CIRCULAR MOTION

Total number of Questions in Circular Motion are :

In Chapter Examples ............................................................ 35

Solved Examples .................................................................. 16

Total no. of questions ......................................................... 51

1. ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT Angular Displacement
Introduction : Angle subtended by position vector Ex.1 A particle completes 1.5 revolutions in a
of a particle moving along any arbitrary path w.r.t. circular path of radius 2 cm. The angular
some fixed point is called angular displacement. displacement of the particle will be -
(in radian)
Q (A) 6  (B) 3 
(C) 2  (D) 
 P Sol.(D) We have angular displacement
O linear displacement
Fixed point =
radius of path
S
(a) Particle moving in an arbitrary path   =
r
Here, S = n(2r)
Q = 1.5 (2 × 2 × 10–2)
= 6 × 10–2
O 
6  10 2
  = = 3 radian
P 2  10 2
Hence correct answer is (B)

(b) Particle moving in straight line 2. ANGULAR VELOCITY

It is defined as the rate of change of angular
Q
displacement of a body or particle moving in
circular path.
O  S
(i) It is a vector quantity.
r
P (ii) Its direction is same as that of angular
displacement i.e. perpendicular to plane of
rotation.
(c) Particle moving in circular path Note : If the particle is revolving in the clockwise
(i) Angular displacement is a vector quantity. direction then the direction of angular velocity
(ii) Its direction is perpendicular to plane of is perpendicular to the plane downwards.
rotation and given by right hand screw rule. Whereas in case of anticlockwise direction
Note: Clockwise angular displacement is taken as the direction will be upwards.
negative and anticlockwise displacement as (iii) Its unit is Radian/sec
positive. (iv) Its dimension is [M0L0T –1]
arc linear displaceme nt
angle = = Types of Angular Velocity :
radius radius
(iii) For circular motion S = r ×  2.1 Average Angular Velocity :
(iv) Its unit is radian (in M.K.S)  Total angular displacement
 av =
Note : Always change degree into radian, if it occurs Total time taken
in numerical problems. 2.2 Instantaneous Angular velocity :

360 o The intantaneous angular velocity is defined as

Note : 1 radian =     radian = 180º the angular velocity at some particular instant.
2
Instantaneous angular velocity
(v) It is a dimensionless quantity i.e. dimension
[M0L0T0]  d
 = lim =
t 0 t dt
Note: Instantaneous angular velocity can also be
called as simply angular velocity.
 Example
Average Angular Velocity based on Instantaneous Angular Velocity
Ex.2 A particle revolving in a circular path Ex.4 The angular displacement of a particle is given
completes first one third of circumference in
1 2
2 sec, while next one third in 1 sec. The by  = 0t + t , where 0 and  are
2
average angular velocity of particle will be :
(in rad/sec) constant and 0 = 1 rad/sec,  = 1.5 rad/sec2.
The angular velocity at time, t = 2 sec will be
2  (in rad/sec) -
(A) (B)
3 3 (A) 1 (B) 5
(C) 3 (D) 4
4 5
(C) (D) 1 2
3 3
Sol.(D) We have  = 0t + t
2
 Total angular displacement
Sol.(A) We have  av = d
Total time  = 0 + t
For first one third part of circle, dt

angular displacement, This is angular velocity at time t. Now

angular velocity at t = 2 sec will be
S1 2r / 3
1 = =
r r  d 
For second one third part of circle,  =  dt  = 0 + 2
  t 2 sec
2r / 3 2 = 1 + 2 x 1.5 = 4 rad/sec
2 = = rad
r 3 Hence correct answer is (D)
Total angular displacement,
 = 1 + 2 = 4/3 rad
Total time = 2 + 1 = 3 sec 3. RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR VELOCITY
AND ANGULAR VELOCITY
 4 / 3
  av = rad/s
3
4 2 d d ds
= = rad/s We have     =  =  
6 3 dt ds dt
Hence correct answer is (A) 1
 . v
r
Ex.3 The ratio of angular speeds of minute hand ds arc
and hour hand of a watch is - [ d = , angle =
dr radius
(A) 1 : 12 (B) 6 : 1 ds
and v= = linear velocity]
(C) 12 : 1 (D) 1 : 6 dt
 v = r
Sol.(C) Angular speed of hour hand,
  
In vector form, v   r
 2
1 = = rad/sec Note :
t 12  60
(i) When a particle moves along a curved path,
angular speed of minute hand, its linear velocity at a point is along the
tangent drawn at that point
2 2 12 (ii) When a particle moves along curved path, its
2 = rad/sec   = velocity has two components. One along the
60 1 1
radius, which increases or decreases the
Hence correct answer is (C). radius and another one perpendicular to the
radius, which makes the particle to revolve
about the point of observation.
  vsin  5. RELATION BETWEEN ANGULAR ACCELERATION
(iii)  = = AND LINEARACCELERATION
t r
Linear acceleration = Rate of change of linear
velocity
Linear Velocity & Angular Velocity
dv
 a = ....(i)
Ex.5 A particle moves in a circle of radius 20cm dt
with a linear speed of 10m/s. The angular Angular acceleration = Rate of change of angular
velocity will be - velocity
(A) 50 rad/s (B) 100 rad/s d
(C) 25 rad/s (D) 75 rad/s   = ....(ii)
dt
Sol. The angular velocity is From (i) & (ii)
v a dv d(r)
 = = =
r  d d
Hence v = 10 m/s d
=r [ r is constant] = r
r = 20 cm = 0.2 m, d
 a =  r
  = 50 rad/s   
Hence correct answer is (A) In vector form a =  r

4. ANGULAR ACCELERATION
Example Relation Between Angular
The rate of change of angular velocity is defined based on Acceleration & Linear Acceleration
as angular acceleration.
If  be change in angular velocity in time t, Ex.7 A particle is moving in a circular path with
then angular acceleration velocity varying with time as v = 1.5t2 + 2t.
If 2 cm the radius of circular path, the angu-
 
 lar acceleration at t = 2 sec will be -
  lim = d
t 0 t dt (A) 4 rad/sec2 (B) 40 rad/sec 2
(i) It is a vector quantity (C) 400 rad/sec2 (D) 0.4 rad/sec2
(ii) Its direction is that of change in angular Sol.(C) Given v = 1.5 t2 + 2t
velocity
(iii) Unit : rad/sec2 Linear acceleration a
(iv) Dimension : M0L0T–2 dv
== 3t + 2
dt
Relation Between Angular Velocity This is the linear acceleration at time t
Example
based on & Angular Acceleration Now angular acceleration at time t
a 3t  2
Ex.6 The angular velocity of a particle is given by  =
  =
 = 1.5 t – 3t2 + 2, the time when its angular
r 2  10  2
acceleration decreases to be zero will be - Angular acceleration at
(A) 25 sec (B) 0.25 sec t = 2 sec
(C) 12 sec (D) 1.2 sec
3  22 8
()at t = 2sec = 2 = × 102
Sol.(B) Given that  = 1.5t – 3t2 + 2 2  10 2
d = 4 × 102 = 400 rad/sec2
 = = 1.5 – 6t Hence correct answer is (C)
dt
When  = 0
 1.5 – 6t = 0
1.5
 t = = 0.25 sec
6
Hence correct answer is (B)
 6. EQUAT ION OF LINEAR MOT ION AND
ROTATIONAL MOTION

(i) With constant velocity a = 0, s = ut  = 0 ,  = t

(ii) With constant acceleration (i) Average velocity (i) Average angular velocity
vu 1  2
v av =    av =
2 2
(ii) Average acceleration (ii) Average angular acceleration
v u 2  1
a av = a av =
t t

vu 1  2
(iii) s = v av t = t (iii)  = av. t = t
2 2
(iv) v = u + at (iv) 2 = 1 + t
1 2 1
(v) s = ut + at (v)  = 1t + t 2
2 2

1 2 1
(vi) s = vt – at (vi)  = 2t – t 2
2 2

(vii) v 2 = u2 + 2as (vi) 22 = 12 + 2

1 1
(viii) Sn = u + (2n–1)a (viii) n = 1 + (2n–1)
2 2
displacement in nth sec Angular displacement in nth sec
ds
(iii) With variable acceleration (i) v = (i)  = d/dt
dt
(ii)  ds =  v dt (ii)  d =   dt

dv dv d d
(iii) a = = v (iii)  = = 
dt ds dt d
(iv)  dv =  a dt (iv)  d =   dt
(v)  v dv =  a ds (v)   d =   d

Sol. Angular displacement after 4 sec is

Equations of Rotational Motion 1
 = 0t + t 2
2
1 1
= t2 = × 4 × 42
Ex.8 A grind stone starts f rom rest and 2 2
has a constant-angular acceleration of = 32 rad
4.0 rad/sec2 .The angular displacement and Angular velocity after 4 sec
angular velocity, after 4 sec. will respectively  = 0 + t
be - = 0 + 4 × 4 = 16 rad/sec
(A) 32 rad, 16 rad/sec (B) 16rad, 32 rad/s Hence correct answer is (A)
(C) 64rad, 32 rad/sec (D) 32 rad, 64rad/sec
 Relation Between Angular Velocity 7.1 Expression for Centripetal Acceleration
Example
based on & Angular Acceleration 
v2

Ex.9 The shaft of an electric motor starts from P2(t + t) – v1 
r v2
rest and on the application of a torque, it 
O  v1
gains an angular acceleration given by 
 = 3t – t2 during the first 2 seconds after it P1(t)
v
starts after which = 0. The angular velocity
after 6 sec will be - (a) Particle moving (b) Vector diagram of
(A) 10/3 rad/sec (B) 3/10 rad/sec in circular path of velocities
radius r
(C) 30/4 rad/sec (D) 4/30 rad/sec
Sol.(A) Given = 3t – t 2 The triangle OP1P2 and the velocity triangle
are similar
d
 = 3t – t 2 P1P2 AB
dt  =
 d = (3t – t2)dt P1O AQ
s v  
3t 2 t3  = [| v1 | = | v 2 | = v]
  =  c r v
2 3
v
at t = 0,  = 0  v = s
r
3t 2 t3 v v s
 c = 0,  =   =
2 3 t r t
Angular velocity at
 lim v
=
v lim  s 
t = 2 sec, t = 2 sec
t 0 t r t 0  t 
3 8 10 v v2
= (4)  = rad/sec  ac =
v = = r2
2 3 3 r r
Since there is no angular acceleration This is the magnitude of centripetal
after 2 sec acceleration of particle
 The angular velocity after 6 sec remains (i) It is a vector quantity. In vector form
the same.   
ac =  v
Hence correct answer is (A)

(ii) The direction of ac would be the same as

7. CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION AND that of  v
CENTRIPETAL FORCE (iii) Because velocity vector at any point is
tangential to the circular path at that point,
(i) A body or particle moving in a curved path
the acceleration vector acts along radius of
always moves effectively in a circle at any the circle at that point and is directed towards
instant. the centre. This is the reason that it is called
centripetal acceleration.
(ii) The velocity of the particle changes moving
on the curved path, this change in velocity is
brought by a force known as centripetal force Example
based on Centripetal Acceleration
and the acceleration so produced in the body
Ex.10 A ball is fixed to the end of a string and is
is known as centripetal acceleration.
rotated in a horizontal circle of radius 5 m
(iii) The direction of centripetal f orce or with a speed of 10 m/sec. The acceleration
acceleration is always towards the centre of of the ball will be -
circular path. (A) 20 m/s2 (B) 10 m/s2
(C) 30 m/s2 (D) 40 m/s2
 This is the expression for centripetal force
v2
Sol.(A) We know a=
r (i) It is a vector quantity
A
Hence v = 10 m/s, r = 5 m (ii) In vector form
r
(10 ) 2  mv 2 mv 2  O
 a= = 20 m/s2 Fc = – . = – 2 r
r̂
5 r r
Hence correct answer is (A)  
= – m2r r̂ = –m2 r = – m ( v ×  )
Calculation of Centripetal negative sign indicates direction only
Example   
based on
Acceleration by Angular | Fc | = m ( v ×  )
Velocity - Linear Velocity Relation (iii) For circular motion :

Ex.11 A body of mass 2 kg lying on a smooth | Fc | = m (v  sin 90º) = mv
surface is attached to a string 3 m long and Note :
then whirled round in a horizontal circle
making 60 revolution per minute. The 1. Centripetal force is not a real force. It is only
centripetal acceleration will be - the requirement for circular motion.
(A) 118.4 m/s2 (B)1.18 m/s2 2. It is not a new kind of force. Any of the
(C) 2.368 m/s2 (D) 23.68 m/s2 forces found in nature such as gravitational
Sol.(A) Given that the mass of the particle, force, electric friction force, tension in string
m = 2 kg reaction force may act as centripetal force.
radius of circle = 3 m
Example Angular Velocity - Centripetal
Angular velocity = 60 rev/minute based on Force Relation
60  2 Ex.12 A body of mass 0.1 kg is moving on circular
= rad/sec
60 path of diameter 1.0 m at the rate of
10 revolutions per 31.4 seconds. The cen-
= 2 rad/sec tripetal force acting on the body is -
Because the angle described during (A) 0.2 N (B) 0.4 N
1 revolution is 2 radian (C) 2 N (D) 4 N
The linear velocity mv 2
v = r Sol.(A) F = = mr2
r
= 2 × 3 m/s Here m = 0.10 kg,
= 6 m/s
r = 0.5 m
The centripetal acceleration 2n 2  3.14  10
and  = =
t 31.4
v2 ( 6 ) 2 = 2 rad/s
= = m/s2
r 3 F = 0.10 × 0.5 × (2)2 = 0.2
= 118.4 m/s2 Hence correct answer is (A)

Hence correct answer is (A) Example Centripetal Force - Angular

7.2 Expression for Centripetal force
based on Velocity Relation
If v = velocity of particle, Ex.13 A body of mass 4 kg is mov ing in a

r = radius of path v horizontal circle of radius 1 m with an

Then necessary centripetal  v angular velocity of 2 rad/s. The required
force Fc centripetal force, will be -
 
Fc = mass × acceleration Fc Fc (A) 16 N (B) 1.6 N
 (C) 16 Dyne (D) 1.6 Dyne
v2  Fc
Fc = m v Sol.(A) F = mr2= 4 × 1 × 22 = 16 N
r 
v Hence correct answer is (A)
Example Centripetal & Friction force 8. TYPE OF CIRCULAR MOTION
based on Relation 8.1 Uniform circular motion
Ex.14 The safe velocity required for scooterist 8.2 Non Uniform Circular Motion :
negotiating a curve of radius 200 m on a road
with the angle of repose of tan–1(0.2) will be- 8.1 Uniform Circular Motion :
(A) 20 km/hr (B) 200 m/s If m = mass of body,
(C) 72 km/hr (D) 72 m/s r = radius of circular orbit,
Sol.(C) As the centripetal force is supplied by the v = magnitude of velocity
frictional force, hence
v2 ac = centripetal acceleration,
mv 2
 mg =  0.2 = at = tangential acceleration
r 200  10
In uniform circular motion : 
 = tan–1 (0.2) = tan –1 ()   = (0.2)] v2

v1
 v = 20 m/s   
(i) | v1 | = | v 2 | = | v3 | = constant
18
The safe speed is 20 × = 72 km/hr i.e. speed is constant
5
Hence correct answer is (C)

Centripetal Force  v3
(ii) As | v | is constant
Ex.15 A body of mass 4 kg is tied to one end of a so tangential acceleration
rope of length 40 cm and whirled in a horizontal ac
at = 0
circle. The maximum number of revolutions
per minute it can be whirled so that the rope at = 0
does not snap as the rope can with stand to
a tension of 6.4 Newton, will be -
(iii) Tangential force Ft = 0
(A) 1.91 (B) 19.1 (C) 191 (D) 1910 Fc
Sol.(B) Tension in the rope = mr2 = mr 42n2
Maximum tension = 6.4 N Ft = 0
 6.4 = 4 × 0.4 × 4 × 2n2
 Number of revolutions per minutes (iv) Total acceleration
= 60/= 19.1
Hence correct answer is (B) v2
a = a 2c  a t 2 = ac = (towards the centre)
Ex.16 A certain string which is 1 m long will break, r
if the load on it is more than 0.5 kg. A mass Note:
of 0.05 kg is attached to one end of it and
the particle is whirled round a horizontal circle (i) Because F c is always perpendicular to
by holding the free end of the string by one velocity or displacement, hence the work
hand. The greatest number of revolutions per done by this force will always be zero.
minute possible without breaking the string
will be- (ii) Circular motion in horizontal plane is usually
uniform circular motion.
(A) 9.45 (B) 94.5 (C) 99.5 (D) 9.95
Sol.(B) Mass of the body m = 0.05 kg , (iii) There is an important difference between the
Radius of circular path = 1 m projectile motion and circular motion.
The maximum tension in the string can In projectile motion, both the magnitude and
withstand = 0.5 kg wt = 0.5 × 9.8 N = 4.9 N
the direction of acceleration (g) remain
Hence the centripetal force required to constant, while in circular motion the
produce the maximum tension in the string
magnitude remains constant but the direction
is 4.9 N
continuously changes.
4.9 4.9
i.e. mr2 = 4.9  2 = = 0.05  1 = 98 Hence equations of motion are not applicable
mr for circular motion.
98
  = 98  n = 98  n = Remember that equations of motion remain
2 valid only when both the magnitude &
= 1.1576 rev/sec = 94.5 rev/min
direction of acceleration are constant.
Hence correct answer is (B)
8.1.1 Hint to solve numerical problem : Sol. The required centripetal force,
(i) Write down the required centripetal force
mv 2
(ii) Draw the free body diagram of each FC = (towards the centre)
r
component of system.
v 
(iii) Resolve the forces acting on the rotating FG
particle along radius and perpendicular to
O
radius
(iv) Calculate net radial force acting towards
centre of circular path. Net force towards the centre,
(v) Make it equal to required centripetal force. GMm
FG =
(vi) For remaining components see according to r2
question. (This force will provide required centripetal
force)
Example Therefore FC = FG
based on Centripetal Force
Ex.17 A body of mass m is attached with a string mv 2 GMm
 =
of length l. If it is whirled in a horizontal r r2
circular path with velocity v. The tension in GM
the string will be -  v=
r
mv 2 Hence correct answer is (A)
(A) mv 2l (B)
 Note :
m mv 2
(C) 2 (D) (i) From above example we see that orbital
v 2 velocity of a body is independent to its mass
Sol.(B) Required centripetal force ,
(ii) If we are asked to find out time period of
mv 2 abov e body then time period can be
Fc =
 calculated as
Here centripetal force is provided by the
tension in the string 2r r3
T = = 2
v v GM
2 3
T  r this is Kepler's law.
T mv 2
 m 
Example
based on Centripetal Force
Ex.19 Three identical particles are connected by
mg three strings as shown in fig. These particles
mv 2 are revolving in a horizontal plane. The velocity
T = Fc =
 of outer most particle is v. Then T1 : T 2 : T 3
Hence correct answer is (B) will be - (Where T1 is tension in the outer
most string etc.)
Example
based on Orbital Velocity of Satellite
m m m
Ex.18 A satellite of mass m is revolving around the O
l l l
earth of mass M in circular orbit of radius r.
The orbital velocity of the satellite will be -

GM Gm
(A) (B)
r r
(A) 3 : 5 : 7 (B) 3 : 5 : 6
GM Gm (C) 3 : 4 : 5 (D) 7 : 5 : 3
(C) (D)
mr Mr
Sol.(B) For A : mv A2
vc vB vA  T3 = + T2
9l
O 6 mv A2
T3 C T2 B T1 A T3 =
9l
(on putting value of T2)
Required centripetal force 1 5 6
Now T1 : T 2 : T3 = : : = 3 : 5 : 6
mv A2 3 9 9
=
3l
Note:
(net force towards centre = T1)
This will provide required centripetal force It is to be pondered from the above example that
as the velocity is increased continuously, the
mv A2 innermost string will break first i.e. T3 > T 2 > T 1
particle at A, T1 =
3l Hence correct answer is (B)
For B :
Required centripetal force
8.1.2 Motion In Horizontal Circle : Conical
m( vB2 ) pendulum
=
2 This is the best example of uniform circular motion
Remember  i.e. angular velocity, of all the A conical pendulum consists of a body attached
particles is same to a string, such that it can revolve in a horizontal
vA vB vC circle with uniform speed. The string traces out
  = = = a cone in the space.
3 2 
(i) The force acting on the bob are
Note:
(a) Tension T (b) weight mg
When a system of particles rotates about an
axis, the angular velocity of all the particles will
be same, but their linear velocity will be different,
because of different distances from axis of rotation
i.e. v = r.
Thus for B, centripetal force
2mv 2A
=
9
Net force towards the centre
(ii) The horizontal component T sin  of the
2mv 2A
T2 – T 1 = tension T provides the centripetal force and
9
the vertical component T cos  balances the
2mv 2A 5mv 2A weight of bob
 T2 = + T1 =
9 9l mv 2
(Putting value of T1)  T sin  =
r
For C : and T cos  = mg
From these equation
mv C2 mv A2
Centripetal force. =
3l 9l v4
T = mg 1 ....(i)
Net force towards centre = T3 – T 2 r 2 g2
mv A2 v2
 T3 – T 2 = and tan  = ....(ii)
9l rg
Also if h = height of conical pendulum
 OP r
tan  = = ....(iii) r
OS h But tan  =
h
From (ii) & (iii),
r rg
v2 g  = 2
 2 = 2 = h v
r h
The time period of revolution  v= hg = 9 .8  9.8  10 2
= 0.98 m/s
h cos  Hence correct answer is (B)
T = 2 = 2
g g

[where OS = l] Ex.21 A string of length 1 m is fixed at one end and

carries a mass of 100 gm at the other end.
The string makes 2/ revolutions per second
about a vertical axis through the fixed end.
Example Motion of Particle in Horizontal
The angle of inclination of the string with the
based on Circle vertical, and the linear velocity of the mass
will respectively be - (in M.K.S. system)
Ex.20 A particle describes a horizontal circle on
(A) 52º14', 3.16 (B) 50º14', 1.6
the smooth surface of an inverted cone. The
(C) 52º14', 1.6 (D) 50º14', 3.16
height of the plane of the circle above the
vertex is 9.8 cm. The speed of the particle Sol.(A) Let T be the tension,  the angle made by
will be - the string with the vertical through the point
(A) 9.8 m/s (B) 0.98 m/s of suspension.
(C) 0.098 m/s (D) 98 m/s The time period
Sol.(B) The force acting on particle are 
h 1 T
(i) weight mg acting vertically downward t = 2 g = frequency = /2
h
(ii) Normal reaction N of the smooth surface of
the cone.
g
mv 2 Therefore  =
h
=4 
(iii) Reaction of the centripetal force acting
r
radially outwards. mg
h 1
Resolving N into horizontal and vertical  g
=
16
components we obtain
mv 2 h g
N cos  = and N sin  = mg cos  = = = 0.6125   = 52º 14'
r  16
Linear velocity
= (l sin ) =1 × sin 52º 14' × 4 = 3.16 m/s
Hence correct answer is (A)
8.2 Non-uniform Circular Motion :
(i) In non-uniform circular motion :

| v |  constant   constant
i.e. speed  constant
i.e. angular velocity  constant

(ii) If at any instant

v = magnitude of velocity of particle
N sin  mg
 = r = radius of circular path
N cos  mv 2 / r
 = angular velocity of particle,
rg
 tan  = 2 then v = r
v
(iii) Tangential acceleration :
dv
at =
dt
ds ac
where v= and s = arc - length ac 
dt

(iv) Tangential force :
at
Ft = mat
Special Note :
(v) Centripetal force :
(i) In both uniform & non-uniform circular motion
mv 2 Fc is perpendicular to velocity ; so work done
Fc = = m2r
r by centripetal force will be zero in both the
(vi) Net force on the particle : cases.
   (ii) In uniform circular motion Ft = 0, as at = 0,
F = Fc + F t
so work done will be zero by tangential force.
 F = Fc2  Ft 2 But in non-uniform circular motion Ft  0,
thus there will be work done by tangential
If  is the angle made by [Note angle between force in this case.
Fc and Ft is 90º] F with Fc, then
Rate of work done by net force in non-uniform
circular motion = Rate of work done by
tangential force
Ft
tan  = 
Fc dW    dx
 P = = Ft . v = F t .
 Ft  dt dt
  = tan–1  
 Fc  Particle’s Circular Motion with
Example
Angle between F & Ft is (90º – ) based on Variable Velocity

Ex.22 A particle of mass m is moving in a circular

path of constant radius r such that its
centripetal acceleration ac is varying with time
t as ac = k2rt 2, where k is a constant. The
power delivered to the particle by the forces
acting on it will be -
(A) mk2t2r (B) mk2r2t 2
(C) m2k2t2r2 (D) mk2r2t
(vii) Net acceleration towards the centre
= centripetal acceleration Sol.(D) Centripetal acceleration,
v2
v2 Fc ac = = k2 rt 2
 ac = = 2r = r
r m  Variable velocity
(viii) Net acceleration, k 2r 2 t 2 = k r t
v=
Fnet The force causing the velocity to varies
a = a c2  a 2t = dv
m
F = m = m k r
The angle made by 'a' with ac , dt
The power delivered by the force is,
at Ft
tan  = = P = Fv = mkr × krt = mk2r2t
ac Fc Hence correct answer is (D)
 Sol.(A) The kinetic energy
Relation between Centripetal & T = as2
Example Tangential Acceleration in
based on 1 2
Circular Motion  mv = as2
2
mv 2 2as 2
 =
Ex.23 A car is moving in a circular path of radius R R
100 m with velocity of 200 m/sec such that  Centripetal force or Radial force,
in each sec its velocity increases by 100 m/s, 2as 2
the net acceleration of car will be - Fc = .... (1)
R
(in m/sec)
 Further mv2 = 2as2
(A) 100 17 (B) 10 7
2a
(C) 10 3 (D) 100 3  v= s .... (2)
m
Sol.(A) We know centripetal acceleration
dv 2a ds
(tan gential velocity ) 2  =
ac= dt m dt
radius
2a
2 = v .... (3)
( 200 ) m
= = 400 m/sec2 Using (2) and (3) gives tangential acceleration,
100
at dv 2a
at = = .v
dt m
2
 2a 
ac =   s = 2a s

O  m  m
 m at = 2as
 Tangential force,
Ft = mat = 2as
Tangential acceleration As centripetal and tangential force are
at = 100 m/sec2 (given) mutually perpendicular, therefore
 anet = a 2c  a 2t  2a c a t cos 90 o Total Force, F = Fc2  Ft2
= ac 2  a t 2  2as 2 
2
   (2as )2
=
= ( 400 ) 2  (100 ) 2  R 
 
= 100 17 m/s2
s2
[Remember the angle between at i.e. the = 2as 1
tangential acceleration and ac i.e. the radial R2
acceleration, is always 90º] Hence correct answer is (A)
Hence correct answer is (A) Note:
Example
Non Uniform Circular Motion In the above example the angle made by F from
based on
the centripetal acceleration will be 
Ex.24 The kinetic energy of a particle moving along
a circle of radius R depends on distance
covered (s) as T = as2, where a is constant.
The force acting on the particle as a function

of s will be - Fc
Fc

1/ 2
 s2  2as
(A) 2as 1  2  (B) Ft
 R  R
Ft 2as R
tan  = = 2
=
2as Fc 2as / R s
(C) 2as s2  R2 (D)
R
Motion in Vertical Circle : Motion of a body (b) Tangential force for the motion
suspended by string : Ft = mg sin 
This is the best example of non-uniform circular This force retards the motion
motion.
(ii) Results :
When the body rises from the bottom to the B
height h apart of its kinetic energy converts into
potential energy
C
Total mechanical energy remains conserved
Total (P.E. + K.E.) at A = Total (P.E. + K.E.) at P u
A
1 1
 0+ mu2 = mgh + mv 2 (a) Tension at the lowest point A :
2 2
mvA2
 2
v = u  2gh = 2
u  2g (1  cos ) TA = + mg

(Here  = 0º)
mu2
TA = + mg

(b) Tension at point B :

mv B 2
TB = – mg


mu2
TB = – 5mg

[Where  is length of the string]
( = 180º)
Tension at a point P :
(c) Tension at point C :
(i) At point P required centripetal force mv C 2
mv 2 TC =
= 

mu2
(a) Net force towards the centre : TC = – 2mg

T – mg cos , which provides required (Here  = 90º)
centripetal force. Thus we conclude that
T A > TC > T B
and also TA – T B = 6 mg
TA – T C = 3 mg
TC – T B = 3 mg
(iii) Cases :

(a) If u > 5g 

mv 2 In this case tension in the string will not be

 T – mg cos  = zero at any of the point, which implies that

the particle will continue the circular motion.

v2 (b) If u = 5g 
T = m [ g cos  + ]

m In this case the tension at the top most point
= [u2 – gl (2 – 3cos )] (B) will be zero, which implies that the

particle will just complete the circular motion.
 (c) Critical Velocity : The minimum velocity at According to conservation of energy
which the circular motion is possible (K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B

The critical velocity at A = 5g l A

O
The critical velocity at B = g
l
The critical velocity at C = 3g
Also TA = 6 mg, TB = 0, TC = 3 mg B
(d) If 2g < u < 5g 
In this case particle will not follow circular mg
motion. Tension in string becomes zero 1
somewhere between points C & B whereas  0 + mgl = mv 2 + 0
2
velocity remain positive. Particle leaves  v= 2g 
circular path and follow parabolic trajectory Hence correct answer is (B)

Example Maximum Velocity in Vertical

based on Circular Motion
Ex.26 A 4 kg balls is swing in a vertical circle at
the end of a cord 1 m long. The maximum
speed at which it can swing if the cord can
sustain maximum tension of 163.6 N will be -
(A) 6 m/s (B) 36 m/s
(C) 8 m/s (D) 64 m/s
(e) If u = 2g 
In this case both velocity and tension in the mv 2
Sol.(A) Maximum tension T = + mg
r
string becomes zero between A and C and
particle will oscillate along semi-circular path. mv 2
 = T – mg
(f) If u < 2g  r
The velocity of particle remains zero between
4v 2
A and C but tension will not be zero and the or = 163.6 – 4 × 9.8
1
particle will oscillate about the point A.
 v = 6 m/s
Hence correct answer is (A)
Example Velocity at Minimum Point in
based on Vertical Circular Motion Example Tension at Minimum Point in
based on Vertical Circular Motion
Ex.25 A particle of mass m tied with a string of Ex.27 The string of a pendulum is horizontal. The
length  is released from horizontal as shown mass of the bob is m. Now the string is
in fig. The velocity at the lowest portion will released. The tension in the string in the
be - lowest position is -
(A) g (B) 2g  (1) 1 mg (2) 2 mg
1 1 (3) 3 mg (4) 4 mg
(C) g (D) g
2 2 Sol.(C) The situation is shown in fig. Let v be the
Sol.(B) Suppose v be the velocity of particle at the velocity of the bob at the lowest position. In
this position the P.E. of bob is converted into
lowest position B.
K.E. hence -
 Sol.(B) The minimum speed at highest point of a
vertical circle is given by

v c = rg = 20  9.8 = 14 m/s

Hence correct answer is (B)

1 Example Maximum Periodic time in Vertical

mgl = mv 2 based on Circular Motion
2
 v2 = 2gl ....(1) Ex.30 A cane filled with water is revolved in a vertical
If T be the tension in the string, circle of radius 0.5 m and the water does not
mv 2 fall down. The maximum period of revolution
then T – mg = ....(2) must be -

(A) 1.45 (B) 2.45
From (1) & (2) T = 3 mg
Hence correct answer is (C) (C) 14.15 (D) 4.25
Sol.(A) The speed at highest point must be
Example Critical Velocity at Minimum Point
based on in Vertical Circular Motion 2
v > gr , v = r = r
T
Ex.28 A ball is released from height h as shown in
fig. Which of the following condition hold good 2
 r > rg
for the particle to complete the circular path? T

2r r 0. 5
T < < 2 < 2 < 1.4 sec
rg g 9. 8
Maximum period of revolution = 1.4 sec
Hence correct answer is (A)

Example
5R 5R based on Vertical Semicircular Motion
(A) h  (B) h 
2 2 Ex.31 A particle of mass m slides down from the
5R 5R vertex of semi-hemisphere, without any initial
(C) h < (D) h > velocity. At what height from horizontal will
2 2
Sol.(B) According to law of conservation of energy the particle leave the sphere-
(K.E + P.E.) at A = (K.E + P.E) at B
2 3
1 (A) R (B) R
 0 + mgh = mv 2 + 0 3 2
2
 v = 2gh 5 8
(C) R (D) R
But velocity at the lowest point of circle, 8 5
5R
v  5gR  2gh  5gR  h  Sol.(A) Let the particles leaves the sphere at height h,
2
Hence correct answer is (B)
A
Example Critical Velocity at Maximum Point N
based on in Vertical Circular Motion B
Ex.29 The roadway bridge over a canal is the form  
h
mg v
of an arc of a circle of radius 20 m. What is mv 2
= mg cos  – N
the minimum speed with which a car can R
cross the bridge without leaving contact with When the particle leaves the sphere
the ground at the highest point (g = 9.8 m/s2) i.e. N= 0
(A) 7 m/s (B) 14 m/s mv 2
(C) 289 m/s (D) 5 m/s = mg cos 
R
  v2 = gR cos  ....(1) 9. BANKING OF TRACKS
According to law of conservation of energy
(K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B When a vehicle moves round a curve on the road
1 with sufficient speed, there is a tendency of over
 0 + mgR = mv 2 + mgh turning for the vehicle. To avoid this the road is
2
 v2 = 2g (R – h) ....(2) given a slope rising outwards. The phenomenon
2 is known as banking
From (1) & (2) h = R (i) Let there be vehicle on a road having slope .
3
2 R = normal reaction of the ground
Also cos  =
3 Horizontal component Vertical component
Hence correct answer is (A)
R sin  R cos 
It provides necessary It balances the weight
Example
based on Vertical Circular Motion centripetal force of the vehicle
mv 2
Ex.32 A body of mass m tied at the end of a string R sin  = R cos  = mg
r
of length l is projected with velocity 4l g , at
what height will it leave the circular path - v2
 tan  =
rg
5 3
(A) l (B) l This equation gives the angle of banking required.
3 5
1 2 Rcos B
(C) l (D) l
3 3 R
Sol.(A) Let the body will have the circular path at
height h above the bottom of circle from figure Rsin


A
O
mg
Conditions for skidding and overturning :
Let there be a car moving on a road moving on
a curved path.
2a  distance between the wheels
h  height of centre of gravitiy above the ground
mv 2 The force acting on car are.
= T + mg cos 
 (i) Weight of car W = mg acting downward
On leaving the circular path
T= 0 (ii) Normal reactions of ground Ra and Rb on
inner and outer wheels respectively
mv 2
 = mg cos  (iii) The force of friction Ra and Rb

 v2 = g l cos ....(1) Condition for skidding :
According to law of conservation of energy If r is radius of circular path, for equilibrium
(K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B mv 2
W = mg = Ra + Rb & Ra +Rb =
1 r
 0 + 2mgl = mv 2 + mgh
2 mv 2
 v2 = 2g(2l – h) ....(2)   (Ra + Rb) =
r
5 mv 2
From (1) & (2) h = l   mg =
3 r
h
This gives maximum speed for skidding,
Also cos  = vmax = rg

Hence correct answer is (A)
Condition for overturning :
Taking moments about B, we get, mv 2
Centripetal force, Fc =
r
2
mv
Ra . 2a + h – mg a = 0 2
r 1000  5 
= ×  72  
200  18 
mg  v 2h 
 Ra = 1   = 2000 N
2  rag  Hence correct answer is (C)
If we take moments about A, we get
Example Necessary Condition for Motion on
mg  v 2h  based on Circular Path
 Rb = 1  
2  rag 
We know that Rb is always positive while Ra Ex.34 For a heavy vehicle moving on a circular curve
decreases as speed of the car increases. of a highway the road bed is banked at an
angle  corresponding to a particular speed.
v 2h
When = 1 The correct angle of banking of the road for
rag
vehicles moving at 60 km/hr will be - (If radius
 Ra = 0
of curve = 0.1 km)
i.e. inner wheel tends to loose contact with the
earth. (A) tan–1(0.283) (B) tan–1(2. 83)
(C) tan–1(0.05) (D) tan–1(0.5)
v 2h
When > 1 50
rag Sol.(A) v = 60 km/hr = m/s
3
 Ra = Negative
r = 0.1 km = 100m
i.e. the car overturns outwards.
Thus the maximum speed for no overturing is
v2
v h 2  tan  = = 0.283
rg
given by 1 – = 0
rag
  = tan–1 (0.283)
rag
 vmax = Hence correct answer is (A)
h
Ex.35 A train has to negotiate a curve of radius
400 m. By how much should the outer rail be
Example Required Centripetal Force for
raised with respect to inner rail for a speed
based on Motion on Circular Path of 48 km/hr. The distance between the rail is
Ex.33 A vehicle of mass 1000 kg is moving along a 1 m.
curved both of length 314 m with a speed of (A) 12 m (B) 12 cm
72 km/hr. If it takes a turn of 90º, the (C) 4.5 cm (D) 4.5 m
centripetal force needed by the vehicle is -
v2
(A) 20 N (B) 200 N Sol.(C) We know that tan  = ..... (1)
rg
(C) 2000 N (D) 2 N
Sol. As the vehicle has a turn of 90º, the length Let h be the relative raising of outer rail with
1 respect to inner rail. Then
of the path is the part of the circle of
4 h
radius r. tan  = ...... (2)

Hence length of the path
(l = separation between rails)
2r
= 314 =
4 v2
From (1) & (2) , h = x l
4  314 rg
or r = = 200 m
2
 120 the platform,   = (g / r ) , where  is the
Hence v = 48 km/hr = m/s,
9
coefficient of friction between the object and
(r = 400 m, l = 1m), the platform.

(120 / 9)2  1 10. If an inclined plane ends into a circular loop

h= = 0.045 m = 4.5 cm of radius r, then the height from which a
400  9.8
body should slide from the inclined plane in
Hence correct answer is (C)
order to complete the motion in circular track
is h = 5r/2.
11. Minimum velocity that should be imparted to
POINTS TO REMEMBER
a pendulum to complete the vertical circle is
1. Centripetal force does not increase the kinetic
energy of the particle moving in circular path, (5g) , where l is the length of the
hence the work done by the force is zero. pendulum.
2. Centrifuges are the apparatuses used to 12. While describing a vertical circle when the
separate small and big particles from a liquid. stone is in its lowest position, the tension in
3. The physical quantities which remain constant the string is six times the weight of the stone.
for a particle moving in circular path are 13. The total energy of the stone while revolving
speed, kinetic energy and angular
in vertical circle is (5/2) mgl.
momentum.
14. When the stone is in horizontal position then
4. If a body is moving on a curved road with
speed greater than the speed limit, the the tension in the string is 3mg and the
reaction at the inner wheel disappears and it velocity of the stone is ( 3g  ) .
will leave the ground first.
15. If the velocity of the stone at the highest
5. On unbanked curved roads the minimum point is X mg, then the tension at the lowest
radius of curvature of the curve for safe driving
point will be (X + 6)mg.
is r = v 2/g, where v is the speed of the
vehicle and  is small. 16. If a body of mass m is tied to a string of
6. If r is the radius of curvature of the speed length l and is projected with a horizontal
breaker, then the maximum speed with which velocity u such that it does not complete the
the vehicle can run on it without leaving motion in the vertical circle, then
contact with the ground is v = ( gr ) (a) the height at which the velocity vanishes is
7. W hile taking a turn on the level road u2
h =
sometimes v ehicles ov erturn due to 2g
centrifugal force. (b) the height at which the tension vanishes is
8. If h is the height of centre of gravity above u2  g
the road, a is half the wheel base then for h =
3g
mv 2 17. K.E. of a body moving in horizontal circle is
road safety .h < mg . a,  Minimum
r same throughout the path but the K.E. of the
body moving in vertical circle is different at
safe speed for no overturning is v = ( gar / h) . different places.

9. On a rotating platform, to avoid the skidding

of an object placed at a distance r from axis
of rotation, the maximum angular velocity of
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The magnitude of the linear acceleration, the 2 2
     
particle moving in a circle of radius of 10 cm Change in velocity v =    
 30   30 
with uniform speed completing the circle in
4 s, will be - 
= 2 cm/s
30
(A) 5 cm/s2 (B) 2.5 cm/s2
Hence correct answer is (B)
(C) 5 2 cm/s2 (D) 2.52 cm/s2
Sol.(D) The distance covered in completing the circle Ex.4 An electron is moving in a circular orbit of
is 2 r = 2 × 10 cm radius 5.3 × 10–11 metre around the atomic
The linear speed is nucleus at a rate of 6.6 × 1015 revolutions
2r 2  10 per second. The acceleration of the electron
v = = = 5 cm/s and centripetal force acting on it will be -
t 4
The linear acceleration is, (The mass of the electron is 9.1 × 10– kg)
2
(A) 8.3 × 10–8 N (B) 3.8 × 10–8 N
v2 (5  )
a = = = 2.5 2 cm/s2 (C) 4.15 × 10–8 N (D) 2.07 × 10–8 N
r 10
This acceleration is directed towards the Sol.(A) Let the radius of the orbit be r and the number
centre of the circle of revolutions per second be n. Then the
Hence correct answer is (D) velocity of electron is given by
v = 2 nr,
Ex.2 A cane filled with water is revolved in a
vertical circle of radius 4 m and water just v2 4  2r 2n 2
 Acceleration a = =
does not fall down. The time period of r r
revolution will be - = 4 2 r n2
(A) 1 s (B) 10 s Substituting the given values, we have
(C) 8 s (D) 4 s a = 4 × (3.14)2 × (5.3 × 10–11) (6.6 × 1015)2
= 9.1 × 1022 m/s2 towards the nucleus.
Sol.(D) We know that The centripetal force is
Circumference 2r FC = ma = (9.1 × 10–31) (9.1 × 1022)
Time period = Critical speed = gr = 8.3 × 10–8 N towards the nucleus.
Hence correct answer is (A)
2  22  4
= 7  10  4 = 4 sec Ex.5 An air craft executes a horizontal loop of
radius 1 km with a steady speed of 900 km/h.
Hence correct answer is (D) The ratio of centripetal acceleration to that
gravitational acceleration will be-
Ex.3 The length of second's hand in a watch is (A) 1 : 6.38 (B) 6. 38 : 1
1 cm. The change in velocity of its tip in (C) 2.25 : 9.8 (D) 2.5 : 9.8
15 seconds is -
 Sol.(B) Given that radius of horizontal loop
(A) 0 (B) cm/s r = 1 km = 1000 m
30 2
9000  5
  2 Speed v = 900 km/h =
(C) cm/s (D) cm/s 18
30 30 = 250 m/s
Circumference 2r
Sol.(B) Velocity = Time of revolution = v2 250  250
60 Centripetal acceleration ac= =
r 1000
2  1  = 62.5 m/s2
= = cm/s
60 30
 Sol.(C) Let R be the normal reaction exerted by the
Centripeta l accelerati on ac
 = road on the car. At the highest point, we
Gravitational accelerati on g have
62.5 mv 2
= = 6.38 : 1 = mg – R, R should not be negative.
9 .8 (r  h)
Hence correct answer is (B)
Therefore v 2  (r + a)g = (8.9 + 1.1) × 10
Ex.6 A car driver is negotiating a curve of radius or v 2  10 × 10v  10 m/sec
100 m with a speed of 18 km/hr. The angle  v max = 10 m/sec
through which he has to lean from the vertical Hence correct answer is (C)
will be -
1 1 Ex.9 The maximum speed at which a car can turn
(A) tan–1 (B) tan–1 round a curve of 30 metre radius on a level
4 40
road if the coefficient of friction between the
 1  1  tyres and the road is 0.4, will be -
(C) tan–1   (D) tan–1   (A) 10.84 m/s (B) 17.84 m/s
2  20 
(C) 11.76 m/s (D) 9.02 m/s
2
 5  Sol.(A) Let W = Mg be the weight of the car.
v2 18  
Sol.(B) We know that, tan  = =  18  Friction force = 0.4 W
rg
100  10
Mv 2 Wv2
Centripetal force = =
1 1 r gr
=   = tan–1
40 40
Hence correct answer is (B) Wv2
0.4 W =
gr
Ex.7 Write an expression for the position vector r
for a particle describing uniform circular  v 2 = 0.4 × g × r = 0.4 × 9.8 × 30 = 117.6
motion, using rectangular co-ordinates and  v = 10.84 m/sec
the unit v ectors i and j. The v ector Hence correct answer is (A)
expressions f or the v elocity v and
acceleration a will be- Ex.10 The angular speed with which the earth would
(A) r2 (B) –2r/2 have to rotate on it axis so that a person on
(C) –r2 (D) –2 r the equator would weight (3/5)th as much as
present will be: (Take the equatorial radius
Sol.(D) r = î x + ĵ y, x = r cos ,
as 6400 km)
y = r sin  where  = t (A) 8.7 × 104 rad/sec (B) 8.7 × 103 rad/sec
r = î ( r cos t) + ĵ (r sin t) (C) 7.8 × 104 rad/sec (D) 7.8 × 103 rad/sec
Sol.(C) Let v be the speed of earth's rotation.
v = dr/dt = – î (r sin t) – ĵ ( r cos t)
We know that W = mg
a = d2 r/dt2 = – 2 r
Hence correct answer is (D) 3 mv 2
Hence W = mg –
5 r
Ex.8 The vertical section of a road over a canal
bridge in the direction of its length is in the 3 mv 2
form of circle of radius 8.9 metre. Find the or mg = mg –
5 r
greatest speed at which the car can cross
this bridge without losing contact with the 2 mv 2 2g r
road at its highest point, the center of gravity  mg = or v 2 =
3 r 5
of the car being at a height h = 1.1 metre
from the ground. (Take g = 10 m/sec2 ) 2  9.8  ( 6400  10 3 )
(A) 5 m/s (B) 7 m/s Now v2 =
5
(C) 10 m/s (D) 13 m/s
 Solving, we get v = 5 × 109 m/sec,
0.4  v 2
From equation (2), 8 sin 60º =
 2g  4 sin 60 o
=   = 7.8 × 104 radian/sec.
 5r 
32 sin 2 60º
Hence correct answer is (C) v2 = = 80 sin2 60º
0.4
Ex.11 A man whirls a stone round his head on the  v= 80 sin 60º = 7.7 m/sec
end of a string 4.0 metre long. Can the string Hence correct answer is (A)
be in a horizontal, plane? If the stone has a
mass of 0.4 kg and the string will break, if
the tension in it exceeds 8 N. The smallest Ex.12 A smooth table is placed horizontally and a
angle the string can make with the horizontal
spring of unstreched length l0 and force
and the speed of the stone will respectively
constant k has one end fixed to its centre.
be (Take g = 10 m/sec2 )
To the other end of the spring is attached a
(A) 30º, 7.7 m/s (B) 60º, 7.7 m/s mass m which is making n revolutions per
(C) 45º, 8.2 m/s (D) 60º, 8.7 m/s second around the centre. Tension in the
Sol.(A) O
spring will be
(A) 42 m k l 0 n2/ (k – 42 m n2 )
 l (B) 42 m k l 0 n2/ (k + 42 m n2 )
(C) 22 m k l 0 n2/ (k – 42 m n2 )
T Tcos (D) 2 m k l 0 n2/ (k – 42 m n2 )
T  Sol.(A) Let T be the tension produced in the
A  Tsin  stretched string. The centripetal f orce
required for the mass m to move in a circle
mg is provided by the tension T. The stretched
mg length of the spring is r (radius of the circle).
Form figure Now,
T cos  = mg ...... (1)
Elongation produced in the spring = (r – l0 )
mv 2 mv 2 Tension produced in the spring,
T sin  = = ...... (2)
r  sin T = k (r – l0 ) ........ (1)
Where k is the force constant
mg Linear velocity of the motion v = 2 r n
Form eq. (1) T =
cos 
When the string is horizontal,  must be 90º mv 2 m(2rn)2
 Centripetal force = =
i.e.,cos 90º = 0 r r
2 2
= 4 r n m ........ (2)
mg
 T = =  Equating equation. (1) and (2), we get
0
Thus the tension must be infinite which is k (r – l0 ) = 42 r n2 m
impossible, so the string can not be in ( T = mv 2/r)
horizontal plane.  kr – k l0 = 4  2 r n2 m
The maximum angle  is given by the
breaking tension of the string in the equation r (k – 4 2 n2 m) = k l 0
T cos  = m.g k 0
Here T (Maximum) = 8 N and m = 0.4 kg  r = (k  4  2 n 2 m ) ........(3)
 8 cos  = 0.4 × g = 0.4 × 10 = 4
Substituting the value of r in eqn. (1) we have
1
cos  = (4/8) = ,  = 60º  k 0 
2  0
T = k  2 2
The angle with horizontal = 90º – 60º = 30º  (k  4 n m) 
 4  2 n 2m  0k The ball now rises to a point D, where its
or T = 2 2 ........ (4)
(k  4  n m ) potential energy is mg(h – 2r). If v D be the
Hence correct answer is (A) velocity of the ball at D, then,

Ex.13 A motor car is travelling at 30 m/s on a 1

circular road of radius 500 m. It is increasing m g (h – 2 r) = m v 2D ......(2)
2
its speed at the rate of 2 m/s2 . Its net Now to complete the circular path, it is
acceleration is (in m/s2 ) – necessary that the centrifugal force acting
(A) 2 (B) 1. 8 upward at point D, should be equal or greater
(C) 2.7 (D) 0 than the force mg acting downward at point
Sol.(C) Two types of acceleration are experienced D should be equal or greater than the force
by the car mg acting downward. Therefore
(i) Radial acceleration due to circular path, 2
mv D
2
 mg or v 2D  r g
v2 (30 ) r
ar = = = 1.8 m/s2
r 500 From equation (2) v 2D = 2g (h – 2r),
(ii) A tangential acceleration due to increase
of tangential speed given by 5
 2g (h – 2r)  r g  h  r
at = v/  t = 2 m/s2 2
Radial and tangential acceleration are Hence correct answer is (A)
perpendicular to each other.
Net acceleration of car a Ex.15 An aircraft loops the loop of radius R = 500 m
= 2.7 m/s2 with a constant velocity v = 360 km/hour.
= a r2  a 2t = 2
(1.8 )  ( 2) 2
The weight of the flyer of mass m = 70 kg in
Hence correct answer is (C) the lower, upper and middle points of the
loop will respectively be-
Ex.14 In figure ABCDE is a channel in the vertical (A) 210 N, 700 N, 1400 N
plane, part BCDE being circular with radius (B) 1400 N, 700 N, 2100 N
r. A ball is released from A and slides without (C) 700 N, 1400 N, 210 N,
friction and without rolling. It will complete (D) 2100 N, 700 N, 1400 N
the loop path - Sol.(D) See fig, Here v = 360 km/hr = 100 m/sec
(A) if h is greater than 5r/2
(B) if h is less than 5r/2 N
(C) if h is greater than 2r/5 mg
(D) if h is less than 2r/5  N
Sol.(A) A
D N
E
h r
C
r
r
mg
B
mv 2
At lower point, N – mg = ,
Let m be the mass of the ball. When the ball R
comes down to B, its potential energy mgh
which is converted into kinetic energy. Let mv 2
N = weight of the flyer = mg +
v B, be the velocity of the ball at B. Then, R

1 70 (10000 )
mgh = m v B2 N = 70 × 10 + = 2100 N
2 500

mv 2
At upper point, N + mg = ,
R
 For circular motion of the particle,
mv 2
N= – mg = 1400 – 700 = 700 N
R mv 2
F = = 30 r2
r
mv 2
At middle point, N = = 1400 N
R Substituting the given values, we have,
Hence correct answer is (D)
3  v2
= 30 × (10)2 or v = 100 m/s
Ex.16 A particle of mass 3 kg is moving under the 10
action of a central force whose potential The total energy in circular motion
energy is given by U(r) = 10 r3 joule. For
1
what energy and angular momentum will the E = K.E. + P.E. = mv 2 + U(r)
orbit be a circle of radius 10 m- 2
(A) 2.5 × 104 J, 3000 kgm 2/sec 1
= × 3 × (100)2 + 10 + (10)3
(B) 3.5 × 104 J, 2000 kgm 2/sec 2
(C) 2.5 × 103 J, 300 kgm2/sec = 2.5 × 104 joule
(D) 3.5 × 103 J, 300 kgm2/sec Angular momentum
Sol.(A) Given that U(r) = 10r3 = mvr = 3 × 100 × 10 = 3000 kg–m 2/sec
2r 2    10 
So the force F acting on the particle is given Also time period T = = = sec
v 100 5
by, Hence correct answer is (A)

U 
F = – = – (10 r3)
r r

= –10 × 3 r2 = –30 r2