CHAPTER 4
PARTICULAR CASES INCLUDING CROSSING OVER
Problems
1. A farmer crosses two true breeding types of peonies: one has red flowers with
large leaves (R and G dominant alleles, respectively), the other is white with
small leaves.
P: RR, GG x rr,gg
a) If these two traits are controlled by two genes, what will be the phenotype of
the F1 offspring?
F1: Rr Gg (red flowers and large leaves)
b) If F1 individuals undergo auto-fertilization, what will be the percentages of
each phenotype in F2 if the two genes are independent?
- Cross pedigree:
F1 x F1: Rr Gg x Rr Gg
F2: ( 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1rr)x( 1 GG: 2 Gg: 1 gg)
Phenotypes: 9 red flowers, longleaf: 3 white flowers, longleaf: 3 red flowers,
small leaf: 1 white flower, small leaf.
c) Same if the two genes are tightly linked?
F1: RG//rg
F2: 1 RG//RG: 2 RG//rg: 1 rg//rg= 3 red flowers, long leaf: 1 white, small
d) Same if the two genes are separated by a distance of 10 Morgan units
(centimorgan)?
F1: RG//rg x RG//rg
G: RG/ = rg/= 45% RG/ = rg/= 45%
Rg/= rG/= 5% Rg/= rG/= 5%
F1: Phenotypes: 70,25% red, long: 4,75% red, small: 4,75% white, long:
20,25% white, small
2. The success of renal transplantation depends on three human histocompatibility
genes ( Sự thành công của ghép thận phụ thuộc vào ba gen tương hợp mô người) ,
HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C, which must match between the donor and the
receiver. A single mismatch may cause the kidney rejection. Each gene has
multiple co-dominant alleles. These three genes are located very close to each
other on chromosome 6, so the recombination rate is very low (below 1%).
The father has the following genotype: A1, A2, B24, B10, Cw4 and Cw7 and the
mother is A1, A1, B11, B7, Cw5 and Cw8. Their first boy is A1, A1, B24, B11,
Cw7 and Cw8. What is the probability that the second child is compatible with
his/her brother? ¼
- Genotype of the father: A1 A2, B24 B10, Cw4 Cw7.
- Genotype of the mother: A1 A1, B11 B7, Cw5 Cw8.
- The son has genotype: A1 B24 Cw7//A1 B11 Cw8.
- Because these three genes are located very close to each other on
chromosome 6, so the recombination rate is very low (below 1%)- trivial.
⇨ The genotype of the father: A1 B24 Cw7//A2 B10 Cw4
The genotype of the mother: A1 B11 Cw8// A1 B7 Cw5
⇨ The probability that the second child is compatible with his/her brother= ¼
3. Wild-type drosophila are mated with mutants with yellow eyes (s phenotype) and
no antenna (bobbed or B phenotype). F1 offspring have wild type eyes and
“bobbed” antennas. When F1 individuals are mated, the F2 result is the
following:
101 individuals are [wt B]
32 individuals are [wt wt]
31 individuals are [s B]
13 individuals are [s wt]
a) Are these genes linked? (This can be – because the case distance between two
genes is 50% and is similar independent assortment)
- Wild-type drosophila is mated with mutants with yellow eyes (s phenotype) and
no antenna (bobbed or B phenotype).
F1 offspring have wild-type eyes and “bobbed” antennas.
⇨ P are both true breeding types and contrast.
⇨ F1 heterogeneous in both genes
Convention:
S: wt ; s = s phenotype
B: no antenna ; b: wt
- Consider each pair of traits independently:
+ Eye color:
F1: wt: s= 3:1
⇨ F1: Ss x Ss
+ Antena;
F1: B: wt: = 3:1
⇨ F1: Bb x Bb
+ If two genes are independently assortment:
F1= (3 wt: 1 s).( 3B: wt)= 9:3:3:1= Probability in the given info.
⇨ Satisfy the theory.
a) What are the genotypes of the parents and the F1 individuals?
P: SSbb x ssBB=> F1: SsBb
4. A man inherited cataracts ( đục thủy tinh thể) from his mother (normal fingers
and toes) and polydactyly (thừa ngón) from his father (normal eyes). The two
diseases are caused by dominant alleles of genes that are tightly linked. This man
marries a healthy woman. What will be the phenotype of the children?
- Gene convention: A: cataracts, a: normal
B: polydactyly, b: normal.
- The parents of the man have the genotype: P: A-,bb x aa, B-
=> The man has the genotype: Ab/aB ( cataracts, polydactyly)
- A healthy woman has genotype: ab//ab
=> Because genes are tightly linked so that F1: 1 Ab//ab: 1 aB/ab
Phenotype: 1 cataract, normal: 1 normal,
polydactyly
5. Here is a map of the locus for the a, b and c genes:
a/A b/B c/C
10 cM15 cm
What will be the percentages of gametes produced by an individual who is
A-b-C?
a-B-c
AbC/= aBc/= 0.3825
abC/= ABc/=0.0425= (0.1- 0.015)/2
Abc/=aBC/= 0.0675= ( 0.15- 0.015) /2
ABC/=abc/= 7.5x10-3= (10% x 15%)/2
6.
Wild type flies:red eye (red)
Grey body (grey)
Normal wings (norm)
mutants: chestnut eye (ch)
black body (bl)
indented wings (ind)
Wild type males are mated with mutant females.The F1 population is wild
type.Then,
a) a F1 female is mated with a mutant male (offspring = F2a)
b) a F1 male is mated with a mutant female (offspring = F2b)
Here are the phenotypes of the two populations F2a and F2b:
1. F2a
Eye red red red Red Ch ch Ch ch
Body grey grey bl Bl Grey grey Bl bl
Wings norm ind norm Ind Norm ind norm ind
616 65 170 147 144 172 66 620
2. F2b
eye red ch
body grey bl
wings norm ind
542 551
a) How would you explain the F2b results?
b) Determine the genetic map of the locus.
P : Wild types x mutants => 100% wild type
=> Wild type of 3 genes are all dominant and F1 is heterozygous in all genes.
Denote : A - red eye >> a - chestnut eye
B - Grey body >> b - black body
D - Normal wings >> d - indented wings .
- If the genes are independent, the ratio of phenotype in F2a and F2b should be
similar
=> The genes are not independent => The genes are linked.
=> F1 genotype : ABD // abd
- The mutant phenotype ( both female and male ) : abd // abd a.
We know that, the male drosophila do not have the gene interchange => Mating
B : male ABD // abd x female abd // abd
Gamete F1B : (1 ABD : 1 abd ) x (1 abd )
F2B genotypes : 1 ABD//abd : 1 abd//abd
F2b phenotypes : 1 red,grey,normal : 1 chestnut,black,indented.
=> AS THE RESULT IN REALITY.
b. We know that, the female drosophila occurs gene interchange .
We have to find the double recombination phenotype in the table
The double recombination frequency is the product of two recombination
frequencies , so it’s phenotype will most likely be the smallest, these are :
%Aa,Bb,dd = %aa,bb,Dd
=> The double recombination gamete that F1 female create is : ABd and abD
=> The middle gene is D/d.
The distance between A/a and D/d is : (65 + 66 + 144 + 147) / 2000 = 21.1 cM
The distance between B/b and D/d is : ( 65 + 66 + 170 + 172 ) / 2000= 23.65 cM
7. In experiments using drosophila confuse, researchers observed that the vermillion
trait (v allele) is responsible for dark red eyes. If homozygous a wild type female
(light red eyes) is mated with a vermillon male (mating A), the offspring includes
61 wild type females and 57 wild type males. If a vermillon female is mated with
a wild type male (mating B), the offspring is 88 wild type females and 79
vermillon males.
a) How would you interpret these results?
- We have that in mating A, homozygous wild type female mated with vermillion
male => 100% wild type => Wild type is dominant against vermillion. Also in
mating B , the recessive trait ( vermillion) in mating B only occurs in males =>
This trait is a X-linked trait.
b) What are the parents and F1 genotypes?
P: Mating A: XAXA x XaY
P: mating B: XaXa x XAY
c) If individuals are mated, what phenotypes and percentages will be observed in
F2?
+ F2 phenotype: 2 normal female : 1 normal male : 1 vermillon male
+ F2 phenotype : 1 normal female : 1 vermillon female : 1 normal male : 1
vermillon male
8. A healthy woman, whose father died from hemophilia ( máu khó đông) (X-linked
recessive), married a healthy man. Could their children suffer from hemophilia?
- The father died from hemophilia and has genotype XaY.
- The healthy woman has genotype XAX- and inherit gamete Xa from his father
=> The healthy woman has a genotype XAXa
- A healthy man has a genotype: XAY.
- Cross pedigree:
P: XAY x XAXa
F1: 1 XAXA: 1 XAXa: 1 XAY: 1 XaY
⇨ According the theory, the probability their children suffer from hemophilia =
1/4
CHAPTER 5
POPULATION GENETICS
Problems
1. In the course of a study dealing with blood group frequencies in a population
of 2000 individuals, part of the results were lost. We know that 800 individuals
were O and 780 were A.
0,4 I0Io: 0.39 IA-
a) What are the allelic frequencies?
Io= 0,63
IA= 0,26
IB= 0,11
b) What are the phenotype frequencies?
AB: 0.0572
A: 0.39
B: 0.1528
O: 0.4
2. A. If the frequency of albino (recessive trait) in a given population is 0.0009,
what will be the frequency of heterozygous individuals?
A: 0,97 a: 0,03
Aa= 0,0582
B. Huntington’s disease (autosomal dominant) has a frequency of 1 case in 25
000. Calculate the frequency of the mutated allele in the population.
A: Huntington a: normal.
A- = 1/25000=> aa= 1-1/25000=> a= 0,9999
A= 1- 0,9999= 1x 10-4
3.A. If, in 5% of men are color blind (recessive X-linked trait) in a given population,
what will be the frequency of color-blind women?
XA=p, Xa=q
We have in 5% of men are color blind=> q= 5%=> q= 0.05, p=0.95
=> The frequency of color-blind women is 0.25%
B. If allele frequencies corresponding to the blood group gene was: p(A) = 0.3 ;
q(B) = 0.1 ; r(o) = 0.6, what will be the phenotype percentages?
Bloodtype AB: 0,06
A: 0.45
B: 0.13
O: 0.36
4. A. The ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide is a dominant trait in humans
controlled by allele G of a gene. In a given population, 2800 individuals are able
to taste this molecule while 1200 do not.
a) What are the allele frequencies?
b) What are the genotype frequencies?
Assume that :
- G : able to taste (p)
- g : unable to taste (q)
- We have : 1200 unable to taste => q^2 = 1200/(2800+1200) = 0.3 => q =
sqrt(0.3) => p = 1 – sqrt(0.3) .
b) What are the genotype frequencies?
GG = p^2 = (1 – sqrt(0.3))^2
Gg = 2pq = 2sqrt(0.3)(1-sqrt(0.3))
gg = q^2 = 0.3
B. In humans, the Rh factor genetic information is inherited from our parents,
but it is inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles. In humans, Rh+
individuals have the Rh antigen on their red blood cells, while Rh− individuals
do not. There are two different alleles for the Rh factor known as Rh+ and rh.
Assume that a dominant gene Rh produces the Rh+ phenotype and that the
recessive rh allele produces the Rh− phenotype. In a population that is in
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if 190 out of 200 individuals are Rh+, calculate
the frequencies of both alleles.
Percentage of Rh-= 1- 190/200= 0.05
= > rh= approximately 0,22
Rh+= 0.78
5. Premature baldness is a trait influenced by sex: it is dominant in men and
recessive in women. In a study of 10000 men, 7225 were not bald. How many
individuals are expected to have normal hair in a population of 10000 women?
A1= Premature baldness, A2= Not bald
Of 10000 men, there are 7225 men who were not bald=> A2A2= 0,7225=> A2= 0,85;
A1= 0,15.
The number of women has normal hair ( A2A2, A2A1) in a population of 10000
women is: 9775
6. A. An allele W, for white wool, is dominant over allele w, for black wool in a
sheep. In a sample of 900 sheep, 891 are white and 9 are black. Calculate the
allelic frequencies within this population, assuming that the population is in
H-W equilibrium.
=> w= 0,1 ; W= 0,9
B. In the United States, approximately one child in 10,000 is born with PKU
(phenylketonuria), a syndrome that affects individuals homozygous for the
recessive allele (aa).
(a) Calculate the frequency of this allele in the population.
=> a= 0.01
(b) Calculate the frequency of the normal allele.
=> A= 0.99
(c) Calculate the percentage of carriers of the trait within the population.
=> Tỉ lệ người mang alen gây bệnh ( Aa)= 0.0198
7. In cats, the gene for hair color is located on a non-homologous region of the X
chromosome: the dominant allele for black hair is completely dominant over the
recessive allele for tabby hair, individuals with the heterozygous genotype has
calico hairs. . A cat population is in genetic equilibrium with 10% male tabby
cats. Theoretically, if the population has 1000 cats, how many calico cats are
expected ?
A: black hair a : tabby hair
Aa : calico hairs
10% male tabby cats ( XaY)=> Xa= 20%, XA= 80%
Theoretically, if the population has 1000 cats, the number of calico cats (XAXa) are
expected
= 0.16 x 1000= 160
8. In sheep, allele D codes for horns, allele d for no horns; genotype Dd for horns in
males and no horns in females. In a population in genetic equilibrium, sheep
have 50% horns. All hornless sheep in this population are randomly mated to
obtain F1. Theoretically, in F1, what is the ratio of hornless sheep that can be
expected ?
DD= horn Dd : horn in male, hornless in female dd : hornless
In equilibrium genetic population, we have 50% sheep have horns
⇨ D=d= 0,5
⇨ P: 0,25 DD: 0,5 Dd: 0,25 dd
All hornless sheep mates randomly to obtain F1.
In male the sheeps w/o horn have genotype dd and only make gametes d
In female the sheeps w/o horn have genotype 0,5 Dd: 0,25 dd=> 2/3 Dd: 1/3
dd
⇨ 1/3 D: 2/3 d
⇨ F1: 1/3 Dd: 2/3 dd
⇨ The ratio of hornless sheep that can be expected : 1/6+ 2/3= 5/6
