7th lecture
2nd semester 2021-2022
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Learning Objectives
• At the end of this lecture, each student will be able to:
• Compare all types of teaching methods.
• Explain techniques of each type.
• Discuss advantages of each type.
• List disadvantages of each type.
• State at least two examples of teaching methods.
• State at least two examples of teaching methods selected
for objectives’ domains.
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Introduction
Teaching strategy or (instructional strategy):
• Is the overall plan for a learning experience.
Teaching method or (instructional method):
• Is the way that the teacher uses to bring the learner into
contact with the content to be learned.
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Examples of Teaching Methods
1- Lecture 2- Group discussion
3- Simulation 4- Distance learning
5-Demonstration & return demonstration
7- Mass media
6-Field trip
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1. Lecture
• A traditional method of teaching.
• One of the oldest & most often used methods.
• Is a methods by which the teacher verbally transmits
information directly to groups of learners for the purpose of
instruction.
• Good for cognitive learning.
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Advantages of lecture
• Allows to cover large amounts of information in a short
time.
• Can be used with very large groups.
• Requires little equipment, although a microphone is
important for large groups.
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Disadvantages of lecture
• Difficult method for holding the attention of an audience.
• Is not a good way to attract an audience unless the speaker is well known
and respected.
• Requires a high level of expertise on the topic.
• Is generally effective only for short periods of time.
• All the learners are exposed to the same information regardless of their
ability (learning style, attention span) or need ; this means that students
with increased intellectual ability may be bored.
• Students are passive.
• Ineffective in influencing affective & psychomotor behaviours.
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Techniques used to strengthen the effectiveness of a lecture:
• Despite the limitation of lecture, there are specific techniques used to
strengthen the effectiveness of a lecture.
• Each lecture should include an introduction, body & conclusion.
During the introduction:
• learners should be presented with an overview of the behavioural
objectives pertinent to the lecture topic & why these objectives are
significant.
• Use humour (with limitation) and your personality to establish
rapport with your audience.
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Techniques used to strengthen the effectiveness of a lecture ( cont.,)
The body (the actual delivery of the content):
- Careful preparation is needed so that the important aspects are covered
in an accurate and interesting way.
- Examples should be used.
-Audio-visual aids as video, or slides can add variety to the presentation.
- If you are nervous or inexperienced , practice before a mirror, a video
camera or a colleague. Move around the room.
- Be sure to keep within the time so that your audience don’t get bored.
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Techniques used to strengthen the effectiveness of a lecture ( cont.,)
Conclusion or summary:
• Review the major concepts presented.
• Don’t exceed the prescribed time so that you don’t have to
end abruptly because time has run out.
• Try to leave some time for questions.
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The "Do Nots" of The "Dos" of
Presentation Presentation
1. Do not play with chalk like 1. Do smile and move
dice. about.
2. Do not put your hands in 2. Do reinforce key
your pocket or use some other points.
distraction with your hands. 3. Do let the audience
3. Do not say" I don't know this know you are a credible
area very well" or "I don't know speaker on the topic.
why I was asked to cover this”. 4. Do make eye contact.
4. Do not get tied to a podium
or your notes.
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2. Group Discussion
• Is a method whereby learners get together to exchange information,
feelings & opinions with one another & with the teacher.
• Group size can vary, but most group discussion techniques can be
used with a few as 3 people and as many as 15-20 people. The ideal
size is from 6-8 members.
• Larger groups can be broken down into smaller units to promote
greater interactions.
• It is an effective method for teaching in both the affective &
cognitive domains.
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2. Group Discussion (cont.,)
• Seminars are small discussion groups in which each member
reads an assignment & considers questions prior to the activity
so that all learners can actively participate in the discussion.
• The objectives should be presented at the beginning of each
session. This will prevent the discussion from becoming an
aimless ideas.
• The group must have some knowledge of the content before
this method can be effective; otherwise, the discussion will be
based
13 on “collective ignorance”.
2. Group Discussion (cont.,)
• The teacher’s role is to act as a facilitator in keeping the
discussion focused & joining points together.
• The teacher’s responsibility is to make sure that every
member of the group has interpreted information correctly,
because failure to do so will lead to conclusions based on
faulty data.
• Group discussion has proved helpful to patients & families
dealing with chronic illness.
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Advantages of Group Discussion
• Allows for continual feedback, attitude development, and
modification.
• It stimulates learners to think about issues and problems
and to exchange their own experiences.
• It helps group members to share common concerns &
receives reinforcement from one another.
• Serves as a vehicle for networking.
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Advantages of Group Discussion (cont.,)
• Teaching people in groups rather than individually allows the teacher to
reach a number of learners at the same time.
• Learners are active participant.
• It picks up confusion and helps resolve difficulties.
Disadvantages of Group Discussion
• Increases the chances of getting off focus.
•Allows some participant to be dominant and others passive.
•Takes a lot of time.
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3. Simulation
• Is a method whereby an artificial or hypothetical
experience is created that engages learners in an activity
that reflects “real-life” conditions but without the risk-
taking consequences of an actual situation.
• When planning a simulation, it is most effective if the
learning experience is made to resemble real life as much
as possible but in non threatening way.
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3. Simulation (cont.,)
• Models are frequently used in simulation: e.g. whole-body with
cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary & neurological systems.
• Simulation applies the previously learned knowledge.
• A growing phenomenon related to use of simulation is the
learning laboratory.
• In this environment the staff and learners can easily access
models, computers, tapes, videos and other equipment for use in
certain skills.
• It useful for cognitive, psychomotor skills and affective
learning.
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3. Simulation (cont.,)
• Following this simulated experience, the learners have
increased self-confidence.
• Simulated experience should be followed with the actual
experience as soon as possible.
• The simulation is never exactly the same as the real
experience, therefore, the learner will need help with the
transfer of skills learned in a simulated experience to the
actual situation.
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Advantages of simulation
• Provide an element of realism.
• Active participation.
• Increase motivation & interests.
• Can provide opportunities for repetition of important skills.
Disadvantages of simulation
• Generally are time- consuming.
• Can be expensive.
• Are often difficult to use with large groups.
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4. Demonstration & Return demonstration
• Demonstration: is a method by which the learner is shown by the
teacher how to perform a particular skill.
• Return demonstration: is the method by which the learner
attempts to perform the skill with cues from the teacher as needed.
• They are effective in teaching psychomotor domain skills.
• Both may also enhance cognitive & affective learning.
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Before giving a demonstration
• Learners should be informed of the purpose of the procedure.
• The sequential steps involved.
• The equipment being used.
• The actions expected of them.
For the demonstration method to be employed effectively,
the learners must be able to clearly see & hear the steps being taught.
Therefore, the demonstration method is being best suited to teaching
individual or small group. When demonstrating a psychomotor skill, if
possible, work with the exact equipment that the learner will be
expected to use.
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Return demonstration should be planned to occur close to
when the demonstration was given.
• Once the learner recognizes that the teacher is a coach and
not an evaluator, the climate will be less tense & the learner
will be more comfortable in attempting to practice a new
skill.
• When the learner is giving a return demonstration, the
teacher should remain silent except for offering cues when
necessary.
• Casual conversation or asking questions should be avoided
because of interruption.
• Praising the learner for each step correctly performed will
reinforce behavior and give them confidence.
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Advantages of Demonstration & Return Demonstration
• Activates many senses.
• Clarifies the why's of a principle.
• Commands interest.
• Correlates theory with practice.
• Allows teacher to see learning and diagnose the problem.
• Helps learner get well directed practice.
Disadvantages of Demonstration & Return Demonstration
• Takes a lot time.
• Does not cover all aspects of cognitive learning.
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5. Distance learning
• Is a telecommunications approach to instruction using video
technology to transmit live or taped messages directly from the
teacher to the viewers.
• It is becoming more popular as an instructional technique for staff
development, continuing education programs & student learning in
academic settings.
• Distance learning is made possible by network technology.
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Advantages of distance learning
• Gets information to a wide variety of people located at
great distance from one another.
• It is an ideal way to transmit current information
without incurring the cost & time in travelling needed to
meet face-to-face with the teacher.
• It advantageous for cognitive domain instruction.
Disadvantages of distance learning
• The teacher & learner are physically removed from
each other (no contact in person).
• The learners are passive.
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6- Field Trips
Advantages Disadvantages
Very entertaining and enjoyable. Usually require transportation and can be
costly.
Put people in the context of their Can be very time- consuming.
environment.
Often have models and materials not Are unpredictable in outcome because of
available elsewhere. uncertainty of interaction.
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7- Mass media
Advantages Disadvantages
Can reach a large number of individuals Inadequate to change complex behaviors
Can reinforce important ideas Can be very expensive
Can create a positive environment for change May require special personnel
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General characteristics of instructional methods
Method Domain Learner role Teacher role
1. Lecture Cognitive Passive -Presents
information
2. Group discussion Cognitive Active – if - Guides & focuses
& learner discussion
Affective participate
domain
3. Demonstration • Cognitive • Passive - Models skill or
& behaviour
Return • Psychomotor • Active - Individualized
Demonstration feedback to
refine
performance
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Method Domain Learner Teacher role
role
4. Simulation Cognitive -Design environment.
Psychomotor Active -Facilitates process.
Affective
5. Distance learning Cognitive Passive -Presents information
-answer questions
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ANY QUESTIONS?
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