JECET; March 2019- May 2019; Sec. C; Vol.8. No.2, 104-107.

E-ISSN: 2278–179X
[DOI: 10.24214/jecet.C.8.2.10407.]

Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and

Engineering & Technology
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences and Technology

Available online at www.jecet.org

Section C: Engineering & Technology
Research Note

Permutations and Combinations

Falih A. M. Aldosray

Departement of Mathematics, Umm AlQura University, Makkah P.O.Box 56199

Saudi Arabia

Received: 25 February 2018; Revised: 07 March 2019; Accepted: 25 March 2019

Abstract: A permutation are the ways of the order of arange of different

elements. While a combination is a way of selecting items from a
collection.
Keywords: Combinations, permutations, characters, Arabic words

INTRODUCTION

n
If A is a finite set with n elements and   or C rn is the number of choosing r elements
r
n n!
without repetion from A,then    . Combinations and permutations , or so-
r r!(n  r )!
called harmonic analysis is due to Arabs mathematisians and linguists configured as an
Arithmetic(account) on the two stages first as an aid in algebra , and the second as a
harmonic application without drafting issues in general and without proof with
Almagamian(lexicographical) and linguists in particular. Combinations and permutations
has been used by al-Farahidi1-3 for the preparation of the Arab science dictionaries, and to
reach a census (counting) of Arabic words. in an adequate way on the one hand , and to
find 1-1 correspondence between the set of words and boxes lexicon on the other hand. He
takes a number of permutations on r characters of the Arabic alphabet, where 1  r  5 ,
because " if you find a name or a verb that contain more than five characters , know it's
redundant construction and is not out of the origin of the word". So it is enough to
104 JECET; March 2019- May 2019; Sec. C; Vol.8. No.2 104-107. .
DOI: 10.24214/jecet.C.8.2.10407.
Permutations…… Falih A. M. Aldosray.

calculate all the possible roots of the language that counts all permutations for a total of at
most five characters,

RESULT AND DISSUCION

Thus acted al- Farahidi1-3 and later al-Suyuti4 and Ibn Khaldūn1,5,6, to make this account
to the lexicon , The method is simple since it is enough to calculate the number of
n
combinations   without repeating consisting of r characters of the Arabic alphabet,
r
where r  2,3,4,5 . Then we calculate the number of permutations , consisting of r
characters .So if Arn represents the number of arabic words consisting of r characters,then

n
Arn   r! ,where 1  r  5 and since any two different characters constitute two
r
words,and any three different characters constitute six words ,any four different
characters(letters) constitute 24 words and five different characters constitute 120 words,
it follows that the number of words ( sources) in the Arabic language consisting of two
characters is :
 28 
A228   2! 28  27  756
2
The number of words (sources) in the Arabic language consisting of three characters is:
 28 
A328   3! 28  27  26  19656
3
The number of words in the Arabic language consisting of four characters
 28 
is A428   4! 28  27  26  25  491400
4
,while the number of words in the Arabic langua consisting of five characters is
 28 
A528   5! 28  27  26  25  24  11793600
5
As for the Algebraist like al- Buzjani,1,6-8 , al-Biruni9,6,10 and al- Khayyam1,11,12 who
know
since the tenth century AD, the formation rule of the arithmetic triangle (currently
attributed to Pascal ) to calculate the coefficients of the Binomial expansion and
innovative by al- Karkhi13,(Alkrgi) ,which is stated verbally, in the language of
mathematics is:
n  n1  n 1  n 
n  ,   +   =  
n
n  ( x  y ) n    .x nr y r ,
r 0  r   r   r 1   r 
Note that al- Karkhi13,14 calculate the coefficients ( cn ) of all terms in the expansions of
( x  y ) n for n=1, 2,…,12,and he get the following:

105 JECET; March 2019- May 2019; Sec. C; Vol.8. No.2 104-107. .
DOI: 10.24214/jecet.C.8.2.10407.
Permutations…… Falih A. M. Aldosray.

c12 c11 c10 c9 c8 c7 c6 c5 c4 c3 c2 c1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
66 55 45 36 28 21 15 10 6 3 1
220 165 120 84 56 35 20 10 4 1
495 330 210 126 70 35 15 5 1
792 462 252 126 56 21 6 1
924 462 210 84 28 7 1
792 330 120 36 8 1
495 165 45 9 1
220 55 10 1
66 11 1
12 1
1
al-Karkhi triangle

It is the application of the new rules in their accounts. When they asked Asamaal Ibn
Abbas al-maghrebi15 “Find ten numbers if you add any six of them resulting number was
imposed”,. he used combinations getting a system consisting of 210 equations, since
 10 
,    210 , then use combinations again to find the conditions that must be met to have a
6
possible solution to the system , and found it 504 conditions. al-Tusi1,5,16 calculate

    n  n
n n
 , when n=12,using the identity   =   . Ibn al-Banna al-marrakeshi1,16, refers to
r 1 r  nr   r 
the work of Ibn Menem1,16 (d. 1228), which dealt with the consensus Arabic language
characters, also refers to the work of Andalusian mathematician Ibn Hood,1, 6, (d. 1085) in
this area. In the book of Ibn al-Banna1,16, “lifting the veil from the faces of the account
acts”1,17 ,you find his studies to prepare for and address the polygonal triangular numbers
and those generated from their totals(the figer numb ers of fourth degree) , and find the
relation between the combinations used in the dictionaries and the preparation of formal
triangular , square, Pentagon, hierarchical,…. He also proves that:
 n  n  r  1  n  n(n  1)...( n  r  1)
    , located at Cardan and Fermat , which can be
r r  nr  r!
substantiated from al- Karkhi Rule .

REFERENCES

1. Falih A.M. Al-Dosray: Introduction to Mathematics of Islamic civilization and

its applications - Safa Press, 2003.
2. Al-Farahidi: Kitab al-Ayn, study and investigation by M.Almakhzumi and I.
Alsamarai, Beirut Lebanon 2010.
3. Al- Farahidi: al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad at the Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc, 2013.

106 JECET; March 2019- May 2019; Sec. C; Vol.8. No.2 104-107. .
DOI: 10.24214/jecet.C.8.2.10407.
Permutations…… Falih A. M. Aldosray.

4. Al-Suyuti; Kitab A-muzhir, Munirul Ikhwan, Leidan Univ.Netherlands, 2009.

5. A. Fromherz, Ibn Khaldun: Life and Times". Edinburgh University Press, 2010.
6. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
7. D.Raynaud, Abū al-Wafāʾ Latinus? A Study of Method", Historia
Mathematica,2012, 39 (1): 34–83.
8. O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Mohammad Abu'l-Wafa Al-
Buzjani", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews
9. J.L. Berggren: History of Mathematics in The Islamic World: The Present State of
The Art. Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 1985, 19, 9-33.
10. E. S .Kennedy,"Al-Bīrūnī (or Bērūnī), Abū Rayḥān (or Abu'l-Rayḥān) Muḥammad
Ibn Aḥmad", Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Encyclopedia. Com
2008.
11. W. ‘Arafat and H. J. J. winter, “The Algebra of ‘Umar Khayyam,” Journal of the
Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1950, 16: 27–70.
12. R.Khalil, Omar al-Khayyam, Algebra wa al-Muqabala: An Essay by the Uniquely
Wise ‘Abel Fath Omar bin al-Khayyam on Algebra and Equations, Reading:
Garnet, 2008.
13. Abu Bakir Muhammad al-Karkhi: Al-Badi fi alhisab: achieving Adel Enbuba,
Beirut, the Lebanese University, 1964.
14. Abu Bakir Muhammad al-Karkhi “Alkafi fi Alhisab” Explanation and achieve
Sami Shalhoub, Haleb University, 1986.
15. Al-Samawal Ibn Abbas al-Maghribi "Al-Bahir fi algeber" investigation and
analysis Slah Ahmad and Rushdi Rashed Damishq University 1980.
16. R. Rashed: Arab mathematics history between algebra and arithmetic - the Center
for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, 1989.
17. Ibn al-Banna al- Marrakechi "lift the veil from the faces of the account acts"
Forward, study and investigation,by Mohamed iblakh, publications Faculty of Arts
and Sciences, Fass,1966.

Corresponding Author: Falih A. M. Aldosray

Departement of Mathematics, Umm AlQura University, Makkah P.O.Box 56199

Saudi Arabia

107 JECET; March 2019- May 2019; Sec. C; Vol.8. No.2 104-107. .
DOI: 10.24214/jecet.C.8.2.10407.