Transformer Protection

What is transformer?

Transformer is a static device which is used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another
circuit without any electrical connection and with the help of the mutual induction between two windings. It
will transfer power from one circuit to another without change in frequency but s in voltage levels, either
step up or step down.

Why transformer protection is required?

If we don’t protect the transformer for the different faults in the power system means, assume that
if a fault occurred in the power system then the transformer windings will get heated which will result in
the bursting of our transformer and cause us severe damages in economy and also for humans. To avoid
those things, we have different types of protections.

We need to protect the transformer like a baby. If we don’t protect like that means then the
transformer will be change like elephant in abnormal condition.

In the Transformer Protection we have different types of protections, namely

1. Differential protection (87T)

2. Restricted Earth Fault protection(64REF)
3. Over excitation protection(24)
4. Harmonics blocking
5. Backup Over current &Earth Fault protection(50/51 & 67/67N)
6. Local Breaker Backup protection(50BF)
7. Sensitive Earth fault protection(50SG)
8. Thermal Overload protection(49)
9. Standby earth fault protection

1) Differential protection (87T)

 Differential protection is a unit type of protection. i.e., protects only the transformer.
 It won’t act for the through faults i.e., out zone faults.
 Differential protection is based on the current comparison of the both side of the transformer.
i.e., primary side and secondary side.
 If there is any difference between the primary current and secondary current of the transformer
means then the relay will get pickup and give signal to the master trip relay then the master trip
relay will energize the trip coil of our circuit breaker.
 The difference between the primary and secondary is clearly shows that a fault is occurred
inside the protected system.
 Differential relay will compare the difference of primary and secondary current of the
transformer, if any unbalance found means the relay will get pick up and send signal to the
master trip relay.
 There are two types of current in the differential protection, namely
i) Differential current
ii) Biasing current
 Differential current(Id):
It is the differential current between the primary side of the transformer and the
secondary side of the transformer.
i.e., Id= (I1-I2)
 Biasing current(IB):
It is the average of the primary and the secondary current of the transformer. It is also
called as Restraining current.
i.e., IB= (I1+I2)/2
 During the normal condition:
The resultant current across the relay will be zero. So the relay won’t pick up.

 During the Abnormal condition:

If the internal fault happened in the transformer means, the secondary of the both current
transformer will not remain same. Hence the differential relay will pick up and trip the primary
and the secondary side circuit breaker.

The relay will be pickup based on the value of the biasing current and the differential
current.

 NOTE:
In the differential protection, the secondary side of the both primary side current
transformer and secondary side current transformer need to be at same ratio.
i.e., if the Current transformer on primary side of power transformer has a ratio of 100/1 A
means then the ratio of power transformer’s secondary side current transformer secondary
must be 1A.
The CT should be always star connected.
 High Impedance:

 In the High impedance, the CT ratio of the primary and the secondary side of power transformer
must be Same CT ratio.
 In the High impedance, the connection of CT to the relay will be like transformer primary Side CT’s
S2 is connected to the transformer secondary side CT’s S1 and the transformer primary side CT’s
S1 is connected to the transformer secondary side Ct’s S 2.
 Then both wires are connected to the Relay.

Low Impedance:

 In the low impedance, the CT ratio of the primary and the secondary side of power transformer will
have Different CT ratio.
 The S1 and S2 of transformer’s primary side CT is directly connected to the relay as shown in the
above figure.
 The S1 and S2 of transformer’s secondary side CT is directly connected to the relay as shown in
the above figure.
Slope of the differential Relay:

A practical transformers and CT pose some challenges to the Differential protection. They are
as follows
1. The primary of the transformer will carry no load current even the secondary of
transformer is open circuited. This will lead to differential current on which the
differential relay shouldn’t operate.
2. It is not possible to exactly match the CT ratio as per equation. This will also lead to the
differential current under healthy condition.
 We can see that by the above reasons differential current will be flow into the Differential relay. But
for the above reasons we don’t want to trip the relay.
 To prevent the Differential relay from tripping from those conditions we are using Percentage
Differential Protection i.e., Slope
 In the Percentage Differential Protection we provide the Slope to the Differential relay.

 In the above figure, notice the offset for the no load current of the transformer. If we don’t provide
this offset means then the differential relay will be operate for the no load of the transformer. Then
the differential Primary side will be get trip, which isn’t likeable one.
 In the above graph, Restraining current i.e., biasing current is along the X axis and the Differential
Current is along the Y axis.
 The differential relay will be pickup if the magnitude of the differential current is more than the fixed
percentage of the restraining current.
 If differential protection need to be operate means then the differential current need to be x%
greater than the Restraining current.
 ID/IB> 0.0x
 The differential will operate if the slope is greater than some fixed value which is set in the
differential relay.
 E.g., the current during the normal operating condition will be 1A.
 Biasing or restraining current, IB = (1+1)/2 = 1A
 Differential current, ID =(1-1)A=0A
 Now assume that the some fault is happened inside the transformer, now the current on the
primary side of the transformer will be 2A (say). And the current on the secondary side of the
transformer will be 0A.
 Therefore, Biasing current, IB =(2+0)/2 =1A
 Differential current ID =(2-0) =2A
 The differential protection will operate but it isn’t expected to get operate for the through fault.
i.e., out zone fault
 Thus to provide the tripping from the through fault we are providing the Slope and the differential
will operate if the slope exceeds the particular value.
 2) Restricted Earth Fault protection (64REF)
 The Restricted Earth Fault protection will be only on Star side of the Transformer.
 It is similar to the differential protection.
 It is very sensitive than the differential protection.
 It also operates only for the internal fault and won’t operate for the through fault.

 The REF consists of four Current transformers, 3 current transformers are for each phase and
another current transformer is connected to the neutral.
 The secondary side of the Current Transformers are connected in parallel and then connected
to the Ref Relay, which is shown in the above figure.
 During the normal condition:
The summation of the current through the secondary of the R, Y&B phase will be zero
and the current flowing through the neutral will be Zero.
i.e., IA +IB +IC = IN =0
 During the Abnormal condition:

When the fault occurred, current in the R, Y & B phase will no longer balance. And also
under earth fault a current will be flow through the neutral CT. Hence the summation of the
current across the all phase will not be zero. Hence the ref relay will get pickup and initiate the
master trip relay.

If any through fault occurs means, the vector sum of all the phases of current transformer
will be zero. Hence the REF won’t operate for this through fault. The REF will restrict the relay
from outer zone fault. So only this protection is called as Restricted Earth Fault.

Differential protection is also acts only for internal fault and REF protection is also act
only for internal fault, then why REF is required?

The setting value of the differential is normally kept at 20%. So the differential relay will
pick up only if the differential current exceeds 0.2.

Suppose consider if any fault occurred nearer to the neutral point means, then the fault
current is very less because it is happened nearer to the neutral point. In this case Differential
relay won’t operate because its setting value is quite high (0.2). Therefore for this kind of faults
in the transformer we are using the Restricted Earth Fault protection.
 Normally the setting value of the REF is kept as low as possible.

E.g., 5% i.e., 0.05 A.

Now if any fault happened nearer to the neutral means REF will operate and trips the
circuit Breaker. Now our system is protected from that type of fault.

High Impedance REF protection:

 The High Impedance REF will have the same CT ratio on the Phase and neutral of the
transformer.
 The Connection for the High Impedance will be like all the phase grounded side is get sorted with
the Neutral grounded Side of the current transformer.
 And another side of the CT is sorted with another side of the neutral CT.
 Then both the wire is connected to the Relay.

Low Impedance REF protection:

 The Low impedance REF protection will have the different CT ratio on the Phase and Neutral of
the transformer.
 The Connection for Low Impedance REF protection will be like the all phase CT’s are sorted at
Trafo side and that is grounded and the phases and neutral wire is directly given to the relay.
 Then the Neutral CT S1 and S2 are directly given to the Relay.
 3) Over Excitation/ Over Fluxing protection (24)
 Flux is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the frequency.
Flux=Voltage/Frequency
 When Voltage increases means flux will also increase.
 When Frequency decrease means then flux will increase.
Over excitation is arises due to the following reasons
 High system voltage
 Low system Frequency
 Over Excitation is also called as over fluxing.
 If the over voltage or low frequency occurs in the system means then the over excitation relay
will get pick up and give the signal to the master trip then the master trip will energize trip coil of
our circuit breaker.
 The transformer is designed to operate up to certain flux level. In case the flux in the core of the
transformer exceeds the certain level means, the core loss will increase which may lead to the
overheating of windings which will be results in internal fault. To prevent from this situation we
are providing over excitation.
Causes of over excitation:
 Over excitation will cause an increase of the magnetizing current and the transformer will be
damaged if over excitation isn’t taken care.
 If the flux is gets increases means then it will saturate the core.

The transformer is designed in such a way that flux is to be till the certain limit. If magnetic flux
is crossed that limit means then the eddy current in the core will get increase which is results in
heating of the component with in the short time. The flux in the core will increase either due to high
voltage or low frequency.

Voltage in Transformer V =4.44*F*Fi*N

Where F is the system frequency in Hz,

N is the number of turns,

Fi is the Flux in weber.

V is the System voltage.

In the relay we have Setting value of (V/F) ratio. If the calculated value is exceeds the settings
value means then the relay will pick up.

There are two stages in the Over excitation, namely

i) Stage 1
ii) Stage 2
Stage 1:

It is basically an alarm stage. Its setting value is normally 1.05.

If the V/F ratio touches that value of 1.05 means then the alarm will get rang.

Whenever voltage touches the 63.51*1.05=66.68v means then the alarm will rang, otherwise the
frequency touches 50/1.05 = 47.62Hz means then alarm will be rang.
 Stage 2:

It is the tripping stage. Its setting value is normally 1.40

If the V/F ratio exceeds that value means then the relay will get pickup and trip the circuit
breaker.

Whenever voltage touches the 63.51*1.40=88.91v means then the relay will trip, otherwise the
frequency touches 50/1.4 = 35.71Hz means then relay will trip.

Hence our transformer is protected from the core saturation.

4) Harmonics blocking
4.1 2nd Harmonics:
 Whenever we are energizing the transformer means definitely the inrush current will be
produce, which is around 6times of the transformer’s full load current.
 Inrush current is the maximum input current drawn by electrical equipment when it is turned
ON.
 The inrush current is shown in the below figure:

 The Inrush current will be present in the 2nd harmonics.

 During the Inrush current the transformers differential protection will be operate. Hence it
doesn’t allow us to charge the transformer.
 So if we block the 2nd harmonics in the differential protection means it won’t operate.
 Hence we can easily energize the transformer.
 Generally the settings of the 2nd harmonics blocking is kept at 10%, which means that if the 2nd
harmonics current is more than the 10% of full load current means then the differential
protection wont operate.
 If the current is less than the 10% of the full load current means, differential protection will
operate.
4.2 5th Harmonics
 During the over fluxing of the transformer, the transformer current is present in the 5 th
harmonics.
 Over flux is present in the transformer only for the short duration of time. For the short duration
of time it won’t cause the operation of the differential protection.
 To protect the operation of the differential protection relay 5 th harmonics is provided.
 Normally 5th harmonics current will be more than the 15% of the full load current.
 Hence the setting for the 5th harmonics is kept as 15%.
  If the 5th harmonics current is more than the 15% of the full load current means, Differential
won’t operate so only 5th harmonics is get blocked in the differential protection.
 If the 5th harmonics is less than the 15% of full load current means, differential need to be
operate.
5 Backup overcurrent and earth fault protection
Overcurrent:
Over current is the condition in an electric circuit, when the current in an electric exceeds the
rated capacity of the circuit.
It is mainly caused due to the circuit load, Short Circuits etc.,

Earth fault:

If the overhead conductor is broken and then touches the ground it is called as earth fault.

In the back up overcurrent and earth fault protection there are two types, namely
1. Non Directional overcurrent and Earth Fault
2. Directional overcurrent and Earth fault
5.1 Non Directional over current and earth fault:(50/51 & 50N/51N)

Depending upon the time of operation, it is classified into 3 types namely

 IDMT relay
 DMT relay
 Instantaneous relay

Instantaneous Relay:

 Whenever the fault current exceeds the pickup current means then the overcurrent will trip the
breaker instantaneously. i.e., It won’t wait for any other things (timers).

DMT Relay:

 If the fault current exceeds the pickup current and it is existing in the system for the particular
time (Setting time). If both the conditions satisfied means then the relay will be trip the breaker.
 It will consider two things pickup current and the time.
 E.g., Pickup current : 1.2A Setting time : 1Sec

If the fault current in the system is exists for the time of 1 Sec means, the relay will trip
the breaker.

And if the fault current in the system is only for 500mSec in the system and disappeared
means, then the relay wont trip in this condition.

IDMT Relay:

 IDMT relay will trip the breaker based on the amount of fault current occurred.
 This relay will operate only if the current is exceeds the set value, but the time taken to trip the
breaker is depends upon the magnitude of the current in the system.
 If the fault current is high means then the relay will trip the breaker with in the short duration of
time.
 If the fault in the system is low means then the relay will take some time to trip the breaker.
 In the IDMT relay the trip time is inversely proportional to the fault current.
Time T= 1/I

 In IDMT relay there are 4 types of relays, namely

1) Normal inverse
2) Very inverse
3) Extreme Inverse
4) Long time inverse

Trip time T= TMS * B/ ((I/Is)A-1)

Where
A, B are constants.
TMS is Time Setting Multiplier
I is the measured current
Is is the set current
T is the trip time

A B

Normal Inverse 0.02 0.14

Very Inverse 1 13.5

Extreme Inverse 2 80

Long time Inverse 1 120

In the majority case, the Normal inverse curve only used.
Directional over current and earth fault:

Directional overcurrent: (67)

In the directional overcurrent, we are using cross polarization, which means to find the correct
direction we are comparing the fault phase current with the unfaulted i.e., healthy phases phase to phase
voltage.

R phase Fault:

Assume that the fault is occurred on R phase. Then the R phase voltage will collapse, so the relay
cannot able to find the correct direction. So only we are using cross polarization.

Therefore, VYB = VY - VB

VR= 50 V IR=2A

VY= 63.51 V IY=0A

VB=63.51 V IB=0A

VYB = VY - VB

=63.51(2400) – 63.51(1200)

=63.51(cos 2400+j sin 240 0) – 63.51(cos 1200+j sin 1200)

=63.51(-0.5-j0.866) -63.51(-0.5+j0.866)

= -31.755-j54.99+31.755-j54.99

= -j110

=110v (-900)

VYB is the unfaulted reference voltage for the directional decision of R phase.

Then add the ROC angle with the angle of unfaulted reference voltage to find the polarizing angle of the
faulted phase.

Polarizing angle = -900+450 (Assume ROC angle =450)

= -450

= i.e., 3150

To find the boundary region of the R phase add +90 0 and -900 with the polarizing angle.

Therefore Operating Boundary, 3150+900= 4050

= 450
 3150-900 = 2250

Therefore the operating boundary of the R phase is 225 0 -3150 - 450

Y phase Fault:

Assume that the fault is occurred on Y phase. Then the Y phase voltage will be collapse, so the relay
cannot able to find the correct direction.

Therefore, VBR = VB – VR

VR= 63.51 V IR=0A

VY= 50 V IY=2A

VB=63.51 V IB=0A

VBR = VB – VR

= 63.51(1200) - 63.51(00)

= 63.51 (cos 1200+j sin 1200) – 63.51(cos 00+jsin 00)

=63.51 (-0.5+j0.866) – 63.51(1+0)

=-31.755+j55-63.51

=-95.265+55j= 110 (1500)

VBR is the unfaulted reference voltage for the directional decision of Y phase.

Then add the ROC angle with the angle of unfaulted reference voltage to find the polarizing angle of the
faulted phase.

Polarizing angle = 150+45

= 1950

To find the boundary region of the Y phase add +90 0 and -900 with the polarizing angle.

Therefore Operating Boundary, 1950+900=2850

195 0-900=1050

Therefore the operating boundary of the Y phase is 1050-1950-2850.

B phase Fault:

Assume that the fault is occurred on B phase. Then the B phase voltage will be collapse, so the relay
cannot able to find the correct direction.

Therefore, VRY = VR – VY

VR= 63.51 V IR=0A

 VY= 63.51 V IY=0A

VB=50V IB=2A

VRY = VR – VY

= 63.51(00) - 63.51(2400)

=63.51(cos 00+jsin 00) - 63.51(cos 2400+jsin 2400)

= 63.51(1+0) - 63.51(-0.5-j0.866)

= 63.51+31.755+j54.99

= 95.265+j55

= 110(300)

VRY is the unfaulted reference voltage for the directional decision of B phase.

Then add the ROC angle with the angle of unfaulted reference voltage to find the polarizing angle of the
faulted phase.

Polarizing angle= 300+450

= 750

To find the boundary region of the B phase add +90 0 and -900 with the polarizing angle.

Therefore Operating Boundary, will be 750+900=1650

75 0-900=-150

=360 0-150

=345 0

Therefore the operating boundary of the B phase is 3450 -750 - 1650.

The operating boundaries for all the phases are

For R phase 2250-3150-450.

For Y phase 1050-1950-2850.

For B phase 3450-750-1650.

Directional Earth Fault: (67N)

Generally Directional Earth Fault calculation is based on the Zero sequence polarization,
which will compares the inverted zero sequence voltage with the zero sequence current.

For the Directional Earth fault the ROC angle will be in minus. We need to subtract that angle.

R phase fault:

IR =0.5 (00) A VR=10 (00)

IY =0 (2400) A VY= 63.51(2400)

IB =0 (1200) A VB= 63.51(1200)

Zero Sequence Current:

Io= (IR+IY+IB)/3

= (0.5(0 0) +0 (00) +0 (00))/3

= (0.5(0 0))/3

= 0.167(0 0)

Zero sequence voltage:

VO= (VR+VY+VB)/3

= (10 (0 0) +63.51(2400) +63.51(1200))/3

= (10+j0-31.755-j55-31.755+j55)/3

= -53.51/3

= -17.83

= -17.83 (0 0)

Inverted zero sequence voltage =17.83(00)

Zero Sequence Current= 0.167(00)

Therefore take reference angle as 00 and add the reference angle with the ROC angle.

Polarizing angle=00-450

= -450

=3600 -450=3150
To find the boundary region of the R phase add +90 0 and -900 with the reference angle.

Therefore Operating Boundary, 3150+900= 4050

= 450

3150-900 = 2250

Therefore the operating boundary of the R phase is 225 0 -3150 – 450

Y Phase Fault:

IR =0 (00) A VR=63.51(00)

IY =0.5 (2400) A VY= 10(2400)

IB =0 (1200) A VB= 63.51(1200)

Zero Sequence Current:

Io= (IR+IY+IB)/3

= (0(0 0) +0.5 (2400) +0 (00))/3

= (0.5(240 0))/3

= (-0.25-j0.433)/3

= -0.0833-j0.144

= 0.1667 (-120 0)

Zero sequence voltage:

VO = (VR+VY+VB)/3

= (63.51(0 0) +10 (2400) +63.51(1200))/3

= (63.51 + (-5-j0.866) + (-31.755+j55))/3

= (26.755+j46.34)/3

= 8.918+ j15.44

= 19.83 (60 0)

Inverted Zero sequence voltage = 19.83(2400)

Zero Sequence Current=0.1667 (-1200)

Therefore take reference angle as 2400 and add the reference angle with the ROC angle.

Polarizing angle=2400-450
 = 1950

To find the boundary region of the Y phase add +90 0 and -900 with the reference angle.

Therefore Operating Boundary, 1950+900=2850

1950-900 = 1050

Therefore the operating boundary of the Y phase is 2850 – 1950 – 1050.

B phase fault:

IR =0 (00) A VR=63.51 (00)

IY =0 (2400) A VY= 63.51(2400)

IB =0.5 (1200) A VB= 10(1200)

Zero Sequence Current: Io= (IR+IY+IB)/3

= (0 (0 0) + 0 (2400) + 0.5 (1200))/3

= (-0.25+j0.433)/3

= -0.0833+j0.144

= 0.17 (120 0)

Zero sequence voltage VO = (VR+VY+VB)/3

= (63.51(0 0) +10 (1200) +63.51(2400))/3

= (63.51-31.75-j55-5+j0.866)/3

= (26.76-j54.134)/3

= 8.92- j18.04

= 20.12(300 0)

Inverted Zero sequence voltage=20.12(1200)

Therefore take reference angle as 1200 and add the reference angle with the ROC angle.

Polarizing angle=1200-450

= 750

To find the boundary region of the B phase add +90 0 and -900 with the reference angle.

Therefore Operating Boundary, 750+900=1650

750-900=-150

3600-150=3450
Therefore the operating boundary for the B phase is 345 0 – 750 – 1650.

6) Local Breaker Backup protection (50BF)

Local breaker backup is provided to ensure the healthiness power system by isolating the faulty
section in case of failure of tripping of breaker intended for the tripping on sensing fault. This protection is
called as Local breaker backup protection. It is also called as Breaker Failure protection.

The above figure shows that the SLD of one and a half breaker. Let us assume that the all the
feeders are in service and all the
Suppose assume that the breaker CB- breakers are in closed condition. Suppose a fault is occurred
on the system as shown in the above figure. Therefore to isolate the faulty session, the breakers CB-1A
and CB-1C need to be open. 1A is opened and CB-1C isn’t opened due to the internal failure of the
Circuit breaker. Now the fault current will be fed by the Bus 2 as the CB-1B is at closed condition. Hence
we need to isolate the fault.
Now the LBB will be get operate, which will open the CB-1B. Now the faulty section is fully isolated by
opening the CB-1B.

Operation of LBB:

The LBB relay is given as input signal for the master trip relay. In case of fault occurred at that time
the LBB relay will monitor the Master trip relay operated but still the fault current flows in the system,
which shows that the breaker near by the fault is failed to open. In such case LBB will get operate and trip
another Breaker to isolate the fault.
In the above figure, near feeder1 the fault is happened. CB-1A gets opened and CB-1C failed to
open. Hence the LBB protection relay of CB-1C will get operate. CB-1C will see that over current exists
even after the master trip relay is operated. Thus LBB relay conforms that the Breaker gets failed.
In the LBB protection, we need to understand 2 things
1) LBB initiation
2) LBB actuation

LBB will get initiates when master trip relay is operated and over current is persisting. So the timer of
the LBB relay will turn ON.

Intentional time delay is provided to the LBB relay (say 200mSec). After the initiation of the LBB, the
condition for LBB initiation is 200ms then the LBB relay will be actuate to trip CB-1A and CB-1B.
 CB-1A is already open. Then why it receives trip command?

It will take us to safer side, it is a normal practice to give trip command to the CB-1A & CB-1B.

7) Sensitive Earth Fault protection (50SG)

The sensitive earth fault is a protective device that works by measuring the residual current in the
system. This is done by using the CBCT (Core Based Current Transformer). In the ideal condition the
residual current will be zero.
During the normal condition, the summation of current in all the phase will be zero i.e., I R+IY+IB=0.
During the faulted condition, the residual current over the three phases will not be equal to zero
whereas the current in the faulted phase will be flows to the earth.
i.e., IR+IY+IB will not equal to zero.
The sensitive earth fault is usually with the high resistive grounding. High resistive grounding restricts
the fault current less than the 10A.
The sensitive earth fault protection, as the name suggests, is a highly sensitive relay. It can sense
current as low as 0.2 of the CT secondary current.
The sensitive earth fault is configured either for the alarm signal or the trip signal.
8) Thermal Overload protection (49)

Bimetallic switch:

The bimetallic switch is used to convert the temperature change into the mechanical energy. As the
name itself it shows that it contain two different metals. The strips are joined together by welding two
metals. According to the temperature the bimetallic switch will be change its position. The output of the
bimetallic switch is connected to the relay and the output of the relay is connected to the contactor.

Causes of thermal overload:

 The overheating of the transformer is basically due to the overload connected to the system and short
circuits. If the overload in the system is continuous for long time means it will damage our transformer
windings.

Thermal overload protection is based on the cause of overheating. We have to use the bimetallic
switch and contactor connected to the secondary winding against the thermal overload protection.

Operation:

The thermal overload protection is connected to the secondary of the transformer. In many cases
secondary of the transformer is star connected. Secondary of the transformer is connected to the 3 phase
three pole contactor. The three pole contactor is connected to the bimetallic switch as shown in the above
figure. The temperature of the winding will be sense by the bimetallic switch. The output contact of the
bimetallic switch is connected to the contactor. The contactor is placed in the neutral point of the
transformer. If the winding in the transformer is over heated, this shows us that the overload is connected
to the system.

As the temperature in the transformer is increased means then the bimetallic switch will be change its
position. According to the position of the bimetallic switch only the contactor position will be there. If the
bimetallic switch is change its position means then the contactor will also change its position.

When the contactor opens the contacts, then the transformer is open and it is out of our system. In
this operation the transformer will be stop working if the temperature of the winding is beyond the safety
temperature level.

If the temperature of the winding is gets low level than the safety temperature limit means, then the
bimetallic switch will again close. Then the contactor contacts also close the contacts of the secondary
winding. Then the transformer will work till the temperature level of the transformer is in normal level.

If the temperature is again increased means then again the bimetallic switch will change its position
and the contactors contact will also change their position. Then again the transformer will be open
circuited.

Generally the bimetallic switch will be located inside the transformer and placed nearer to the
windings of the transformer then only it is easy to sense the temperature of the winding.

9) Standby Earth fault protection

 It is the backup protection for the restricted earth fault (REF).
 It is a non-unit type of protection.
 It is fed from the one Current Transformer in the neutral of the transformer.
 Standby earth fault will provide protection for the fault with less current which cannot be
identified by the differential protection.
 It is just like a normal earth fault protection where CT is connected to the neutral of the
transformer.
 Normally the setting current of the Standby earth fault is kept greater than the restricted earth
fault protection.
 It will act for both the internal faults and the external faults.

Hence these are the protections which we are giving to the transformer. Main protection in the
transformer is differential protection and remaining all are optional we can either enable or disable
in the relay.