% AP Biology Reading Guide \ Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Name_Leani¢ Hoe her Perioa Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Overview 1. What is systematics? How is it used to develop phylogenetic trees? systematics classifies aganismms and detemminestheir evoluionany elakonshios based on data, which iy how phylogenies are inferred - cates aE TPE eels non ea radinaniee ‘ 2. What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is the NamiNg of speci ic organisms 3. Every organism on Earth may be referred to by a unique binomial, or a two-part name. These are in Latin, or latinized. What is your binomial? What does it mean? fomo sapien sapien (wise man*...ro++hat wise afterall?) 4. What are the two components of every binomial? Genus and species 5. Taxonomy uses hierarchical categories that nest within each other, like Russian dolls. The figure ‘below shows the categories, cach called a taxon. Label cach taxonomic category, in the boxes, and then give the one that applies exclusively to this panther to the side of each box. father pardus fanthena Felidae Camivora Hammalia Chordata (spine) dnimalia fvkarya.AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw You will notice that the most general category, domain, the one that encompasses the most organisms, is shown at the bottom of the figure. As you move up in the figure, the organisms show greater and greater degrees of relatedness. You are expected to memorize these taxonomic categories in order! Most students use a mnemonic device linked to the first letter of each taxon to remember them. Make up your own, or try ours: DK PC OFGS or Dear King Phillip Comes Qver For Good Spaghetti / Great Sex (You may choose to have King Philip come over for(Something else—whatever you can remember best!) ane 6. So, which are more closely related, organisms in the same phylum, or those in the same order? Order 7. Here is a phylogenetic tree, Recall that branch points represent common ancestors of the two lineages beyond the branch or node. Circle the common ancestor of badgers and otters, and label it as A. Circle the common ancestor of eats and dogs, and label it as B. Order Family Genus Species @ i @ $ ~~ taxus @ BADGER & { — ~— Lutra lutra 5 LO — Canis latrans covoTe eepjued ~es Canis lupusAP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Concept 26.2 Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data Let’s look back at a Study Tip from Chapter 22. This idea is repeated in our current chapter. Study Tip Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness. (whale fin, bat wing) Analogous structures are similar solutions to similar problems but do not indicate close relatedness. (bird wing, butterfly wing) 8. Molecular systematics is a valuable tool used today to sort homology from analogy. What is it? ‘5 using data from DNA and other molecules to determine evwoluhonary relabonships behwveen organisms Concept 26.3 Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees 9. Below are three cladograms. What is a clade? Circle a clade that is not highlighted below. # clade iS a group that includes an ancesal species and its descendants. 10. Why is Group I monophyletic? Group L is Monophylehic because it includes the common ancestor and all of it> descendants 11. Explain why Group Il is paraphyletic. Group iy paraphyieh c because it includes a common ancestor and sem¢ of it descendants. 12. Whatis a polyphyletic group? A polyphyletic group includes species that don't share one common ance stor (different ancesters ) pce A ik ri Group! A min ae | j= ‘ — Lp ae | Group It }if Group III lee on clade eri (a) Monophyletic group (clade) —_(b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group 13. Clades are derived by using shared derived characters. What are these? These are characte that evolved atter+the species /gmoup diverged fom tre commen ancestor ; usually unique to ranss Sanh LOSE, ond Nor fand in Common ancestors eteAP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 14, Explain why for mammals, hair is a shared derived character, but a backbone is not. Hair is a derived (shared) characier because onlymammals, not their ancestors, exhibit the character. Kemet All vedebrates have ee backbones meaning it is not KWique 16 Mammals. 26.4 An organism’ evolutionary history is documented in its genome Li's summation. gone imporast information from this section. The rate of evolution of DNA sequences varies frof-ene part of the genome to another; therefore, compating different sequences helps us to investigate relationships between groups of organisms that diverged a long time ago. For example, DNA that codes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) changes“felatively slowly and is useful for investigating relationships between taxa that-diverged hundreds of millions of years ago. DNA that codes for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolves rapidly and can be used to explore recent evolutionary events. : e 15. Which method reveals that fungi are more closely related to animals than to green plants? 16. — Which methodf reveals that the Pima of Arizona and Yanomami of Venezuela are descendants of the sarhe Native Americans that crossed the Bering Land Bridge 13,000 years ago? Concept 26.5 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time 17. What are molecular clocks? 18. If we use a molecular clock, approximately when did‘ HIY emerge? “Concept 26.6 New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life Taxonomy is in flux! When your authors were in high school, we were taught there were two kingdoms: plants and animals. Then in our college courses, We were introduced to five kingdoms: Moncra, Protista, Plantac, Fungi, and Animalia. Now biologists have adopted a three-domain system, which consists of the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. This system arose from the finding that there are two distinct lineages of prokaryotes. ARCHAEA Beant BACTERIA \ z commen ance storAP Biology Reading Guide ‘Chapter 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 19. On the figure above, place an arrow at the point showing the common ancestor of all three domains. 20. What two domains include all prokaryotes? Which two domains are most closely related? Bacdena and Archaea. Evkanryoles and Archaea... sortof? 21. Which kingdom is made obsolete by the three-domain system? Why? Morera is oosoiet because it has members in {wo domains 22. Which kingdom crumbled because it is polyphyletic? Prohsta (members mere closely related fe evkanjores than prosts ) Testing Your Know iz Answers £ 2. ~