 13 0.0917 mol
4 0.0533 mol 14 0.0088 mol
5 0.0098 mol 15 0.0333 mol
6 0.0094 mol 16 0.0033 mol
7 0.0106 mol 17 0.000080 mol
8 0.0033 mol 18 0.8333 mol
9 0.0833 mol 19 0.0175 mol
10 0.10 mol 20 0.0375 mol

abul fazal

Answers Abul Fazal

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 97
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
 8 96 cm3 18 144 000 cm3
9 240 000 cm3 19 182.4 cm3
43
10 10 800 cm3 20 72 000 cm3

Exercise
Exercise 4d3d:

1 0.0083 mol 11 0.0292 mol

2 0.0208 mol 12 0.2333 mol
3 0.0416 mol 13 0.0917 mol
4 0.0533 mol 14 0.0088 mol
5 0.0098 mol 15 0.0333 mol
6 0.0094 mol 16 0.0033 mol
7 0.0106 mol 17 0.000080 mol
8 0.0033 mol 18 0.8333 mol
9 0.0833 mol 19 0.0175 mol
10 0.10 mol 20 0.0375 mol

abul fazal
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
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97

Abul Fazal Periodic Table

 44

Exercise 6a
Exercise 4a:
1 2H2 + O2 2H2O

2 BaCl2 + 2NaOH Ba(OH)2 + 2NaCl

3 H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O

4 K2CO3 + 2HCl 2KCl + H2O + CO2

5 CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

6 Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2

7 Pb(NO3)2 + 2NaI PbI2 + 2NaNO3

8 Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH 2Al(OH)3 + 3Na2SO4

9 Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

10 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 O2

11 2FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 SO3

12 NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

13 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2

14 CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

15 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

16 PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3HCl

17 8HNO3 + 3Cu 3Cu(NO3)2 + 3NO + 4H2O

18 4HNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O

19 H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O

20 H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O

21 H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O

22 6NaOH + 3Cl2 NaClO3 + 5NaCl + 3H2O

23 N2 + 3H2 2NH3

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24 2NaBr + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + HBr

25 2HBr + H2SO4 2H2O + SO2 + Br2

26 3C2H5OH + PCl3 3C2H5Cl + H3PO3

27 Fe3O4 + 4H2 3Fe + 4H2O

28 Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

29 C2H5OH + CH3CO2H CH3CO2C2H5 + H2O

30 2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 5 Cl2

Abul Fazal101
Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
Answers
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
 45

Exercise
Exercise 6b 4b:

1 Hydrogen is not H but H2, which gives

2Na(s) + 2H2O(aq) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

2 Since the charge of lead is 2 not 1, lead nitrate is not PbNO3 but Pb(NO3)2 and also lead
chloride is PbCl2.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

3 Calcium hydroxide is Ca(OH)2.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

4 This does not balance.

C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + H2O(l)

5 A magnesium compound cannot give a calcium compound!

6 Ozone O3 is not produced by heating a nitrate, O2 is.

2Cu(NO3)2(s) 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

7 This reaction does not take place and so no equation can be written.

8 Aluminium has a charge of 3 not 2 as in this equation.

AlCl3(s) + 3KOH(aq) Al(OH)3(s) + 3KCl(aq)

9 Sodium has a charge of 1 not 2 as in this equation.

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Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

10 Silver chloride is not soluble in water. Thus the AgCl needs a (s) symbol.

102 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
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Abul Fazal Periodic Table

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Exercise
Exercise 8 5:

1 11.2 g
2 21.59 g
3 0.682 g of ethanoic acid and 0.523 g of ethanol
4 143 tonnes
5 14.52 g
6 8.0 g of sodium hydroxide, 9.75 g of copper hydroxide
7 12000 cm3
8 54.7 g of calcium nitrate, 8.0 dm3 of carbon dioxide
9 6 dm3 total (4.8 dm3 of nitrogen dioxide and 1.2 dm3 of oxygen)
10 Mg + H2SO4 + 7H2O Mg SO4.7H2O + H2
41.0 g
11 31.9 g
12 324.3 g
13 5.11 g of ethanol, 2.67 dm3 of carbon dioxide
14 (i) 12.30 g of zinc hydroxide
(ii) 9.12 g of aluminium hydroxide
(iii) 9.67 g of magnesium hydroxide
15 0.600 dm3
16 0.100 g
17 2.94 g of sodium chloride, 1.065 g of sodium chlorate(v)
18 4.15 x 106 dm3 of nitrogen, 12.5 x 106 dm3 of hydrogen
19 63 tonnes of nitric acid, 4.8 x 107 dm3 of oxygen

abul fazal
20 2198 g of calcium carbonate, 4.395 dm3 of 10M HCl

Answers Abul Fazal

Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01) 105
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 47

Exercise 6a

Exercise 11a
1 0.025 moles 19 0.079 g
2 0.025 moles 20 0.828 g
3 0.0625 21 0.1 mol dm–3
4 0.005 moles 22 1.0 mol dm–3
5 0.025 moles 23 0.03 mol dm–3
6 0.025 moles 24 0.1 mol dm–3
7 0.0125moles 25 0.03 mol dm–3
8 0.01 moles 26 0.04 mol dm–3
9 0.00125 moles 27 0.40 mol dm–3
10 0.005 moles 28 0.40 mol dm–3
11 0.9125 g 29 0.152 mol dm–3
12 1.463 g 30 0.0102 mol dm–3
13 2 g 31 0.01 mol dm–3
14 1.699 g 32 0.2 mol dm–3
15 5.21 g 33 0.02 mol dm–3
16 0.981 g 34 0.005 mol dm–3
17 0.08 g 35 0.417 mol dm–3
18 0.971 g
:

Exercise 11b
1 0.168 mol dm–3 14 0.099 mol dm–3
2 0.136 mol dm–3 15 1.755 g dm–3

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3 0.118 mol dm–3 16 3.0
4 1.0 mol dm–3 17 0.02 mol dm–3
5 0.12 mol dm–3 18 50 cm3
6 0.040 mol dm–3 19 50 cm3
7 0.0080 mol dm–3 20 25 cm3
8 0.010 mol dm–3 21 0.359 g
–3
9 0.10 mol dm 22 1.0 g
–3
10 0.40 mol dm 23 240 cm3
11 0.050 mol dm–3 24 0.12 g Mg
120 cm3 H2
12 0.167 mol dm–3 25 480 cm3
13 2.26 g dm–3

1901rl311008S:\LT\PD\Support\GCE in Chemistry MFE Student WB issue 2.doc.1–113/0

Abul Fazal Periodic Table

108 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008
 15 5.21 g 33 0.02 mol dm–3
16 0.981 g 34 0.005 mol dm–3
17 0.08 g 48 mol dm–3
35 0.417
18 0.971 g
Exercise 6b:

Exercise 11b
1 0.168 mol dm–3 14 0.099 mol dm–3
2 0.136 mol dm–3 15 1.755 g dm–3
3 0.118 mol dm–3 16 3.0
–3
4 1.0 mol dm 17 0.02 mol dm–3
5 0.12 mol dm–3 18 50 cm3
6 0.040 mol dm–3 19 50 cm3
7 0.0080 mol dm–3 20 25 cm3
8 0.010 mol dm–3 21 0.359 g
9 0.10 mol dm–3 22 1.0 g
10 0.40 mol dm–3 23 240 cm3
11 0.050 mol dm–3 24 0.12 g Mg
120 cm3 H2
12 0.167 mol dm–3 25 480 cm3
13 2.26 g dm–3

1901rl311008S:\LT\PD\Support\GCE in Chemistry MFE Student WB issue 2.doc.1–113/0

108 Student workbook – Moles, Formulae and Equations – Edexcel AS/A GCE in Chemistry (8CH01/9CH01)
– Issue 2 – November 2008 © Edexcel Limited 2008

abul fazal

Answers Abul Fazal

 32
7.2 The Periodic Table of Elements
Appendix

Group

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I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
49

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv

Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070. Syllabus for examination in 2020 and 2021.
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium

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139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)

Periodic Table