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Coordinates: 47°N 2°E

France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

France (French:  [fʁɑ̃s] ), officially the French

Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik French Republic
fʁɑ̃sɛz]),[14] is a country located primarily in Western République française (French)
Europe. It also includes overseas regions and
territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific
and Indian Oceans,[XII] giving it one of the largest
discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world.
Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the
Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to Flag Emblem[I]
the English Channel and the North Sea; overseas
territories include French Guiana in South America, Motto: "Liberté, égalité, fraternité"
Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the ("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity")
French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania Anthem: "La Marseillaise"
and the Indian Ocean. Its eighteen integral regions
(five of which are overseas) span a combined area of 1:20

643,801  km2 (248,573  sq  mi) and had a total

population of over 68 million as of
January  2023. [5][8] France is a unitary semi-
presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the
country's largest city and main cultural and
commercial centre; other major urban areas include
Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux,
Strasbourg and Nice.

Inhabited by archaic humans since the Paleolithic

era, the territory of Metropolitan France was settled
during the Iron Age by Celtic tribes known as Gauls.
Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, leading to a distinct
Gallo-Roman culture that laid the foundation of the
French language. The Germanic Franks formed the France on the globe centred on Europe
Kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland of Metropolitan France (European part of
the Carolingian Empire. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 France) in Europe
partitioned the empire, with West Francia becoming France and its overseas territories in the
world
the Kingdom of France in 987. In the High Middle
Show all
Ages, France was a powerful but highly decentralised
Location of France (red or dark green)
feudal kingdom. Philip II successfully strengthened
– in Europe (green & dark grey)
royal power and defeated his rivals to double the size
– in the European Union (green)
of the crown lands; by the end of his reign, France
had emerged as the most powerful state in Europe. Capital Paris
and largest city 48°51′N 2°21′E
From the mid-14th to the mid-15th century, France
was plunged into a series of dynastic conflicts Official language French[II]
involving England, collectively known as the and national
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Hundred Years' War, and a distinct French identity language

emerged as a result. The French Renaissance saw art Nationality (2021) 92.3% French
and culture flourish, conflict with the House of
Habsburg, and the establishment of a French 7.7% other[3]
colonial empire, which by the 20th century would Religion (2021)[4] 50% Christianity
become the second-largest in the world.[15] The 47% Roman
second half of the 16th century was dominated by Catholicism
religious civil wars between Catholics and Huguenots 2% Protestantism
that severely weakened the country. France again 1% other
emerged as Europe's dominant power in the 17th Christians
century under Louis XIV following the Thirty Years' 33% no religion
War.[16] Inadequate economic policies, inequitable 4% Islam
taxes and frequent wars (notably a defeat in the 2% Buddhism
Seven Years' War and costly involvement in the 1% Judaism
American War of Independence) left the kingdom in 1% other
a precarious economic situation by the end of the 9% unanswered
18th century. This precipitated the French
Revolution of 1789, which overthrew the Ancien Demonym(s) French
Régime and produced the Declaration of the Rights Government Unitary semi-
of Man, which expresses the nation's ideals to this presidential republic
day.
• President Emmanuel Macron
France reached its political and military zenith in the • Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne
early 19th century under Napoleon Bonaparte, Legislature Parliament
subjugating much of continental Europe and • Upper house Senate
establishing the First French Empire. The French • Lower house National Assembly
Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars shaped the
course of European and world history. The collapse Establishment
of the empire initiated a period of relative decline, in • Kingdom of the 10 August 843
which France endured a tumultuous succession of West Franks -
governments until the founding of the French Third Treaty of Verdun
Republic during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. • Kingdom of France 3 July 987
Subsequent decades saw a period of optimism, - Capetian rulers
cultural and scientific flourishing, as well as of France
economic prosperity, known as the Belle Époque. • French Republic - 22 September 1792
France was one of the major participants of World French First
Republic
War I, from which it emerged victorious at a great
• Founded the 1 January 1958
human and economic cost. It was among the Allied
EEC[III]
powers of World War II but was soon occupied by
• Current constitution 4 October 1958
the Axis in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, the - French Fifth
short-lived Fourth Republic was established and Republic
later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The
current Fifth Republic was formed in 1958 by Area
Charles de Gaulle. Algeria and most French colonies • Total 643,801 km2
became independent in the 1960s, with the majority (248,573 sq mi)[5]
retaining close economic and military ties with (42nd)
France. • Water (%) 0.86 (2015)[6]
• Metropolitan 551,695 km2
France retains its centuries-long status as a global France (IGN) (213,011 sq mi)[IV]
centre of art, science and philosophy. It hosts the (50th)
fifth-largest number of UNESCO World Heritage • Metropolitan 543,940.9 km2
Sites and is the world's leading tourist destination, France (Cadastre) (210,016.8 sq mi)[V][7]
receiving over 89 million foreign visitors in 2018.[17] (50th)
France is a developed country with the world's Population
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seventh-largest economy by nominal GDP and tenth- • January 2023 68,042,591[8]

largest by PPP. It remains a great power in global estimate (20th)
affairs,[18] being one of the five permanent members • Density 105.4627/km2
of the United Nations Security Council and an official (106th)
nuclear-weapon state. France is a founding and • Metropolitan 65,834,837[9]
leading member of the European Union and the France, estimate (23rd)
as of January
Eurozone,[19] as well as a key member of the Group
2023
of Seven, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Density 121/km2
(NATO), Organisation for Economic Co-operation
(313.4/sq mi) (89th)
and Development (OECD) and Francophonie.
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
$3.667 trillion[10]
Etymology and pronunciation • Total
(10th)
• Per capita $56,036[10] (24th)
Originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the
name France comes from the Latin Francia, or GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
"realm of the Franks".[20] Modern France is still • Total $3.013 trillion[10]
named today Francia in Italian and Spanish, while (7th)
Frankreich in German, Frankrijk in Dutch and • Per capita $44,747[10] (28th)
Frankrike in Swedish all mean "Land/realm of the
Franks". Gini (2020)  29.3[11]
low
The name of the Franks is related to the English HDI (2021)  0.910[12]
word frank ("free"): the latter stems from the Old very high · 28th
French franc ("free, noble, sincere"), ultimately from
Medieval Latin francus ("free, exempt from service; Currency Euro (€) (EUR)[VI]
freeman, Frank"), a generalisation of the tribal name CFP franc (XPF)[VII]
that emerged as a Late Latin borrowing of the
reconstructed Frankish endonym *Frank.[21][22] It Time zone UTC+1 (Central
European Time)
has been suggested that the meaning "free" was
• Summer (DST) UTC+2 (Central
adopted because, after the conquest of Gaul, only
European Summer
Franks were free of taxation,[23] or more generally Time[IX])
because they had the status of freemen in contrast to Note: Various other
servants or slaves.[22] time zones are
observed in overseas
The etymology of *Frank is uncertain. It is France.[VIII]
traditionally derived from the Proto-Germanic word Although France is in
*frankōn, which translates as "javelin" or "lance" the UTC (Z) (Western
(the throwing axe of the Franks was known as the European Time)
francisca),[24] although these weapons may have zone, UTC+01:00
(Central European
been named because of their use by the Franks, not
Time) was enforced
the other way around.[22] as the standard time
since 25 February
In English, 'France' is pronounced /fræns/ FRANSS 1940, upon German
in American English and /frɑːns/ FRAHNSS or occupation in WW2,
/fræns/ FRANSS in British English. The with a +0:50:39 offset
pronunciation with /ɑː/ is mostly confined to accents (and +1:50:39 during
with the trap-bath split such as Received DST) from Paris LMT
(UTC+0:09:21).[13]

Date format dd/mm/yyyy (AD)

Driving side right

Calling code +33[X]

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Pronunciation, though it can be also heard in some ISO 3166 code FR

other dialects such as Cardiff English, in which
/frɑːns/ is in free variation with /fræns/.[25] Internet TLD .fr[XI]

Source gives area of metropolitan France as

History 551,500 km2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists
overseas regions separately, whose areas
sum to 89,179 km2 (34,432 sq mi). Adding
these give the total shown here for the entire
Prehistory (before the 6th century BC) French Republic. The CIA reports the total as
643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi).

The oldest traces of archaic humans in what is now France date

from approximately 1.8  million years ago.[27] Neanderthals
occupied the region into Upper Paleolithic era, but were slowly
replaced by Homo sapiens around 35,000 BCE.[28] This period
also witnessed the emergence of the cave art of the Dordogne
and the Pyrenees, including at the famous Lascaux site, dated
to c. 18,000 BC.[27] At the end of the Last Glacial Period
One of the Lascaux paintings: a (10,000 BC), the climate became milder;[27] from
horse – approximately 17,000 approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered
BC.[26] the Neolithic era and its inhabitants became sedentary.

After strong demographic and agricultural development

between the 4th and 3rd millennia, metallurgy appeared at the end of the 3rd millennium, initially
working gold, copper and bronze, as well as later iron.[29] France has numerous megalithic sites
from the Neolithic period, including the exceptionally dense Carnac stones site (approximately
3,300 BC).

Antiquity (6th century BC–5th century AD)

In 600 BC, Ionian Greeks from Phocaea founded the colony of

Massalia (present-day Marseille), on the shores of the
Mediterranean Sea. This makes it France's oldest city.[30] At
the same time, some Gallic Celtic tribes penetrated parts of
Eastern and Northern France, gradually spreading through the
rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC.[31] The
concept of Gaul emerged during this period, corresponding to
Vercingetorix surrenders to Caesar the territories of Celtic settlement ranging between the Rhine,
during the Battle of Alesia. The the Atlantic Ocean, the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean. The
Gallic defeat in the Gallic Wars borders of modern France roughly correspond to ancient Gaul,
secured the Roman conquest of the which was inhabited by Celtic Gauls. Gaul was then a
country. prosperous country, of which the southernmost part was
heavily subject to Greek and Roman cultural and economic
influences.

Around 390 BC, the Gallic chieftain Brennus and his troops made their way to Italy through the
Alps, defeated the Romans in the Battle of the Allia, and besieged and ransomed Rome.[32] The
Gallic invasion left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC
when they entered into a formal peace treaty with Rome.[33] But the Romans and the Gauls would
remain adversaries for the next centuries, and the Gauls would continue to be a threat in Italy.[34]

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Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the

Romans, who called this region Provincia Nostra ("Our
Province"), which over time evolved into the name Provence in
French.[35] Julius Caesar conquered the remainder of Gaul and
overcame a revolt carried out by the Gallic chieftain
Vercingetorix in 52 BC.[36]

Gaul was divided by Augustus into Roman provinces.[37] Many

cities were founded during the Gallo-Roman period, including
The Maison Carrée was a temple of
Lugdunum (present-day Lyon), which is considered the capital
the Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus
of the Gauls.[37] These cities were built in traditional Roman
(present-day Nîmes) and is one of
style, with a forum, a theatre, a circus, an amphitheatre and
the best-preserved vestiges of the
thermal baths. The Gauls mixed with Roman settlers and
Roman Empire.
eventually adopted Roman culture and Roman speech (Latin,
from which the French language evolved). Roman polytheism
merged with Gallic paganism into the same syncretism.

From the 250s to the 280s AD, Roman Gaul suffered a serious crisis with its fortified borders
being attacked on several occasions by barbarians.[38] Nevertheless, the situation improved in the
first half of the 4th century, which was a period of revival and prosperity for Roman Gaul.[39] In
312, Emperor Constantine I converted to Christianity. Subsequently, Christians, who had been
persecuted until then, increased rapidly across the entire Roman Empire.[40] But, from the
beginning of the 5th century, the Barbarian Invasions resumed.[41] Teutonic tribes invaded the
region from present-day Germany, the Visigoths settling in the southwest, the Burgundians along
the Rhine River Valley, and the Franks (from whom the French take their name) in the north.[42]

Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century)

At the end of the Antiquity period, ancient Gaul was divided

into several Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman
territory, known as the Kingdom of Syagrius. Simultaneously,
Celtic Britons, fleeing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain,
settled in the western part of Armorica. As a result, the
Armorican peninsula was renamed Brittany, Celtic culture was
revived and independent petty kingdoms arose in this region.
Frankish expansion from 481 to 870
The first leader to make himself king of all the Franks was
Clovis I, who began his reign in 481, routing the last forces of
the Roman governors of the province in 486. Clovis claimed that he would be baptised a Christian
in the event of his victory against the Visigoths, which was said to have guaranteed the battle.
Clovis regained the southwest from the Visigoths, was baptised in 508 and made himself master of
what is now western Germany.

Clovis I was the first Germanic conqueror after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to Catholic
Christianity, rather than Arianism; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church"
(French: La fille aînée de l'Église) by the papacy,[43] and French kings would be called "the Most
Christian Kings of France" (Rex Christianissimus).

The Franks embraced the Christian Gallo-Roman culture and ancient Gaul was eventually
renamed Francia ("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted Romanic languages,
except in northern Gaul where Roman settlements were less dense and where Germanic languages
emerged. Clovis made Paris his capital and established the Merovingian dynasty, but his kingdom
would not survive his death. The Franks treated land purely as a private possession and divided it

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among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis:

Paris, Orléans, Soissons, and Rheims. The last Merovingian kings lost
power to their mayors of the palace (head of household). One mayor
of the palace, Charles Martel, defeated an Umayyad invasion of Gaul
at the Battle of Tours (732) and earned respect and power within the
Frankish kingdoms. His son, Pepin the Short, seized the crown of
Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the
Carolingian dynasty. Pepin's son, Charlemagne, reunited the Frankish
kingdoms and built a vast empire across Western and Central Europe.

Proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III and thus

establishing in earnest the French Government's longtime historical
association with the Catholic Church,[44] Charlemagne tried to revive
With Clovis's conversion to
the Western Roman Empire and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's
Catholicism in 498, the
son, Louis I (Emperor 814–840), kept the empire united; however,
Frankish monarchy, elective
this Carolingian Empire would not survive his death. In 843, under
and secular until then,
the Treaty of Verdun, the empire was divided between Louis' three
became hereditary and of
sons, with East Francia going to Louis the German, Middle Francia to
divine right.
Lothair I, and West Francia to Charles the Bald. West Francia
approximated the area occupied by and was the precursor to, modern
France.[45]

During the 9th and 10th centuries, continually threatened by Viking invasions, France became a
very decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and the authority of the
king became more religious than secular and thus was less effective and constantly challenged by
powerful noblemen. Thus was established feudalism in France. Over time, some of the king's
vassals would grow so powerful that they often posed a threat to the king. For example, after the
Battle of Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror added "King of England" to his titles, becoming
both the vassal to (as Duke of Normandy) and the equal of (as king of England) the king of France,
creating recurring tensions.

High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century)

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet,
Duke of France and Count of Paris, was crowned King of the
Franks.[46] His descendants—the Capetians, the House of Valois and
the House of Bourbon—progressively unified the country through
wars and dynastic inheritance into the Kingdom of France, which was
fully declared in 1190 by Philip II of France (Philippe Auguste). Later
kings would expand their directly possessed domaine royal to cover
over half of modern continental France by the 15th century, including
most of the north, centre and west of France. During this process, the
royal authority became more and more assertive, centred on a
hierarchically conceived society distinguishing nobility, clergy, and
commoners.

Joan of Arc led the French The French nobility played a prominent role in most Crusades to
Army to several important restore Christian access to the Holy Land. French knights made up the
victories during the bulk of the steady flow of reinforcements throughout the two-
Hundred Years' War (1337– hundred-year span of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs
1453), which paved the way uniformly referred to the crusaders as Franj caring little whether they
for the final victory. came from France.[47] The French Crusaders also imported the
French language into the Levant, making French the base of the

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lingua franca (lit. "Frankish language") of the Crusader states.[47] French knights also made up
the majority in both the Hospital and the Temple orders. The latter, in particular, held numerous
properties throughout France and by the 13th century were the principal bankers for the French
crown, until Philip IV annihilated the order in 1307. The Albigensian Crusade was launched in
1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars in the southwestern area of modern-day France. In the end,
the Cathars were exterminated and the autonomous County of Toulouse was annexed into the
crown lands of France.[48]

From the 11th century, the House of Plantagenet, the rulers of

the County of Anjou, succeeded in establishing its dominion
over the surrounding provinces of Maine and Touraine, then
progressively built an "empire" that spanned from England to
the Pyrenees and covering half of modern France. Tensions
between the kingdom of France and the Plantagenet empire
would last a hundred years, until Philip II of France
conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most of the continental
possessions of the empire, leaving England and Aquitaine to
the Plantagenets.

Charles IV the Fair died without an heir in 1328.[49] Under Metropolitan France territorial
Salic law the crown of France could not pass to a woman nor evolution from 985 to 1947
could the line of kingship pass through the female line.[49]
Accordingly, the crown passed to Philip of Valois, rather than
through the female line to Edward of Plantagenet, who would soon become Edward III of England.
During the reign of Philip of Valois, the French monarchy reached the height of its medieval
power.[49] However Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward III of England in 1337,
and England and France entered the off-and-on Hundred Years' War.[50] The exact boundaries
changed greatly with time, but landholdings inside France by the English Kings remained
extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders, such as Joan of Arc and La Hire, strong French
counterattacks won back most English continental territories. Like the rest of Europe, France was
struck by the Black Death due to which half of the 17 million population of France died.[51]

Early modern period (15th century–1789)

The French Renaissance saw spectacular cultural development

and the first standardisation of the French language, which
would become the official language of France and the language
of Europe's aristocracy. It also saw a long set of wars, known as
the Italian Wars, between France and the House of Habsburg.
French explorers, such as Jacques Cartier or Samuel de
The Château de Chenonceau, Champlain, claimed lands in the Americas for France, paving
nowadays part of a UNESCO World the way for the expansion of the French colonial empire. The
Heritage Site, was built in the early rise of Protestantism in Europe led France to a civil war known
16th century. as the French Wars of Religion, where, in the most notorious
incident, thousands of Huguenots were murdered in the St.
Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572.[52] The Wars of Religion
were ended by Henry IV's Edict of Nantes, which granted some freedom of religion to the
Huguenots. Spanish troops, the terror of Western Europe,[53] assisted the Catholic side during the
Wars of Religion in 1589–1594, and invaded northern France in 1597; after some skirmishing in
the 1620s and 1630s, Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659. The war
cost France 300,000 casualties.[54]

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Under Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu promoted the centralisation of the state and reinforced royal
power by disarming domestic power holders in the 1620s. He systematically destroyed castles of
defiant lords and denounced the use of private violence (duelling, carrying weapons and
maintaining private armies). By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of
force" as the doctrine.[55]

From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for 11% of the transatlantic slave
trade,[56] second only to Great Britain during the 18th century.[57] While the state began
condoning the practice with letters patent in the 1630s, Louis XIII only formalized this
authorization more generally in 1642 in the last year of his reign. By the mid-18th century, Nantes
had become the primary port involved.[56]

During Louis XIV's minority and the regency of Queen Anne and Cardinal Mazarin, a period of
trouble known as the Fronde occurred in France. This rebellion was driven by the great feudal
lords and sovereign courts as a reaction to the rise of royal absolute power in France.

The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and the reign
of Louis XIV (1643–1715). By turning powerful feudal lords into
courtiers at the Palace of Versailles, his command of the military went
unchallenged. Remembered for numerous wars, the so-called Sun
King made France the leading European power. France became the
most populous country in Europe and had tremendous influence over
European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-
used language in diplomacy, science, literature and international
affairs, and remained so until the 20th century.[58] During his reign,
France took colonial control of many overseas territories in the
Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV revoked the Edict of
Nantes, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the
Code Noir providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling
Jewish people from the French colonies.[59] Louis XIV, the "Sun King",
was the absolute monarch
Under the wars of Louis XV (r. 1715–1774), France lost New France of France and made France
and most of its Indian possessions after its defeat in the Seven Years' the leading European
War (1756–1763). Its European territory kept growing, however, with power.
notable acquisitions such as Lorraine (1766) and Corsica (1770). An
unpopular king, Louis XV's weak rule, his ill-advised financial,
political and military decisions – as well as the debauchery of his court– discredited the monarchy,
which arguably paved the way for the French Revolution 15 years after his death.[60]

Louis XVI (r. 1774–1793), actively supported the Americans with money, fleets and armies, helping
them win independence from Great Britain. France gained revenge but spent so heavily that the
government verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the French Revolution. Some of
the Enlightenment occurred in French intellectual circles, and major scientific breakthroughs and
inventions, such as the discovery of oxygen (1778) and the first hot air balloon carrying passengers
(1783), were achieved by French scientists. French explorers, such as Bougainville and Lapérouse,
took part in the voyages of scientific exploration through maritime expeditions around the globe.
The Enlightenment philosophy, in which reason is advocated as the primary source of legitimacy,
undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and also was a factor in the French
Revolution.

Revolutionary France (1789–1799)

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Facing financial troubles, King Louis XVI summoned the

Estates-General (gathering the three Estates of the realm) in
May 1789 to propose solutions to his government. As it came to
an impasse, the representatives of the Third Estate formed a
National Assembly, signalling the outbreak of the French
Revolution. Fearing that the king would suppress the newly
created National Assembly, insurgents stormed the Bastille on
Ouverture des États généraux à 14 July 1789, a date which would become France's National
Versailles, 5 mai 1789 by Auguste Day.
Couder
In early August 1789, the National Constituent Assembly
abolished the privileges of the nobility such as personal
serfdom and exclusive hunting rights. Through the Declaration
of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (27 August 1789),
France established fundamental rights for men. The
Declaration affirms "the natural and imprescriptible rights of
man" to "liberty, property, security and resistance to
oppression". Freedom of speech and press were declared, and
arbitrary arrests were outlawed. It called for the destruction of
aristocratic privileges and proclaimed freedom and equal
rights for all men, as well as access to public office based on
The Storming of the Bastille on 14 talent rather than birth. In November 1789, the Assembly
July 1789 was the most emblematic decided to nationalise and sell all property of the Catholic
event of the French Revolution. Church which had been the largest landowner in the country.
In July 1790, a Civil Constitution of the Clergy reorganised the
French Catholic Church, cancelling the authority of the Church
to levy taxes, et cetera. This fueled much discontent in parts of France, which would contribute to
the civil war breaking out some years later. While King Louis XVI still enjoyed popularity among
the population, his disastrous flight to Varennes (June 1791) seemed to justify rumours he had tied
his hopes of political salvation to the prospects of foreign invasion. His credibility was so deeply
undermined that the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an
increasing possibility.

In the August 1791 Declaration of Pillnitz, the Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia
threatened to restore the French monarch by force. In September 1791, the National Constituent
Assembly forced King Louis XVI to accept the French Constitution of 1791, thus turning the French
absolute monarchy into a constitutional monarchy. In the newly established Legislative Assembly
(October 1791), enmity developed and deepened between a group, later called the 'Girondins', who
favoured war with Austria and Prussia, and a group later called 'Montagnards' or 'Jacobins', who
opposed such a war. A majority in the Assembly in 1792 however saw a war with Austria and
Prussia as a chance to boost the popularity of the revolutionary government and thought that such
a war could be won and so declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792.

On 10 August 1792, an angry crowd threatened the palace of

King Louis XVI, who took refuge in the Legislative
Assembly.[61][62] A Prussian Army invaded France later in
August 1792. In early September, Parisians, infuriated by the
Prussian Army capturing Verdun and counter-revolutionary
uprisings in the west of France, murdered between 1,000 and
1,500 prisoners by raiding the Parisian prisons. The Assembly
and the Paris City Council seemed unable to stop that
bloodshed.[61][63] The National Convention, chosen in the first Le Serment du Jeu de paume by
elections under male universal suffrage,[61] on 20 September Jacques-Louis David, 1791
1792 succeeded the Legislative Assembly and on 21 September

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abolished the monarchy by proclaiming the French First Republic. Ex-King Louis XVI was
convicted of treason and guillotined in January 1793. France had declared war on Great Britain
and the Dutch Republic in November 1792 and did the same on Spain in March 1793; in the spring
of 1793, Austria and Prussia invaded France; in March, France created a "sister republic" in the
"Republic of Mainz", and kept it under control.

Also in March 1793, the civil war of the Vendée against Paris started, evoked by both the Civil
Constitution of the Clergy of 1790 and the nationwide army conscription in early 1793; elsewhere
in France rebellion was brewing too. A factionalist feud in the National Convention, smouldering
ever since October 1791, came to a climax with the group of the 'Girondins' on 2 June 1793 being
forced to resign and leave the convention. The counter-revolution, begun in March 1793 in the
Vendée, by July had spread to Brittany, Normandy, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Toulon, and Lyon. Paris'
Convention government between October and December 1793 with brutal measures managed to
subdue most internal uprisings, at the cost of tens of thousands of lives. Some historians consider
the civil war to have lasted until 1796 with a toll of possibly 450,000 lives.[64] By the end of 1793,
the allies had been driven from France. France in February 1794 abolished slavery in its American
colonies but would reintroduce it later.

Political disagreements and enmity in the National Convention between October 1793 and July
1794 reached unprecedented levels, leading to dozens of Convention members being sentenced to
death and guillotined. Meanwhile, France's external wars in 1794 were prospering, for example in
Belgium. In 1795, the government seemed to return to indifference towards the desires and needs
of the lower classes concerning freedom of (Catholic) religion and fair distribution of food. Until
1799, politicians, apart from inventing a new parliamentary system (the 'Directory'), busied
themselves with dissuading the people from Catholicism and royalism.

Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914)

Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the Republic in 1799 becoming

First Consul and later Emperor of the French Empire (1804–1814;
1815). As a continuation of the wars sparked by the European
monarchies against the French Republic, changing sets of European
Coalitions declared wars on Napoleon's Empire. His armies
conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the
battles of Jena-Auerstadt or Austerlitz. Members of the Bonaparte
family were appointed as monarchs in some of the newly established
kingdoms.[66]

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French

revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the metric system, the
Napoleonic Code and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. In June
1812, Napoleon attacked Russia, reaching Moscow. Thereafter his
army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian
Napoleon, Emperor of the attacks, and finally winter. After the catastrophic Russian campaign,
French, built a vast empire and the ensuing uprising of European monarchies against his rule,
across Europe.[65] Napoleon was defeated and the Bourbon monarchy restored. About a
million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars.[66] After his
brief return from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the
Battle of Waterloo, the monarchy was re-established (1815–1830), with new constitutional
limitations.

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the July Revolution of 1830, which
established the constitutional July Monarchy. In that year, French troops began the conquest of
Algeria, establishing the first colonial presence in Africa since Napoleon's abortive invasion of
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Egypt in 1798. In 1848, general unrest led to the February Revolution and the end of the July
Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and the introduction of male universal suffrage, which were
briefly enacted during the French Revolution, was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, the president of the
French Republic, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of
the Second Empire, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in
Crimea, Mexico and Italy which resulted in the annexation of the Duchy of Savoy and the County
of Nice, then part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the
Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic. By 1875, the
French conquest of Algeria was complete, and approximately 825,000 Algerians had been killed
from famine, disease, and violence.[67]

France had colonial possessions, in various

forms, since the beginning of the 17th
century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries,
its global overseas colonial empire extended
greatly and became the second-largest in the
world behind the British Empire.[15]
Including metropolitan France, the total
area of land under French sovereignty
almost reached 13 million square kilometres
in the 1920s and 1930s, 8.6% of the world's The first (light blue) and second (dark blue) French
land. Known as the Belle Époque, the turn of colonial empire
the century was a period characterised by
optimism, regional peace, economic
prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, state secularism was
officially established.

Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946)

France was invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain to start World War I in August
1914. A rich industrial area in the northeast was occupied. France and the Allies emerged
victorious against the Central Powers at a tremendous human and material cost. World War I left
1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population.[68]

Between 27 and 30% of soldiers conscripted from 1912 to 1915

were killed.[69] The interbellum years were marked by intense
international tensions and a variety of social reforms
introduced by the Popular Front government (annual leave,
eight-hour workdays, women in government).

In 1940, France was invaded and quickly defeated by Nazi

Germany. France was divided into a German occupation zone
in the north, an Italian occupation zone in the southeast and an
French Poilus posing with their war- unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of the
torn flag in 1917, during World War I southern French metropolitan territory (two-fifths of pre-war
metropolitan France) and the French empire, which included
the two protectorates of French Tunisia and French Morocco,
and French Algeria; the Vichy government, a newly established authoritarian regime collaborating
with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. Free France, the government-in-exile led by Charles
de Gaulle, was set up in London.

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From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around 75,000 Jews,[70] were
deported to death camps and concentration camps in Germany and occupied Poland.[71] In
September 1943, Corsica was the first French metropolitan territory to liberate itself from the Axis.
On 6 June 1944, the Allies invaded Normandy and in August they invaded Provence. Over the
following year, the Allies and the French Resistance emerged victorious over the Axis powers and
French sovereignty was restored with the establishment of the Provisional Government of the
French Republic (GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, aimed to continue to
wage war against Germany and to purge collaborators from office. It also made several important
reforms (suffrage extended to women, the creation of a social security system).

Contemporary period (1946–present)

The GPRF laid the groundwork for a new constitutional order that
resulted in the Fourth Republic (1946–1958), which saw spectacular
economic growth (les Trente Glorieuses). France was one of the
founding members of NATO (1949). France attempted to regain
control of French Indochina but was defeated by the Viet Minh in
1954 at the climactic Battle of Dien Bien Phu. Only months later,
France faced another anti-colonialist conflict in Algeria, then treated
as an integral part of France and home to over one million European
settlers. During the conflict, the French systematically used torture
and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control of
Algeria.[72] This conflict wracked the country and nearly led to a coup
and civil war in France.[73]

During the May 1958 crisis, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic Charles de Gaulle, a hero
gave way to the Fifth Republic, which included a strengthened of World War I, leader of the
Presidency. [74] In the latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed to keep Free French during World
the country together while taking steps to end the Algerian War. The War II, and President of
war was concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 which led to France
Algerian independence. Algerian independence came at a high price:
it resulted in between half a million and one million deaths and over
2  million internally displaced Algerians.[75] Around one million Pied-Noirs and Harkis fled from
Algeria to France upon independence.[76] A vestige of the colonial empire are the French overseas
departments and territories.

In the context of the Cold War, De Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the
Western and Eastern blocs. To this end, he withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command
(while remaining in the NATO alliance itself), launched a nuclear development programme and
made France the fourth nuclear power. He restored cordial Franco-German relations to create a
European counterweight between the American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he
opposed any development of a supranational Europe, favouring a Europe of sovereign nations. In
the wake of the series of worldwide protests of 1968, the revolt of May 1968 had an enormous
social impact. In France, it was the watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion,
patriotism, respect for authority) shifted towards a more liberal moral ideal (secularism,
individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (as the Gaullist party
emerged even stronger than before) it announced a split between the French people and de Gaulle
who resigned shortly after.[77]

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed economies in the world but
faced several economic crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public
debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development
of a supranational European Union, notably by signing the Maastricht Treaty (which created the
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European Union) in 1992, establishing the Eurozone in 1999 and signing the Lisbon Treaty in
2007.[78] France has also gradually but fully reintegrated into NATO and has since participated in
most NATO-sponsored wars.[79]

Since the 19th century, France has received many immigrants.

These have been mostly male foreign workers from European
Catholic countries who generally returned home when not
employed.[80] During the 1970s France faced an economic
crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the
Maghreb)[80] to permanently settle in France with their
families and acquire French citizenship. It resulted in
hundreds of thousands of Muslims (especially in the larger
Republican marches were
cities) living in subsidised public housing and suffering from
organised across France after the very high unemployment rates.[81] Simultaneously France
January 2015 attacks perpetrated renounced the assimilation of immigrants, where they were
by Islamist terrorists; they became expected to adhere to French traditional values and cultural
the largest public rallies in French norms. They were encouraged to retain their distinctive
history. cultures and traditions and required merely to integrate.[82]

Since the 1995 Paris Métro and RER bombings, France has
been sporadically targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the Charlie Hebdo attack in January
2015 which provoked the largest public rallies in French history, gathering 4.4 million people,[83]
the November 2015 Paris attacks which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil
since World War II[84] and the deadliest in the European Union since the Madrid train bombings
in 2004,[85] as well as the 2016 Nice truck attack, which caused 87 deaths during Bastille Day
celebrations. Opération Chammal, France's military efforts to contain ISIS, killed over 1,000 ISIS
troops between 2014 and 2015.[86]

Geography

Location and borders

The vast majority of France's territory and population is

situated in Western Europe and is called Metropolitan France,
to distinguish it from the country's various overseas polities. It
is bordered by the North Sea in the north, the English Channel
in the northwest, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the
Mediterranean sea in the southeast. Its land borders consist of
Belgium and Luxembourg in the northeast, Germany and
Switzerland in the east, Italy and Monaco in the southeast, and
Andorra and Spain in the south and southwest. Except for the
Satellite image of the Metropolitan
northeast, most of France's land borders are roughly
France
delineated by natural boundaries and geographic features: to
the south and southeast, the Pyrenees and the Alps and the
Jura, respectively, and to the east, the Rhine river. Due to its
shape, France is often referred to as l'Hexagone ("The Hexagon"). Metropolitan France includes
various coastal islands, of which the largest is Corsica. Metropolitan France is situated mostly
between latitudes 41° and 51° N, and longitudes 6° W and 10° E, on the western edge of Europe,
and thus lies within the northern temperate zone. Its continental part covers about 1000 km from
north to south and from east to west.

France has several overseas regions across the world, which are organised as follows:

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five have the same status as mainland France's regions

and departments:
French Guiana in South America;
Guadeloupe in the Caribbean;
Martinique in the Caribbean;
Mayotte in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East
Africa;
Réunion in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Chamonix valley with the Mont
Africa. Blanc at background, the highest
nine have special legal status distinct from mainland mountain in the Alps and Western
France's regions and departments: Europe on the border with Italy

In the Atlantic Ocean: Saint Pierre and Miquelon and, in

the Antilles: Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.
In the Pacific Ocean: French Polynesia, the special
collectivity of New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna and
Clipperton Island.
In the Indian Ocean: the Kerguelen Islands, Crozet
Islands, St. Paul and Amsterdam islands, and the
Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean
In the Antarctic: Adélie Land.
Bora Bora in French Polynesia
France has land borders with Brazil and Suriname via French
Guiana and with the Kingdom of the Netherlands through the
French portion of Saint Martin.

Metropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935  sq  mi),[87] the largest among
European Union members.[19] France's total land area, with its overseas departments and
territories (excluding Adélie Land), is 643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area
on Earth. France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west
to mountain ranges of the Alps in the southeast, the Massif Central in the south-central and
Pyrenees in the southwest.

Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered across the planet, France
possesses the second-largest Exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world, covering
11,035,000  km2 (4,261,000  sq  mi), just behind the EEZ of the United States, which covers
11,351,000 km2 (4,383,000 sq mi), but ahead of the EEZ of Australia, which covers 8,148,250 km2
(3,146,000  sq  mi). Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the
world.

Geology, topography and hydrography

Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets

and natural landscapes. Large parts of the current territory of
France were raised during several tectonic episodes like the
Hercynian uplift in the Paleozoic Era, during which the
Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the Morvan, the Vosges
and Ardennes ranges and the island of Corsica were formed.
These massifs delineate several sedimentary basins such as the
Aquitaine basin in the southwest and the Paris basin in the Geological formations near
north, the latter including several areas of particularly fertile Roussillon, Vaucluse
ground such as the silt beds of Beauce and Brie. Various routes

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of natural passage, such as the Rhône Valley, allow easy communication. The Alpine, Pyrenean
and Jura mountains are much younger and have less eroded forms. At 4,810.45 metres
(15,782 ft)[88] above sea level, Mont Blanc, located in the Alps on the French and Italian border, is
the highest point in Western Europe. Although 60% of municipalities are classified as having
seismic risks, these risks remain moderate.

The coastlines offer contrasting landscapes: mountain ranges

along the French Riviera, coastal cliffs such as the Côte
d'Albâtre, and wide sandy plains in the Languedoc. Corsica lies
off the Mediterranean coast. France has an extensive river
system consisting of the four major rivers Seine, the Loire, the
Garonne, the Rhône and their tributaries, whose combined
catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. The
Rhône divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into
the Mediterranean Sea at the Camargue. The Garonne meets Reed bed on the Gironde estuary,
the Dordogne just after Bordeaux, forming the Gironde the largest estuary in Western
estuary, the largest estuary in Western Europe which after Europe
approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the Atlantic
Ocean.[89] Other water courses drain towards the Meuse and
Rhine along the northeastern borders. France has 11 million square kilometres (4.2 × 106 sq mi) of
marine waters within three oceans under its jurisdiction, of which 97% are overseas.

Environment

France was one of the first countries to create an environment

ministry, in 1971.[90] Although it is one of the most
industrialised countries in the world, France is ranked only
19th by carbon dioxide emissions, behind less populous
nations such as Canada or Australia. This is due to the
country's heavy investment in nuclear power following the
1973 oil crisis,[91] which now accounts for 75 percent of its
electricity production[92] and results in less pollution.[93][94] The Guiana Amazonian Park is the
According to the 2020 Environmental Performance Index largest national park of France,
conducted by Yale and Columbia, France was the fifth most aiming at protecting part of the
environmentally conscious country in the world (behind the Amazonian forest located in French
United Kingdom).[95][96] Guiana

Like all European Union state members, France agreed to cut

carbon emissions by at least 20% of 1990 levels by 2020,[97] compared to the United States' plan
to reduce emissions by 4% of 1990 levels.[98] As of 2009, French carbon dioxide emissions per
capita were lower than that of China.[99] The country was set to impose a carbon tax in 2009 at 17
euros per tonne of carbon emitted,[100] which would have raised 4  billion euros of revenue
annually.[101] However, the plan was abandoned due to fears of burdening French businesses.[102]

Forests account for 31 percent of France's land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—
representing an increase of 7 percent since 1990.[103][104][105] French forests are some of the most
diverse in Europe, comprising more than 140 species of trees.[106] France had a 2018 Forest
Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.52/10, ranking it 123rd globally out of 172
countries.[107] There are nine national parks[108] and 46 natural parks in France,[109] with the
government planning to convert 20% of its Exclusive economic zone into a Marine protected area
by 2020.[110] A regional nature park[111] (French: parc naturel régional or PNR) is a public
establishment in France between local authorities and the national government covering an
inhabited rural area of outstanding beauty, to protect the scenery and heritage as well as setting up
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sustainable economic development in the area.[112] A PNR sets goals and guidelines for managed
human habitation, sustainable economic development and protection of the natural environment
based on each park's unique landscape and heritage. The parks foster ecological research
programmes and public education in the natural sciences.[113] As of 2019 there are 54 PNRs in
France.[114]

Administrative divisions

The French Republic is divided into 18 regions (located in Europe and overseas), five overseas
collectivities, one overseas territory, one special collectivity – New Caledonia and one uninhabited
island directly under the authority of the Minister of Overseas France – Clipperton.

Regions

Since 2016, France is divided into 18 United Kingdom

administrative regions: 13 regions in Belgium
metropolitan France (including Channel Hauts-de-
France Luxembourg
Corsica), [115] and five overseas. [87]
Germany
The regions are further subdivided Normandy Île-de-
Grand Est
into 101 departments,[116] which are Guadeloupe Brittany France
numbered mainly alphabetically.
Pays de Centre-
The department number is used in Martinique la Loire Val de Loire Bourgogne-
Bay of Franche- Switzerland
postal codes and was formerly used Comté
Biscay
on vehicle registration plates.
Among the 101 French departments, Nouvelle- Auvergne-
five (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Aquitaine Rhône-Alpes
Italy
Martinique, Mayotte, and Réunion) French Guiana
are in overseas regions (ROMs) that Provence-
Occitania Alpes-
are simultaneously overseas Suriname Côte d'Azur Ligurian
departments (DOMs), enjoying the Mediterranean Sea
same status as metropolitan Brazil Sea
Spain Andorra Corsica
departments and are thereby
included in the European Union. MayotteRéunion

The 101 departments are subdivided

into 335 arrondissements, which are, in turn, subdivided into 2,054 cantons.[117] These cantons
are then divided into 36,658 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal
council.[117] Three communes—Paris, Lyon and Marseille—are subdivided into 45 municipal
arrondissements.

The regions, departments and communes are all known as territorial collectivities, meaning they
possess local assemblies as well as an executive. Today, arrondissements and cantons are merely
administrative divisions. However, this was not always the case. Until 1940, the arrondissements
were territorial collectivities with an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the Vichy
regime and abolished by the Fourth Republic in 1946.

Overseas territories and collectivities

In addition to the 18 regions and 101 departments, the French Republic has five overseas
collectivities (French Polynesia, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and
Wallis and Futuna), one sui generis collectivity (New Caledonia), one overseas territory (French
Southern and Antarctic Lands), and one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island).
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Overseas collectivities and territories

form part of the French Republic, but
do not form part of the European
Union or its fiscal area (except for St.
Bartelemy, which seceded from
Guadeloupe in 2007). The Pacific
Collectivities (COMs) of French
Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and
New Caledonia continue to use the
CFP franc[118] whose value is strictly
linked to that of the euro. In contrast,
the five overseas regions used the
French franc and now use the
euro.[119]

The lands making up the French Republic, shown at the same

geographic scale

Name Constitutional status Capital

 Clipperton Island State private property under the direct authority of the
Uninhabited
French government

 French Polynesia Designated as an overseas land (pays d'outre-mer or

Papeete
POM), the status is the same as an overseas collectivity.
 French Southern Port-aux-
Overseas territory (territoire d'outre-mer or TOM)
and Antarctic Lands Français

 New Caledonia Sui generis collectivity Nouméa

 Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM) Gustavia

 Saint Martin Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM) Marigot

 Saint Pierre and Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM). Still

Saint-Pierre
Miquelon referred to as a collectivité territoriale.

 Wallis and Futuna Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM). Still

Mata-Utu
referred to as a territoire.

Government and politics

Government

France is a representative democracy organised as a unitary, semi-presidential republic.[120] As

one of the earliest republics of the modern world, democratic traditions and values are deeply
rooted in French culture, identity and politics.[121] The Constitution of the Fifth Republic was
approved by referendum on 28 September 1958, establishing a framework consisting of executive,

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Current leaders
legislative and judicial branches.[122] It sought to address the
instability of the Third and Fourth Republics by combining
elements of both parliamentary and presidential systems,
while greatly strengthening the authority of the executive
relative to the legislature.[121]

The executive branch has two leaders. The President of the

Republic, currently Emmanuel Macron, is the head of state,
elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a five-year
Emmanuel Élisabeth Borne term.[123] The Prime Minister, currently Élisabeth Borne, is
Macron Prime Minister the head of government, appointed by the President to lead
President the government. The President has the power to dissolve
Parliament or circumvent it by submitting referendums
directly to the people; the President also appoints judges and
civil servants, negotiates and ratifies international agreements, as well as serves as commander-in-
chief of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister determines public policy and oversees the civil
service, with an emphasis on domestic matters.[124] In the 2022 presidential election president
Macron was re-elected.[125]

The legislature consists of the French Parliament, a bicameral

body made up of a lower house, the National Assembly
(Assemblée nationale) and an upper house, the Senate.[126]
Legislators in the National Assembly, known as députés,
represent local constituencies and are directly elected for five-
year terms.[127] The Assembly has the power to dismiss the
government by majority vote. Senators are chosen by an
electoral college for six-year terms, with half the seats Palais Bourbon, the meeting place
submitted to election every three years.[128] The Senate's of the National Assembly, the lower
legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement legislative chamber of the French
between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final Parliament.
say.[129] The parliament is responsible for determining the
rules and principles concerning most areas of law, political
amnesty, and fiscal policy; however, the government may draft specific details concerning most
laws.

Until World War II, Radicals were a strong political force in France, embodied by the Republican,
Radical and Radical-Socialist Party which was the most important party of the Third Republic.
From World War II until 2017, French politics was dominated by two politically opposed
groupings: one left-wing, the French Section of the Workers' International, which was succeeded
by the Socialist Party (in 1969); and the other right-wing, the Gaullist Party, whose name changed
over time to the Rally of the French People (1947), the Union of Democrats for the Republic
(1958), the Rally for the Republic (1976), the Union for a Popular Movement (2007) and The
Republicans (since 2015). In the 2017 presidential and legislative elections, the radical centrist
party La République En Marche! (LREM) became the dominant force, overtaking both Socialists
and Republicans. LREM's opponent in the second round of the 2017 and 2022 presidential
elections was the growing far-right party National Rally. Since 2020, Europe Ecology – The Greens
have performed well in mayoral elections in major cities[130] while on a national level, an alliance
of Left parties (the NUPES) was the second-largest voting block elected to the lower house in
2022.[131]

The electorate is constitutionally empowered to vote on amendments passed by the Parliament

and bills submitted by the president. Referendums have played a key role in shaping French
politics and even foreign policy; voters have decided on such matters as Algeria's independence,

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the election of the president by popular vote, the formation of the EU, and the reduction of
presidential term limits.[132] Waning civic participation has been a matter of vigorous public
debate, with a majority of the public reportedly supporting mandatory voting as a solution in 2019.

Law

France uses a civil legal system, wherein law arises primarily from written statutes;[87] judges are
not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain
areas makes it equivalent to case law in a common law system). Basic principles of the rule of law
were laid in the Napoleonic Code (which was, in turn, largely based on the royal law codified under
Louis XIV). In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen, the law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. As Guy Canivet, first president
of the Court of Cassation wrote about the management of prisons: "Freedom is the rule, and its
restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must
follow the principles of necessity and proportionality." That is, Law should lay out prohibitions
only if they are needed, and if the inconveniences caused by this restriction do not exceed the
inconveniences that the prohibition is supposed to remedy.

French law is divided into two principal areas: private law and public
law. Private law includes, in particular, civil law and criminal law.
Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and
constitutional law. However, in practical terms, French law comprises
three principal areas of law: civil law, criminal law, and administrative
law. Criminal laws can only address the future and not the past
(criminal ex post facto laws are prohibited).[133] While administrative
law is often a subcategory of civil law in many countries, it is
completely separated in France and each body of law is headed by a
specific supreme court: ordinary courts (which handle criminal and
civil litigation) are headed by the Court of Cassation and
administrative courts are headed by the Council of State. To be
The basic principles that the applicable, every law must be officially published in the Journal
French Republic must officiel de la République française.
respect are found in the
1789 Declaration of the France does not recognise religious law as a motivation for the
Rights of Man and of the enactment of prohibitions; it has long abolished blasphemy laws and
Citizen. sodomy laws (the latter in 1791). However, "offences against public
decency" (contraires aux bonnes mœurs) or disturbing public order
(trouble à l'ordre public) have been used to repress public expressions
of homosexuality or street prostitution. Since 1999, civil unions for homosexual couples are
permitted, and since 2013, same-sex marriage and LGBT adoption are legal.[134] Laws prohibiting
discriminatory speech in the press are as old as 1881. Some consider hate speech laws in France to
be too broad or severe, undermining freedom of speech.[135] France has laws against racism and
antisemitism,[136] while the 1990 Gayssot Act prohibits Holocaust denial.

Freedom of religion is constitutionally guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen. The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State is the
basis for laïcité (state secularism): the state does not formally recognise any religion, except in
Alsace-Moselle, which was part of Germany in 1905, and continues to subsidize education and
clergy of Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Judaism. Nonetheless, France does recognise
religious associations. The Parliament has listed many religious movements as dangerous cults
since 1995 and has banned wearing conspicuous religious symbols in schools since 2004. In 2010,

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it banned the wearing of face-covering Islamic veils in public; human rights groups such as
Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch described the law as discriminatory towards
Muslims.[137][138] However, it is supported by most of the population.[139]

Foreign relations

France is a founding member of the United Nations and serves as one of the permanent members
of the UN Security Council with veto rights.[140] In 2015, it was described as "the best networked
state in the world" due to its membership in more international institutions than any other
country;[141] these include the G7, World Trade Organization (WTO),[142] the Pacific Community
(SPC)[143] and the Indian Ocean Commission (COI).[144] It is an associate member of the
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)[145] and a leading member of the Organisation
internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) of 84 French-speaking countries.[146]

As a significant hub for international relations, France has the

third-largest assembly of diplomatic missions, second only to
China and the United States, which are far more populous. It
also hosts the headquarters of several international
organisations, including the OECD, UNESCO, Interpol, the
International Bureau of Weights and Measures, and the
88 states and governments are part
OIF.[149]
of La Francophonie,[147] which
French foreign policy after World War II has been largely promotes values of democracy,
shaped by membership in the European Union, of which it was multilingualism and cultural
a founding member. Since the 1960s, France has developed diversity.[148] France has been a key
close ties with reunified Germany to become the most member of this global organisation
influential driving force of the EU.[150] In the 1960s, France since its inception in 1970.
sought to exclude the British from the European unification
process,[151] seeking to build its standing in continental
Europe. However, since 1904, France has maintained an
"Entente cordiale" with the United Kingdom, and there has
been a strengthening of links between the countries, especially
militarily.

France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO), but under President de Gaulle excluded itself from the
joint military command, in protest of the Special Relationship
The European Parliament in
between the United States and Britain, and to preserve the
Strasbourg, near the border with
independence of French foreign and security policies. Under
(Germany). France is a founding
Nicolas Sarkozy, France rejoined the NATO joint military
member of all EU institutions.
command on 4 April 2009.[152][153][154]

France retains strong political and economic influence in its

former African colonies (Françafrique)[155] and has supplied economic aid and troops for
peacekeeping missions in Ivory Coast and Chad.[156] From 2012 to 2021, France and other African
states intervened in support of the Malian government in the Northern Mali conflict.

In 2017, France was the world's fourth-largest donor of development aid in absolute terms, behind
the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom.[157] This represents 0.43% of its GNP, the
12th highest among the OECD.[158] Aid is provided by the governmental French Development

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Agency, which finances primarily humanitarian projects in sub-Saharan Africa,[159] with an

emphasis on "developing infrastructure, access to health care and education, the implementation
of appropriate economic policies and the consolidation of the rule of law and democracy".[159]

Military

The French Armed Forces (Forces armées françaises) are the

military and paramilitary forces of France, under the President of
the Republic as supreme commander. They consist of the French
Army (Armée de Terre), the French Navy (Marine Nationale,
formerly called Armée de Mer), the French Air and Space Force
(Armée de l'Air et de l’Espace), and the Military Police called
National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale), which also
fulfils civil police duties in the rural areas of France. Together Dassault Rafale of the Armée de
they are among the largest armed forces in the world and the l'Air et de l'Espace
largest in the EU. According to a 2018 study by Crédit Suisse, the
French Armed Forces are ranked as the world's sixth-most
powerful military, and the second most powerful in Europe after
Russia.[160] France's annual military expenditure in 2018 was
US$63.8  billion, or 2.3% of its GDP, making it the fifth biggest
military spender in the world after the United States, China,
Saudi Arabia, and India.[161] There has been no national Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier
conscription since 1997.[162] of the Marine nationale

France has been a recognised nuclear state since 1960. France has
signed and ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
(CTBT)[163] and acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
The French nuclear force (formerly known as "Force de Frappe")
consists of four Triomphant class submarines equipped with
submarine-launched ballistic missiles. In addition to the
submarine fleet, it is estimated that France has about 60 ASMP AMX Leclerc tank of the Armée
medium-range air-to-ground missiles with nuclear warheads,[164] de terre
of which around 50 are deployed by the Air and Space Force
using the Mirage 2000N long-range nuclear strike aircraft, while
around 10 are deployed by the French Navy's Super Étendard Modernisé (SEM) attack aircraft,
which operate from the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle. The new Rafale F3
aircraft will gradually replace all Mirage 2000N and SEM in the nuclear strike role with the
improved ASMP-A missile with a nuclear warhead.

France has major military industries with one of the largest aerospace industries in the world.[165]
Its industries have produced such equipment as the Rafale fighter, the Charles de Gaulle aircraft
carrier, the Exocet missile and the Leclerc tank among others. France is actively investing in
European joint projects such as the Eurocopter Tiger, multipurpose frigates, the UCAV
demonstrator nEUROn and the Airbus A400M. France is a major arms seller,[166][167] with most
of its arsenal's designs available for the export market, except for the nuclear-powered devices.

One French intelligence unit, the Directorate-General for External Security (Direction générale de
la sécurité extérieure), is considered to be a component of the Armed Forces under the authority
of the Ministry of Defense. The other, the Central Directorate for Interior Intelligence (Direction

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centrale du renseignement intérieur) is a division of the National Police Force (Direction générale
de la Police Nationale). France's cybersecurity capabilities are regularly ranked as some of the
most robust of any nation in the world.[168][169]

Government finance

The Government of France has run a budget deficit each year since the early 1970s. As of 2016,
French government debt levels reached 2.2  trillion euros, the equivalent of 96.4% of French
GDP.[170] In late 2012, credit rating agencies warned that growing French Government debt levels
risked France's AAA credit rating, raising the possibility of a future downgrade and subsequent
higher borrowing costs for the French authorities.[171] However, in July 2020, during the COVID-
19 pandemic, the French government issued negative-interest rate 10-year bonds for the first time
in its history.[172] In 2020, France possessed the fourth-largest gold reserves in the world.

Economy

Overview

France has a developed, high-income mixed economy,

characterised by sizeable government involvement, economic
diversity, a skilled labour force, and high innovation. For
roughly two centuries, the French economy has consistently
ranked among the ten largest globally; it is currently the
world's ninth-largest by purchasing power parity, the seventh-
largest by nominal GDP, and the second-largest in the La Défense was in 2017 ranked by
European Union by both metrics.[174] France is considered an Ernst & Young as the leading central
economic power, with membership in the Group of Seven business district in continental
leading industrialised countries, the Organisation for Europe, and the fourth in the
Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the world.[173]
Group of Twenty largest economies.

France's economy is highly diversified; services represent two-

thirds of both the workforce and GDP,[175] while the industrial
sector accounts for a fifth of GDP and a similar proportion of
employment. France is the third-biggest manufacturing
country in Europe, behind Germany and Italy, and ranks
eighth in the world by share of global manufacturing output, at
1.9 percent.[176] Less than 2 percent of GDP is generated by the
primary sector, namely agriculture;[177] however, France's
agricultural sector is among the largest in value and leads the
EU in terms of overall production.[178]
Composition of the French economy
In 2018, France was the fifth-largest trading nation in the (GDP) in 2016 by expenditure type
world and the second-largest in Europe, with the value of
exports representing over a fifth of GDP.[179] Its membership
in the Eurozone and the broader European Single Market facilitates access to capital, goods,
services, and skilled labour.[180] Despite protectionist policies over certain industries, particularly
in agriculture, France has generally played a leading role in fostering free trade and commercial
integration in Europe to enhance its economy.[181][182] In 2019, it ranked first in Europe and 13th
in the world in foreign direct investment, with European countries and the United States being

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leading sources.[183] According to the Bank of France, the leading recipients of FDI were
manufacturing, real estate, finance and insurance.[184] The Paris region has the highest
concentration of multinational firms in Europe.[184]

Under the doctrine of Dirigisme, the government historically played a major role in the economy;
policies such as indicative planning and nationalisation are credited for contributing to three
decades of unprecedented postwar economic growth known as Trente Glorieuses. At its peak in
1982, the public sector accounted for one-fifth of industrial employment and over four-fifths of the
credit market. Beginning in the late 20th century, France loosened regulations and state
involvement in the economy, with most leading companies now being privately owned; state
ownership now dominates only transportation, defence and broadcasting.[185] Policies aimed at
promoting economic dynamism and privatisation have improved France's economic standing
globally: it is among the world's 10 most innovative countries in the 2020 Bloomberg Innovation
Index,[186] and the 15th most competitive, according to the 2019 Global Competitiveness Report
(up two places from 2018).[187]

According to the IMF, France ranked 30th in GDP per capita, with roughly $45,000 per
inhabitant. It placed 23rd on the Human Development Index, indicating very high human
development. Public corruption is among the lowest in the world, with France consistently ranking
among the 30 least corrupt countries since the Corruption Perceptions Index began in 2012; it
placed 22nd in 2021, up one place from the previous year.[188][189] France is Europe's second-
largest spender in research and development, at over 2 percent of GDP; globally, it ranks 12th.[190]

Financial services, banking, and insurance are important parts of the economy. AXA is the world's
second-largest insurance company by total nonbanking assets in 2020.[191][192] As of 2011, the
three largest financial institutions cooperatively owned by their customers were French: Crédit
Agricole, Groupe Caisse D'Epargne, and Crédit Mutuel.[193] According to a 2020 report by S&P
Global Market Intelligence, France's leading banks, BNP Paribas and Crédit Agricole, are among
the world's 10 largest bank by assets, with Société Générale and Groupe BPCE ranking 17th and
19th globally, respectively.[194]

The Paris stock exchange (French: La Bourse de Paris) is one of the oldest in the world, created by
Louis XV in 1724.[195] In 2000, it merged with counterparts in Amsterdam and Brussels to form
Euronext,[196] which in 2007 merged with the New York stock exchange to form NYSE Euronext,
the world's largest stock exchange.[196] Euronext Paris, the French branch of NYSE Euronext, is
Europe's second-largest stock exchange market, behind the London Stock Exchange.

Agriculture

France has historically been one of the world's major

agricultural centres and remains a "global agricultural
powerhouse".[197][198] Nicknamed "the granary of the old
continent",[199] over half its total land area is farmland, of
which 45 percent is devoted to permanent field crops such as
cereals. The country's diverse climate, extensive arable land,
modern farming technology, and EU subsidies have made it
Europe's leading agricultural producer and exporter;[200] it
Champagne vineyards in Verzenay accounts for one-fifth of the EU's agricultural production,
in the Montagne de Reims including over one-third of its oilseeds, cereals, and wine.[201]
subregion As of 2017, France ranked first in Europe in beef and cereals;
second in dairy and aquaculture; and third in poultry, fruits,
vegetables, and manufactured chocolate products.[202] France
has the EU's largest cattle herd, at 18–19 million.[203]
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France is the world's sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural products, generating a trade surplus of
over €7.4 billion.[202] Its primary agricultural exports are wheat, poultry, dairy, beef, pork, and
internationally recognised brands, particularly beverages.[203][204] France is the fifth largest
grower of wheat, after China, India, Russia, and the United States, all of which are significantly
larger.[203] It is the world's top exporter of natural spring water, flax, malt, and potatoes.[202] In
2020, France exported over €61 billion in agricultural products, compared to €37 billion in
2000.[205][206]

France was an early centre of viticulture, dating back to at least the sixth century BCE. It is the
world's second-largest producer of wine, with many varieties enjoying global renown, such as
Champagne and Bordeaux;[202] domestic consumption is also high, particularly of Rosé. France
produces rum primarily from overseas territories such as Martinique, Guadeloupe and La
Réunion.

Relative to other developed countries, agriculture is an important sector of France's economy:

3.8% of the active population is employed in agriculture, whereas the total agri-food industry
made up 4.2% of the French GDP in 2005.[201] France remains the largest recipient of EU
agricultural subsidies, receiving an annual average of €8 billion from 2007 to 2019.[207][208]

Tourism

With 89 million international tourist arrivals in 2018,[209] France

is the world's top tourist destination, ahead of Spain (83 million)
and the United States (80  million). However, it ranks third in
tourism-derived income due to the shorter duration of visits.[210]
The most popular tourist sites include (annual visitors): Eiffel
Tower (6.2 million), Château de Versailles (2.8 million), Muséum
national d'Histoire naturelle (2  million), Pont du Gard
The Eiffel Tower is the world's
(1.5  million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2  million), Mont Saint-Michel
most-visited paid monument, an
(1  million), Sainte-Chapelle (683,000), Château du Haut-
icon of both Paris and France
Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée Picasso
(441,000), and Carcassonne (362,000).[211]

France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest and most
renowned museums, including the Louvre, which is the most
visited art museum in the world (7.7 million visitors in 2022), the
Musée d'Orsay (3.3  million), mostly devoted to Impressionism, Nice on the French Riviera
the Musée de l'Orangerie (1.02  million), which is home to eight
large Water Lily murals by Claude Monet, as well as the Centre
Georges Pompidou (3  million), dedicated to contemporary art.
Disneyland Paris is Europe's most popular theme park, with
15 million combined visitors to the resort's Disneyland Park and
Walt Disney Studios Park in 2009.[212]
Mont-Saint-Michel and its bay
With more than 10 million tourists a year, the French Riviera
were listed as a UNESCO World
(French: Côte d'Azur), in Southeast France, is the second leading
Heritage Sites in 1979
tourist destination in the country, after the Paris region.[213] It
benefits from 300 days of sunshine per year, 115 kilometres
(71  mi) of coastline and beaches, 18 golf courses, 14 ski resorts
and 3,000 restaurants.[214]: 31  Each year the Côte d'Azur hosts 50% of the world's superyacht
fleet.[214]: 66 

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With 6 million tourists a year, the castles of the Loire Valley (French: châteaux) and the Loire
Valley itself are the third leading tourist destination in France;[215][216] this World Heritage Site is
noteworthy for its architectural heritage, in its historic towns but in particular its castles, such as
the Châteaux d'Amboise, de Chambord, d'Ussé, de Villandry, Chenonceau and Montsoreau. The
Château de Chantilly, Versailles and Vaux-le-Vicomte, all three located near Paris, are also visitor
attractions.

France has 37 sites inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage List and features cities of high cultural
interest, beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, as well as rural regions that many enjoy for their
beauty and tranquillity (green tourism). Small and picturesque French villages are promoted
through the association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France (literally "The Most Beautiful Villages
of France"). The "Remarkable Gardens" label is a list of the over 200 gardens classified by the
Ministry of Culture. This label is intended to protect and promote remarkable gardens and parks.
France attracts many religious pilgrims on their way to St. James, or to Lourdes, a town in the
Hautes-Pyrénées that hosts several million visitors a year.

Energy

France is the world's tenth-largest producer of electricity.[217]

Électricité de France (EDF), which is majority-owned by the
French government, is the country's main producer and
distributor of electricity, and one of the world's largest electric
utility companies, ranking third in revenue globally.[218] In
2018, EDF produced around one-fifth of the European Union's
electricity, primarily from nuclear power.[219] As of 2021,
France was the biggest energy exporter in Europe, mostly to
Belleville Nuclear Power Plant. the U.K. and Italy,[220] and the largest net exporter of
France derives most of its electricity electricity in the world.[220]
from nuclear power, the highest
percentage in the world. Since the 1973 oil crisis, France has pursued a strong policy of
energy security,[220] namely through heavy investment in
nuclear energy. It is one of 32 countries with nuclear power
plants, ranking second in the world by the number of operational nuclear reactors, at 56.[221]
Consequently, 70% of France's electricity is generated by nuclear power, the highest proportion in
the world by a wide margin;[222] only Slovakia and Ukraine derive a majority of electricity from
nuclear power, at roughly 53% and 51%, respectively.[223] France is considered a world leader in
nuclear technology, with reactors and fuel products being major exports.[220]

Due to its overwhelming reliance on nuclear power, renewable energies have seen relatively little
growth compared to other Western countries. Nevertheless, between 2008 and 2019, France's
production capacity from renewable energies rose consistently and nearly doubled.[224]
Hydropower is by far the leading source, accounting for over half the country's renewable energy
sources[225] and contributing 13% of its electricity,[224] the highest proportion in Europe after
Norway and Turkey.[225] As with nuclear power, most hydroelectric plants, such as Eguzon, Étang
de Soulcem, and Lac de Vouglans, are managed by EDF.[225] France aims to further expand
hydropower into 2040.[224]

France made minimal but measurable investments in other renewable energy sources. Due to its
geography and extensive agricultural land, it has the second-largest wind energy potential in
Europe, and by 2017 had ranked eighth globally in installed wind capacity.[226] In terms of solar
power, France ranked seventh in the world in 2015 for solar photovoltaic installation capacity.[227]
As of 2019, solar power sources generated over 10,570 megawatts of electricity, compared to a
little over 1,000 megawatts in 2010.[228]
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Because France derives the vast majority of its power from nuclear and renewable sources, close to
half its primary energy (48.5%) is derived from low-carbon sources, compared to 26.4% in Europe
and 15.7% in the world as a whole.[229] France is also the smallest emitter of carbon dioxide among
the G7.[230]

Transport

France's railway network, which stretches 29,473 kilometres

(18,314  mi) as of 2008,[232] is the second most extensive in
Western Europe after Germany.[233] It is operated by the
SNCF, and high-speed trains include the Thalys, the Eurostar
and TGV, which travels at 320  km/h (199  mph).[234] The
Eurostar, along with the Eurotunnel Shuttle, connects with the
United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel. Rail
connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe Millau Viaduct is the tallest bridge in
except Andorra. Intra-urban connections are also well the world.[231]
developed, with most major cities having underground or
tramway services complementing bus services.

There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of

serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive
network of the European continent.[235] The Paris region is
enveloped with the densest network of roads and highways,
which connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French
roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting
with cities in neighbouring Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany,
Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco. There is no A TGV Duplex crossing the Cize–
annual registration fee or road tax; however, usage of the Bolozon viaduct. The train can
mostly privately owned motorways is through tolls except in reach a maximum speed of 360
the vicinity of large communes. The new car market is kilometres per hour (220 mph).
dominated by domestic brands such as Renault, Peugeot and
Citroën.[236] France possesses the Millau Viaduct, the world's
tallest bridge,[237] and has built many important bridges such as the Pont de Normandie. Diesel
and gasoline-fuelled cars and lorries cause a large part of the country's air pollution and
greenhouse gas emissions.[238][239]

There are 464 airports in France.[87] Charles de Gaulle Airport, located in the vicinity of Paris, is
the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and
commercial traffic and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. Air France
is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and
international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in
Marseille,[240] which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea.[241]12,261 kilometres
(7,619  mi) of waterways traverse France including the Canal du Midi, which connects the
Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the Garonne river.[87]

Science and technology

Since the Middle Ages, France has been a major contributor to scientific and technological
achievement. In the early 11th century, the French-born Pope Sylvester II reintroduced the abacus
and armillary sphere and introduced Arabic numerals and clocks to much of Europe.[243] The
University of Paris, founded in the mid-12th century, is still one of the most important academic
institutions in the Western world.[244] In the 17th century, mathematician and philosopher René
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Descartes pioneered rationalism as a method for acquiring scientific

knowledge, while Blaise Pascal became famous for his work on
probability and fluid mechanics; both were key figures of the Scientific
Revolution, which blossomed in Europe during this period. The
French Academy of Sciences, founded in the mid-17th century by
Louis XIV to encourage and protect French scientific research, was
one of the earliest national scientific institutions in history; it was at
the forefront of scientific developments in Europe for the next two
centuries.

The Age of Enlightenment was marked by the work of biologist

Buffon, one of the first naturalists to recognise ecological succession,
France is in 2020 the and chemist Lavoisier, who discovered the role of oxygen in
biggest national financial combustion. Diderot and D'Alembert published the Encyclopédie,
contributor to the European which aimed to give the public access to "useful knowledge" that could
Space Agency,[242] which be applied to everyday life.[245] The Industrial Revolution of the 19th
conceived the Ariane rocket century saw spectacular scientific developments in France, with
family, launched from Augustin Fresnel founding modern optics, Sadi Carnot laying the
French Guiana (Ariane 5
foundations of thermodynamics, and Louis Pasteur pioneering
pictured).
microbiology. Other eminent French scientists of the period have their
names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist Henri
Poincaré; physicists Henri Becquerel, Pierre and Marie Curie, who remain famous for their work
on radioactivity; physicist Paul Langevin; and virologist Luc Montagnier, co-discoverer of HIV
AIDS. Hand transplantation was developed in Lyon in 1998 by an international team that included
Jean-Michel Dubernard, who afterward performed the first successful double hand
transplant.[246] Telesurgery was first performed by French surgeons led by Jacques Marescaux on
7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean.[247] A face transplant was first done on 27 November
2005 by Bernard Devauchelle.[248][249]

France was the fourth country to achieve nuclear capability[250] and has the third largest nuclear
weapons arsenal in the world;[251] it is also a leader in civilian nuclear technology.[252][253][254]
France was the third nation, after the Soviet Union and the United States, to launch its space
satellite and the first to establish a commercial launch service provider, Arianespace. The French
national space programme, CNES, is the third oldest in the world, and the oldest, largest, and most
active in Europe. France is a founding member of the European Space Agency (ESA), contributing
over a quarter of its budget, the most of any member state.[255] ESA is headquartered in Paris, has
its principal spaceport in French Guiana, and utilises the French-made Ariane 5 as its primary
launch vehicle.[256][257][258] Airbus, a leading aerospace company and the world's largest airline
manufacturer, was formed partly from the French company, Aérospatiale; its main commercial
airline business is conducted through its French division, Airbus S.A.S.

France also hosts major international research facilities,

including the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, the
Institut Laue–Langevin, and Minatec, Europe's leading
nanotechnology research centre. It is also a major member of
CERN, which operates the largest particle physics laboratory in
the world and is its third largest contributor. France pioneered
and hosts ITER, an international effort to develop nuclear
fusion energy, which is the world's biggest megaproject.
The European Synchrotron
Radiation Facility in Grenoble

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The TGV, developed by France's national railway company, the SNCF, is a high-speed train that
holds a series of world speed records; in 2007, it became the fastest commercial wheeled train,
achieving a speed of 574.8  km/h (357.2  mph).[259] As of 2021, it is the third-fastest train in the
world, surpassed only by maglev models that utilise magnetic levitation.[260] Western Europe is
now serviced by a network of TGV lines.

The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the state research agency, is the largest
research institute in Europe and among the most prominent internationally; according to the 2020
Nature Index, it ranks fourth in the share of articles published in scientific journals worldwide,[261]
with France as a whole having the sixth-highest share.[262]

As of 2022, France ranks fourth in the number of Nobel laureates, with 70 French people having
been awarded a Nobel Prize.[263] Twelve French mathematicians have received a Fields Medal,
considered the most prestigious award in the field, making up one-fifth of total recipients,[264] and
second only to the United States.

France ranked 12th in the 2022 Global Innovation Index, compared to 12th in 2020 and 16th in
2019.[265][266][267][268]

Demographics
With an estimated January 2023 population of
68,042,591 people,[8] France is the 20th most populous
country in the world, the third-most populous in Europe
(after Russia and Germany), and the second most
populous in the European Union (after Germany).

France is an outlier among developed countries,

particularly in Europe, for its relatively high rate of
natural population growth: By birth rates alone, it was
responsible for almost all natural population growth in
the European Union in 2006.[269] Between 2006 and
2016, France saw the second-highest overall increase in
population in the EU and was one of only four EU
Population density in France by
countries where natural births accounted for the most
arrondissement
population growth.[270] This was the highest rate since
the end of the baby boom in 1973 and coincides with the
rise of the total fertility rate from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010.

As of January 2021, the fertility rate declined slightly to 1.84 children per woman, below the
replacement rate of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 4.41 in 1800.[271][272][273][274] France's
fertility rate and crude birth rate nonetheless remain among the highest in the EU. However, like
many developed nations, the French population is aging; the average age is 41.7 years, while about
a fifth of French people are 65 or over.[275] The average life expectancy at birth is 82.7 years, the
12th highest in the world.

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From 2006 to 2011, population growth averaged 0.6 percent per year;[276] since 2011, annual
growth has been between 0.4 and 0.5 percent annually.[277] Immigrants are major contributors to
this trend; in 2010, 27 percent of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one foreign-born
parent and another 24 percent had at least one parent born outside Europe (excluding French
overseas territories).[278]

Ethnic groups

Historically, French people were mainly of Celtic-Gallic

origin, with a significant admixture of Italic (Romans)
and Germanic (Franks) groups reflecting centuries of
respective migration and settlement.[279] Through the
course of the Middle Ages, France incorporated various
neighbouring ethnic and linguistic groups, as evidenced
by Breton elements in the west, Aquitanian in the
southwest, Scandinavian in the northwest, Alemannic in Map of the French diaspora around the
the northeast, and Ligurian in the southeast. world

Large-scale immigration over the last century and a half

have led to a more multicultural society; beginning with the French Revolution, and further
codified in the French Constitution of 1958, the government is prohibited from collecting data on
ethnicity and ancestry; most demographic information is drawn from private sector organisations
or academic institutions. In 2004, the Institut Montaigne estimated that within Metropolitan
France, 51 million people were White (85% of the population), 6 million were Northwest African
(10%), 2 million were Black (3.3%), and 1 million were Asian (1.7%).[280][281]

A 2008 poll conducted jointly by the Institut national d'études démographiques and the French
National Institute of Statistics[282][283] estimated that the largest ancestry groups were Italian (5
million), followed by Northwest African (3–6 million),[284][285][286] Sub-Saharan African
(2.5 million), Armenian (500,000), and Turkish (200,000).[287] There are also sizeable minorities
of other European ethnic groups, namely Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, and Greek.[284][288][289]
France has a significant Gitan (Romani) population, numbering between 20,000 and
400,000;[290] many foreign Roma are expelled back to Bulgaria and Romania frequently.[291]

Immigration

It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the
different waves of immigration since the early 20th century;[292] between 1921 and 1935 alone,
about 1.1  million net immigrants came to France.[293] The next largest wave came in the 1960s
when around 1.6  million pieds noirs returned to France following the independence of its
Northwest African possessions, Algeria and Morocco.[294][295] They were joined by numerous
former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as well as numerous European immigrants
from Spain and Portugal.

France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants
annually.[296] In 2005, it was Western Europe's leading recipient of asylum seekers, with an
estimated 50,000 applications (albeit a 15% decrease from 2004).[297] In 2010, France received
about 48,100 asylum applications—placing it among the top five asylum recipients in the
world[298] and in subsequent years it saw the number of applications increase, ultimately doubling
to 100,412 in 2017.[299] The European Union allows free movement between the member states,
although France established controls to curb Eastern European migration, and immigration
remains a contentious political issue.
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In 2008, the INSEE (National Institute of Statistics and

Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-
born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population),
while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or
11% of the population. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's
population were either first or second-generation immigrants,
of which more than 5  million were of European origin and
4  million of Maghrebi ancestry.[300][301][302] In 2008, France The Calais Jungle was a refugee
granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly from Morocco, and illegal migrant encampment in
Algeria and Turkey.[303] the vicinity of Calais, France, that
existed from January 2015 to
In 2014, the INSEE reported a significant increase in the October 2016.
number of immigrants coming from Spain, Portugal and Italy
between 2009 and 2012. According to the French Institute,
this increase resulted from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that
period.[304] Statistics on Spanish immigrants in France show a growth of 107 percent between
2009 and 2012, with the population growing from 5,300 to 11,000.[304] Of the total of 229,000
foreigners who were in France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, 5% British, 5% Spanish, 4%
Italian, 4% German, 3% Romanian, and 3% Belgian.[304]

Number of immigrants[XIII] living in France by region of birth

UN SDG region 2019 census 2009 census Growth
Northern Africa and Western
2,425,200 1,983,600 +22.3%
Asia

Europe 2,297,400 2,076,200 +10.7%

Sub-Saharan Africa 1,123,800 667,500 +68.4%

Eastern and South-Eastern
311,400 293,100 +6.2%
Asia

Latin America and the

307,650 233,900 +31.5%
Caribbean

Central and Southern Asia 205,600 120,100 +71.2%

Northern America 54,600 51,600 +5.8%

Australia, NZ, and Oceania 7,950 6,700 +18.7%

Total 6,733,600 5,432,700 +23.9%

Sources: INSEE census figures,[305] UN SDG regions.[306]

Note: Figures for 2019 refer to Metropolitan France and the 5 overseas regions
(Mayotte included). Figures for 2009 do not include Mayotte. The overseas
collectivities in the Pacific Ocean are included neither in 2009 nor in 2019.

Major cities

France is a highly urbanised country, with its largest cities (in terms of metropolitan area
population in 2019[307]) being Paris (13,114,718 inh.), Lyon (2,280,845), Marseille (1,873,270),
Lille (1,510,079), Toulouse (1,454,158), Bordeaux (1,363,711), Nantes (1,011,020), Strasbourg
(853,110), Montpellier (801,595), and Rennes (755,668). (Note: since its 2020 revision of
metropolitan area borders, INSEE considers that Nice is a metropolitan area separate from the

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Cannes-Antibes metropolitan area; these two combined would have a population of 1,008,296, as
of the 2019 census). Rural flight was a perennial political issue throughout most of the 20th
century.

Largest metropolitan areas in France  

2019 census
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
Auvergne-
1 Paris Île-de-France 13,114,718 11 Grenoble 717,469
Rhône-Alpes
Auvergne-Rhône-
2 Lyon 2,280,845 12 Rouen Normandy 705,627
Alpes
Provence-
Provence-Alpes-
3 Marseille 1,873,270 13 Nice Alpes-Côte 615,126
Côte d'Azur
d'Azur
Provence-
4 Lille Hauts-de-France 1,510,079 14 Toulon Alpes-Côte 573,230
d'Azur
Occitania
Centre-Val de
Paris 5 Toulouse (administrative 1,454,158 15 Tours 519,778
Loire
region)
Nouvelle-
6 Bordeaux 1,363,711 16 Nancy Grand Est 510,306
Aquitaine
Clermont- Auvergne-
7 Nantes Pays de la Loire 1,011,020 17 507,479
Ferrand Rhône-Alpes
Lyon
Saint- Auvergne-
8 Strasbourg Grand Est 853,110 18 498,849
Étienne Rhône-Alpes
Occitania
9 Montpellier (administrative 801,595 19 Caen Normandy 472,161
region)
Centre-Val de
10 Rennes Brittany 755,668 20 Orléans 451,373
Loire

Language

The official language of France is French,[308] a

Romance language derived from Latin. Since
1635, the Académie française has been France's
official authority on the French language,
although its recommendations carry no legal
weight. There are also regional languages
spoken in France, such as Occitan, Breton,
Catalan, Flemish (Dutch dialect), Alsatian
(German dialect), Basque, and Corsican
(Italian dialect). Italian was the official Map of the Francophone world:
language of Corsica until 9 May 1859.[309]    Native language
   Administrative language
The Government of France does not regulate
   Secondary or non-official language
the choice of language in publications by
   Francophone minorities
individuals, but the use of French is required
by law in commercial and workplace
communications. In addition to mandating the
use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in
the European Union and globally through institutions such as the Organisation internationale de
la Francophonie. The perceived threat from anglicisation has prompted efforts to safeguard the

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position of the French language in France. Besides French, there exist 77 vernacular minority
languages of France, eight spoken in French metropolitan territory and 69 in the French overseas
territories.

From the 17th to the mid-20th century, French served as the pre-eminent international language
of diplomacy and international affairs as well as a lingua franca among the educated classes of
Europe.[310] The dominant position of the French language in international affairs was overtaken
by English since the emergence of the United States as a major power.[58][311][312]

For most of the time in which French served as an international lingua franca, it was not the native
language of most Frenchmen: a report in 1794 conducted by Henri Grégoire found that of the
country's 25  million people, only three million spoke French natively; the rest spoke one of the
country's many regional languages, such as Alsatian, Breton or Occitan.[313] Through the
expansion of public education, in which French was the sole language of instruction, as well as
other factors such as increased urbanisation and the rise of mass communication, French
gradually came to be adopted by virtually the entire population, a process not completed until the
20th century.

As a result of France's extensive colonial ambitions between the 17th and 20th centuries, French
was introduced to the Americas, Africa, Polynesia, South-East Asia, as well as the Caribbean.
French is the second most studied foreign language in the world after English,[314] and is a lingua
franca in some regions, notably in Africa. The legacy of French as a living language outside Europe
is mixed: it is nearly extinct in some former French colonies (The Levant, South and Southeast
Asia), while creoles and pidgins based on French have emerged in the French departments in the
West Indies and the South Pacific (French Polynesia). On the other hand, many former French
colonies have adopted French as an official language, and the total number of French speakers is
increasing, especially in Africa.

It is estimated that between 300  million[315] and 500  million[316] people worldwide can speak
French, either as a mother tongue or as a second language.

According to the 2007 Adult Education survey, part of a project by the European Union and
carried out in France by the INSEE and based on a sample of 15,350 persons, French was the
native language of 87.2% of the total population, or roughly 55.81  million people, followed by
Arabic (3.6%, 2.3  million), Portuguese (1.5%, 960,000), Spanish (1.2%, 770,000) and Italian
(1.0%, 640,000). Native speakers of other languages made up the remaining 5.2% of the
population.[317]

Religion

France is a secular country in which freedom of religion is a constitutional right. French religious
policy is based on the concept of laïcité, a strict separation of church and state under which public
life is kept completely secular. The exception to this is the region of Alsace and Moselle where
Lutheranism, Catholicism and Judaism enjoy official status and state funding.

According to a survey held in 2016 by Institut Montaigne and Institut français d'opinion publique
(IFOP), 51.1% of the total population of France was Christian, 39.6% had no religion (atheism or
agnosticism), 5.6% were Muslims, 2.5% were followers of other faiths, and the remaining 0.4%
were undecided about their faith.[318] Estimates of the number of Muslims in France vary widely.
In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of people of Muslim
background to be between 5 and 6  million (8–10%).[319][320] The current Jewish community in
France is the largest in Europe and the third largest in the world after Israel and the United States,
ranging between 480,000 and 600,000, about 0.8% of the population as of 2016.[318]

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Catholicism has been the predominant religion in France for more

than a millennium, though it is not as actively practised today as it
was. Among the 47,000 religious buildings in France, 94% are
Roman Catholic.[321] During the French Revolution, activists
conducted a brutal campaign of de-Christianisation, ending the
Catholic Church as the state religion. In some cases, clergy and
churches were attacked, with iconoclasm stripping the churches of
statues and ornaments. After alternating between royal and secular
republican governments during the 19th century, in 1905 France
passed the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State,
which established the principle of laïcité.[322]

To this day, the government is prohibited from recognising any

specific right to a religious community (except for legacy statutes like
those of military chaplains and the local law in Alsace-Moselle). It
Notre-Dame de Reims is the recognises religious organisations according to formal legal criteria
Roman Catholic cathedral that do not address religious doctrine. Conversely, religious
where the Kings of France organisations are expected to refrain from intervening in
were crowned until 1825.[XIV] policymaking.[323]

Certain groups, such as Scientology, Children of God, the Unification

Church, or the Order of the Solar Temple are considered cults ("sectes" in French); therefore they
do not have the same status as recognised religions in France.[324] Secte is considered a pejorative
term in France.[325]

Health

The French health care system is one of universal health care

largely financed by government national health insurance. In
its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the World
Health Organization found that France provided the "close to
best overall health care" in the world.[327] The French health
care system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health
The Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, a
Organization in 1997.[328][329] In 2011, France spent 11.6% of
teaching hospital in Paris, is one of
its GDP on health care, or US$4,086 per capita,[330] a figure
Europe's largest hospitals.[326]
much higher than the average spent by countries in Europe but
less than in the United States. Approximately 77% of health
expenditures are covered by government-funded agencies.[331]

Care is generally free for people affected by chronic diseases (affections de longues durées) such as
cancer, AIDS or cystic fibrosis. Average life expectancy at birth is 78 years for men and 85 years for
women, one of the highest in the European Union and the World.[332][333] There are 3.22
physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France,[334] and average health care spending per capita
was US$4,719 in 2008.[335] As of 2007, approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France are
living with HIV/AIDS.[87]

Even if the French have the reputation of being one of the thinnest people in developed
countries,[336][337][338][339][340] France—like other rich countries—faces an increasing and recent
epidemic of obesity, due mostly to the replacement in French eating habits of traditional healthy
French cuisine by junk food.[341][336][337][342] The French obesity rate is still far below that of the
United States—currently equal to the American rate in the 1970s—and is still the lowest in

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Europe.[337][339][342] Authorities now regard obesity as one of the main public health issues and
fight it fiercely.[343] Rates of childhood obesity are slowing in France while continuing to grow in
other countries.[344]

Education

In 1802, Napoleon created the lycée, the second and final stage of
secondary education that prepares students for higher education
studies or a profession.[346] Nevertheless, Jules Ferry is considered
the father of the French modern school, leading reforms in the late
19th century that established free, secular and compulsory education
(currently mandatory until the age of 16).[347][348]

French education is centralised and divided into three stages:

Primary, secondary, and higher education. The Programme for
International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranked
France's education as near the OECD average in 2018.[349][350] France
was one of the PISA-participating countries where school children
perceived some of the lowest levels of support and feedback from their
The École normale teachers.[350] Schoolchildren in France reported greater concern
supérieure (ENS) in Paris, about the disciplinary climate and behaviour in classrooms compared
established in the end of
to other OECD countries.[350]
the 18th century, produces
more Nobel Prize laureates Primary and secondary education are predominantly public, and run
per capita than any other
by the Ministry of National Education. While training and
institution in the world.[345] remuneration of teachers and the curriculum are the responsibility of
the state centrally, the management of primary and secondary schools
is overseen by local authorities. Primary education comprises two
phases, nursery school (école maternelle) and elementary school (école élémentaire). Nursery
school aims to stimulate the minds of very young children and promote their socialisation and
development of a basic grasp of language and numbers. Around the age of six, children transfer to
elementary school, whose primary objectives are learning about writing, arithmetic and
citizenship. Secondary education also consists of two phases. The first is delivered through colleges
(collège) and leads to the national certificate (Diplôme national du brevet). The second is offered
in high schools (lycée) and finishes in national exams leading to a baccalaureate (baccalauréat,
available in professional, technical or general flavours) or certificate of professional competence
(certificat d'aptitude professionelle).

Higher education is divided between public universities and the prestigious and selective Grandes
écoles, such as Sciences Po Paris for Political studies, HEC Paris for Economics, Polytechnique, the
École des hautes études en sciences sociales for Social studies and the École nationale supérieure
des mines de Paris that produce high-profile engineers, or the École nationale d'administration for
careers in the Grands Corps of the state. The Grandes écoles have been criticised for alleged
elitism, producing many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs and
politicians.[351]

Culture
The creation of the Ministry of Culture in 1959 helped preserve the cultural heritage of the country
and make it available to the public by granting subsidies to artists, promoting French culture in the
world, supporting festivals and cultural events, and protecting historical monuments. The French

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government also succeeded in maintaining a cultural exception

in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to defend
audiovisual products made in the country.[352]

France has 1,200 museums, visited by more than 50  million

people annually.[353] The most important cultural sites are run
by the government, for instance through the public agency
Centre des monuments nationaux, which is responsible for
approximately 85 historical monuments. The 43,180 buildings
protected as historical monuments include mainly residences
(many castles) and religious buildings (cathedrals, basilicas, Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading
churches), but also statues, memorials and gardens. UNESCO the People (1830) portrays the July
Revolution using the stylistic views
inscribed 45 sites in France on the World Heritage List.[354]
of Romanticism. Since Liberty is
part of the motto "Liberté, égalité,
Art fraternité", as the French put it, this
painting has become the primary
symbol of the French Republic.

The origins of French art were very much influenced by

Flemish art and by Italian art at the time of the
Renaissance. Jean Fouquet, the most famous medieval
The Louvre Museum, widely recognised as French painter, is said to have been the first to travel to
one of the finest art museums in the world, Italy and experience the Early Renaissance firsthand. The
was in 2019 both the largest and the most- Renaissance painting School of Fontainebleau was
visited museum.[355] directly inspired by Italian painters such as Primaticcio
and Rosso Fiorentino, who both worked in France. Two
of the most famous French artists of the time of the
Baroque era, Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain, lived in Italy. The 17th century was the period
when French painting became prominent and individualised itself through classicism. Prime
Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in 1648
under Louis XIV to protect these artists; in 1666 he also created the still-active French Academy in
Rome to have direct relations with Italian artists.

French artists developed the rococo style in the 18th century, as a more intimate imitation of the
old baroque style, the works of the court-endorsed artists Antoine Watteau, François Boucher and
Jean-Honoré Fragonard being the most representative in the country. The French Revolution
brought great changes, as Napoleon favoured artists of neoclassic style such as Jacques-Louis
David and the highly influential Académie des Beaux-Arts defined the style known as Academism.
At this time France had become a centre of artistic creation, the first half of the 19th century being
dominated by two successive movements, at first Romanticism with Théodore Géricault and
Eugène Delacroix, then Realism with Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet and Jean-François Millet, a
style that eventually evolved into Naturalism.

In the second part of the 19th century, France's influence over painting grew, with the
development of new styles of painting such as Impressionism and Symbolism. The most famous
impressionist painters of the period were Camille Pissarro, Édouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Claude
Monet and Auguste Renoir.[356] The second generation of impressionist-style painters, Paul
Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec and Georges Seurat, were also at the avant-garde of
artistic evolutions,[357] as well as the fauvist artists Henri Matisse, André Derain and Maurice de
Vlaminck.[358][359]

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At the beginning of the 20th century, Cubism was developed by

Georges Braque and the Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, living in Paris.
Other foreign artists also settled and worked in or near Paris, such as
Vincent van Gogh, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and Wassily
Kandinsky.

There are many art museums in France, the most famous of which
being the state-owned Musée du Louvre, which collects artwork from
the 18th century and earlier. The Musée d'Orsay was inaugurated in
1986 in the old railway station Gare d'Orsay, in a major reorganisation
of national art collections, to gather French paintings from the second
part of the 19th century (mainly Impressionism and Fauvism
movements).[360][361] It was voted the best museum in the world in
Claude Monet, founder of
2018.[362] Modern works are presented in the Musée National d'Art
the Impressionist
Moderne, which moved in 1976 to the Centre Georges Pompidou. movement
These three state-owned museums are visited by close to 17  million
people a year.[363]

Other national museums hosting paintings include the Grand Palais (1.3 million visitors in 2008),
but there are also many museums owned by cities, the most visited being the Musée d'Art
Moderne de la Ville de Paris (0.8 million entries in 2008), which hosts contemporary works.[363]
Outside Paris, all the large cities have a Museum of Fine Arts with a section dedicated to European
and French painting. Some of the finest collections are in Lyon, Lille, Rouen, Dijon, Rennes and
Grenoble.

Architecture

During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by feudal
nobles to mark their powers. Some French castles that survived are
Chinon, Château d'Angers, the massive Château de Vincennes and the
so-called Cathar castles. During this era, France had been using
Romanesque architecture like most of Western Europe. Some of the
greatest examples of Romanesque churches in France are the Saint
Sernin Basilica in Toulouse, the largest Romanesque church in
Europe,[364] and the remains of the Cluny Abbey.

Gothic architecture, originally named Opus Francigenum meaning

"French work",[365] was born in Île-de-France and was the first
French style of architecture to be copied in all of Europe.[366]
Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic
cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the Saint Denis
Basilica (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic
cathedrals are Notre-Dame de Chartres and Notre-Dame d'Amiens.
The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: Notre-
Saint Louis's Sainte- Dame de Reims.[367] Aside from churches, Gothic Architecture had
Chapelle represents the been used for many religious palaces, the most important one being
French impact on religious the Palais des Papes in Avignon.
architecture.
The final victory in the Hundred Years' War marked an important
stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the
French Renaissance and several artists from Italy were invited to the French court; many

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residential palaces were built in the Loire Valley, from 1450 as a first reference the Château de
Montsoreau.[368] Such residential castles were the Château de Chambord, the Château de
Chenonceau, or the Château d'Amboise.

Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, Baroque architecture replaced the
traditional Gothic style. However, in France, baroque architecture found greater success in the
secular domain than in the religious one.[369] In the secular domain, the Palace of Versailles has
many baroque features. Jules Hardouin Mansart, who designed the extensions to Versailles, was
one of the most influential French architects of the baroque era; he is famous for his dome at Les
Invalides.[370] Some of the most impressive provincial baroque architecture is found in places that
were not yet French such as Place Stanislas in Nancy. On the military architectural side, Vauban
designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military
architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia
and Turkey.[371][372]

After the Revolution, the Republicans favoured Neoclassicism although it was introduced in
France before the revolution with such buildings as the Parisian Pantheon or the Capitole de
Toulouse. Built during the first French Empire, the Arc de Triomphe and Sainte Marie-Madeleine
represent the best example of Empire-style architecture.[373]

Under Napoleon III, a new wave of urbanism and architecture

was given birth; extravagant buildings such as the neo-baroque
Palais Garnier were built. The urban planning of the time was
very organised and rigorous; most notably, Haussmann's
renovation of Paris. The architecture associated with this era is
named Second Empire in English, the term being taken from
the Second French Empire. At this time there was a strong
Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated
architect was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In the late 19th century, Place de la Bourse in Bordeaux, an
Gustave Eiffel designed many bridges, such as the Garabit example of French baroque
viaduct, and remains one of the most influential bridge architecture
designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the
iconic Eiffel Tower.

In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect Le Corbusier designed several buildings in France.
More recently, French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The
Louvre Pyramid is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. The most
difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar.
For instance, in Paris, since 1977, new buildings had to be under 37 metres (121 ft).[374] France's
largest financial district is La Défense, where a significant number of skyscrapers are located.[375]
Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges;
an example of the way this has been done is the Millau Viaduct. Some famous modern French
architects include Jean Nouvel, Dominique Perrault, Christian de Portzamparc and Paul Andreu.

Literature

The earliest French literature dates from the Middle Ages when what is now known as modern
France did not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects, and
writers used their own spelling and grammar. Some authors of French medieval texts, such as
Tristan and Iseult and Lancelot-Grail are unknown. Three famous medieval authors are Chrétien
de Troyes, Christine de Pizan (langue d'oïl), and Duke William IX of Aquitaine (langue d'oc). Much
medieval French poetry and literature was inspired by the legends of the Carolingian cycle, such as

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The Song of Roland and the various chansons de geste. The Roman de Renart, written in 1175 by
Perrout de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the medieval character Reynard ('the Fox') and is
another example of early French writing.

An important 16th-century writer was François Rabelais, who wrote five popular early picaresque
novels. Rabelais was also in regular communication with Marguerite de Navarre, author of the
Heptameron.[376] Another 16th-century author was Michel de Montaigne, whose most famous
work, Essais, started a literary genre.[377] Pierre de Ronsard and Joachim du Bellay, were the
founders of the La Pléiade poetic movement.

In 1678, Madame de La Fayette anonymously published La Princesse de Clèves, a widely praised

psychological novel.[378] Jean de La Fontaine is a famous 17th century fabulist, who borrowed
from Aesop. Generations of French schoolchildren had to learn his fables by heart, as they were
thought to teach wisdom and common sense. Some of his verses have entered the popular
language to become proverbs.[379]

Jean Racine, who wrote plays such as Phèdre or Britannicus

using alexandrines, is considered one of the three great
dramatists of France's golden age along with Pierre Corneille
(Le Cid) and Molière, who wrote dozens of plays, including Le
Misanthrope, L'Avare, Le Malade imaginaire, and Le
Bourgeois gentilhomme. French is sometimes referred to as
"the language of Molière".[381]

French literature and poetry flourished during the 18th and

19th centuries. Denis Diderot's best-known works are Jacques
the Fatalist and Rameau's Nephew. He is best known,
however, as the main editor of the Encyclopédie, whose aim
was, to sum up all the knowledge of his century (in fields such
as arts, sciences, languages, and philosophy) and to fight
ignorance and obscurantism. During that same century,
French literary figures. Clockwise Charles Perrault was a prolific writer of children's fairy tales
from top left: Molière is the most including Puss in Boots, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and
played author in the Comédie- Bluebeard. At the start of the 19th century, symbolist poetry
Française;[380] Victor Hugo is one of was an important movement in French literature, with poets
the most important French novelist such as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Stéphane
and poet; 19th-century poet, writer Mallarmé.[382]
and translator Charles Baudelaire;
20th-century philosopher and The 19th century saw the writings of many renowned French
novelist Jean-Paul Sartre authors. Victor Hugo is sometimes seen as "the greatest French
writer of all time"[383] for excelling in all literary genres. The
preface of his play Cromwell is considered to be the manifesto
of the Romantic movement. Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles are considered "poetic
masterpieces",[384] Hugo's verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Dante and
Homer.[384] His novel Les Misérables is widely seen as one of the greatest novels ever written[385]
and The Hunchback of Notre Dame has remained immensely popular. Other major authors of that
century include Alexandre Dumas (The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte-Cristo), Jules
Verne (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea), Émile Zola (Les Rougon-Macquart), Honoré
de Balzac (La Comédie humaine), Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal (The Red
and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma), whose works are among the most well known in
France and the world.

The Prix Goncourt is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903.[386]

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In the early 20th century France was a haven for literary freedom.[387] Works banned for obscenity
in the US, the UK and other Anglophone nations were published in France decades before they
were available in the respective authors' home countries.[387] The innate French regard for the
mind meant that France was disinclined to punish literary figures for their writing, and
prosecutions were rare.[387] Important writers of the 20th century include Marcel Proust, Louis-
Ferdinand Céline, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Antoine de Saint Exupéry wrote Little
Prince, which has remained popular for decades.[388] As of 2014, French authors had more
Literature Nobel Prizes than those of any other nation.[389] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was
for a French author, while France's latest Nobel prize in literature was for Patrick Modiano, who
was awarded the prize in 2014.[389] Jean-Paul Sartre was also the first nominee in the committee's
history to refuse the prize in 1964.[389]

Philosophy

Medieval philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism until the emergence of Humanism in the
Renaissance. Modern philosophy began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of René
Descartes, Blaise Pascal and Nicolas Malebranche. Descartes was the first Western philosopher
since ancient times to attempt to build a philosophical system from the ground up rather than
building on the work of predecessors.[390][391] His Meditations on First Philosophy changed the
primary object of philosophical thought and raised some of the most fundamental problems for
foreigners such as Spinoza, Leibniz, Hume, Berkeley, and Kant.

French philosophers produced some of the most important political

works of the Age of Enlightenment. In The Spirit of the Laws, Baron
de Montesquieu theorised the principle of separation of powers, which
has been implemented in all liberal democracies since it was first
applied in the United States. Voltaire came to embody the
Enlightenment with his defence of civil liberties, such as the right to a
free trial and freedom of religion.

19th-century French thought was targeted at responding to the social

malaise following the French Revolution. Rationalist philosophers
such as Victor Cousin and Auguste Comte, who called for a new social
doctrine, were opposed by reactionary thinkers such as Joseph de
René Descartes, founder of
Maistre, Louis de Bonald and Félicité Robert de Lamennais, who
modern Western
blamed the rationalist rejection of traditional order. De Maistre,
philosophy[392]
together with the Englishman Edmund Burke, was one of the
founders of European conservatism. Comte was the founder of
positivism, which Émile Durkheim reformulated as a basis for social
research.

In the 20th century, partly as a reaction to the perceived excesses of positivism, French
spiritualism thrived with thinkers such as Henri Bergson and it influenced American pragmatism
and Whitehead's version of process philosophy. Meanwhile, French epistemology became a
prominent school of thought with Jules Henri Poincaré, Gaston Bachelard, Jean Cavaillès and
Jules Vuillemin. Influenced by German phenomenology and existentialism, the philosophy of
Jean-Paul Sartre gained a strong influence after World War II, and late-20th-century-France
became the cradle of postmodern philosophy with Jean-François Lyotard, Jean Baudrillard,
Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault.

Music

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France has a long and varied musical history. It experienced a golden

age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed many
talented musicians and composers in the royal court. The most
renowned composers of this period include Marc-Antoine
Charpentier, François Couperin, Michel-Richard Delalande, Jean-
Baptiste Lully and Marin Marais, all of them composers at the court.
After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost
dynamism, but in the next century the music of Jean-Philippe
Rameau reached some prestige, and today he is still one of the most
renowned French composers. Rameau became the dominant
composer of French opera and the leading French composer of the
Claude Debussy
harpsichord.[393]

French composers played an important role in the music of the 19th

and early 20th centuries, which is considered to be the Romantic
music era. Romantic music emphasised a surrender to nature, a fascination with the past and the
supernatural, the exploration of unusual, strange and surprising sounds, and a focus on national
identity. This period was also a golden age for operas. French composers from the Romantic era
included: Hector Berlioz (best known for his Symphonie fantastique), Georges Bizet (best known
for Carmen, which has become one of the most popular and frequently performed operas), Gabriel
Fauré (best known for his Pavane, Requiem, and nocturnes), Charles Gounod (best known for his
Ave Maria and his opera Faust), Jacques Offenbach (best known for his 100 operettas of the
1850s–1870s and his uncompleted opera The Tales of Hoffmann), Édouard Lalo (best known for
his Symphonie espagnole for violin and orchestra and his Cello Concerto in D minor), Jules
Massenet (best known for his operas, of which he wrote more than thirty, the most frequently
staged are Manon (1884) and Werther (1892)) and Camille Saint-Saëns (he has many frequently-
performed works, including The Carnival of the Animals, Danse macabre, Samson and Delilah
(Opera), Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso and his Symphony No. 3).

Later came precursors of modern classical music. Érik Satie

was a key member of the early-20th-century Parisian avant-
garde, best known for his Gymnopédies. Francis Poulenc's
best-known works are his piano suite Trois mouvements
perpétuels (1919), the ballet Les biches (1923), the Concert
champêtre (1928) for harpsichord and orchestra, the opera
Dialogues des Carmélites (1957) and the Gloria (1959) for
soprano, choir and orchestra. Maurice Ravel and Claude
Debussy are the most prominent figures associated with Serge Gainsbourg, one of the
Impressionist music. Debussy was among the most influential world's most influential popular
composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his musicians
use of non-traditional scales and chromaticism influenced
many composers who followed.[394] Debussy's music is noted
for its sensory content and frequent usage of atonality. The two
composers invented new musical forms[395][396][397][398] and
new sounds. Ravel's piano compositions, such as Jeux d'eau,
Miroirs, Le tombeau de Couperin and Gaspard de la nuit,
demand considerable virtuosity. His mastery of orchestration
is evident in the Rapsodie espagnole, Daphnis et Chloé, his
arrangement of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition
and his orchestral work Boléro (1928). More recently, in the
middle of the 20th century, Maurice Ohana, Pierre Schaeffer Daft Punk, pioneers of the French
and Pierre Boulez contributed to the evolution of house movement
contemporary classical music.[399]

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French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music in the middle of the 20th
century. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country, French pop
music, known as chanson française, has also remained very popular. Among the most important
French artists of the century are Édith Piaf, Georges Brassens, Léo Ferré, Charles Aznavour and
Serge Gainsbourg.[400] Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-
speaking countries,[401] bands such as Noir Désir, Mano Negra, Niagara, Les Rita Mitsouko and
more recently Superbus, Phoenix and Gojira,[402] or Shaka Ponk, have reached worldwide
popularity.

Other French artists with international careers have been popular in several countries, most
notably female singers Dalida, Mireille Mathieu, Mylène Farmer,[402] Alizée and Nolwenn
Leroy,[403] electronic music pioneers Jean-Michel Jarre, Laurent Garnier and Bob Sinclar, later
Martin Solveig and David Guetta. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), electronic duos Daft Punk,
Justice and Air also reached worldwide popularity and contributed to the reputation of modern
electronic music in the world.[402][404][405]

Among current musical events and institutions in France, many are dedicated to classical music
and operas. The most prestigious institutions are the state-owned Paris National Opera (with its
two sites Palais Garnier and Opéra Bastille), the Opéra National de Lyon, the Théâtre du Châtelet
in Paris, the Théâtre du Capitole in Toulouse and the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux. As for music
festivals, there are several events organised, the most popular being Eurockéennes (a word play
which sounds in French as "European"), Solidays and Rock en Seine. The Fête de la Musique,
imitated by many foreign cities, was first launched by the French Government in 1982.[406][407]
Major music halls and venues in France include Le Zénith sites present in many cities and other
places in Paris (Paris Olympia, Théâtre Mogador, Élysée Montmartre).

Cinema

France has historical and strong links with cinema, with two
Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the
Lumière Brothers) credited with creating cinema in 1895.[411]
The world's first female filmmaker, Alice Guy-Blaché, was also
from France.[412] Several important cinematic movements,
including the late 1950s and 1960s Nouvelle Vague, began in
the country. It is noted for having a strong film industry, due in
part to protections afforded by the Government of France.
A Palme d'Or from the Cannes Film France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2015 producing
Festival, one of the "Big Three" film more films than any other European country.[413][414] The
festivals alongside the Venice Film nation also hosts the Cannes Festival, one of the most
Festival and Berlin International Film important and famous film festivals in the world.[415][416]
Festival[408][409][410]
Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has
also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and
the world. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign
nations. Directors from nations such as Poland (Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Andrzej
Żuławski), Argentina (Gaspar Noé, Edgardo Cozarinsky), Russia (Alexandre Alexeieff, Anatole
Litvak), Austria (Michael Haneke) and Georgia (Géla Babluani, Otar Iosseliani) are prominent in
the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers
in other countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur or Francis Veber in the United States.
Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the
world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared
with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan.[417] French films account for 35% of the total film

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revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed
world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK.[417] In 2013 France
was the second greatest exporter of films in the world, after the United States.[418]

As part of its advocacy of cultural exception, a political concept of treating culture differently from
other commercial products,[419] France succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to
include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalised sectors of the WTO in 1993.[420]
Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a vote by UNESCO in 2005: the principle of "cultural
exception" won an overwhelming victory with 198 countries voting for it and only 2 countries, the
United States and Israel, voting against it.[421]

Fashion

Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France

since the 17th century, and modern "haute couture" originated in
Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New
York City, is considered one of the world's fashion capitals, and the
city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses.
The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name,
guaranteeing certain quality standards.

The association of France with fashion and style (French: la mode)

dates largely to the reign of Louis XIV[422] when the luxury goods
industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the
French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in
Europe. But France renewed its dominance of the high fashion Chanel's headquarters on
(French: couture or haute couture) industry in the years 1860–1960 Place Vendôme, Paris
through the establishment of the great couturier houses such as
Chanel, Dior, and Givenchy. The French perfume industry is the world
leader in its sector and is centred on the town of Grasse.[423]

In the 1960s, the elitist "Haute couture" came under criticism from France's youth culture. In
1966, the designer Yves Saint Laurent broke with established Haute Couture norms by launching a
prêt-à-porter ("ready to wear") line and expanding French fashion into mass manufacturing. With
a greater focus on marketing and manufacturing, new trends were established by Sonia Rykiel,
Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean-Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix in the 1970s and
1980s. The 1990s saw a conglomeration of many French couture houses under luxury giants and
multinationals such as LVMH.

According to 2017 data compiled by Deloitte, Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey (LVMH), a French
brand, is the largest luxury company in the world by sales, selling more than twice the amount of
its nearest competitor.[424] Moreover, France also possesses 3 of the top 10 luxury goods
companies by sales (LVMH, Kering SA, L'Oréal), more than any other country in the world.[424]

Media

In 2021, regional daily newspapers (like Ouest-France, Sud Ouest, La Voix du Nord, Dauphiné
Libéré, Le Télégramme, and Le Progrès) more than doubled the sales of national newspapers (like
Le Monde, Le Figaro, L'Équipe (sports), Le Parisien, and Les Echos (finance)). Free dailies,
distributed in metropolitan centers, continue to increase their market share.[426]

The sector of weekly magazines includes more than 400 specialised weekly magazines published in
the country.[427]
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The most influential news magazines are the left-wing Le Nouvel

Observateur, centrist L'Express and right-wing Le Point (in 2009
more than 400,000 copies),[428] but the highest circulation numbers
for weeklies are attained by TV magazines and by women's magazines,
among them Marie Claire and ELLE, which have foreign versions.
Influential weeklies also include investigative and satirical papers Le
Canard Enchaîné and Charlie Hebdo, as well as Paris Match. As in
most industrialised nations, the print media have been affected by a
severe crisis with the rise of the internet. In 2008, the government
launched a major initiative to help the sector reform and become
financially independent,[429][430] but in 2009 it had to give 600,000
Le Figaro was founded in euros to help the print media cope with the economic crisis, in
1826 and it is still addition to existing subsidies.[431] In 1974, after years of centralised
considered a newspaper of monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency ORTF
record.[425] was split into several national institutions, but the three already-
existing TV channels and four national radio stations[432][433]
remained under state control. It was only in 1981 that the government
allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending the state monopoly on radio.[433] French
television was partly liberalised in the next two-decade with the creation of several commercial
channels, mainly thanks to cable and satellite television. In 2005 the national service Télévision
Numérique Terrestre introduced digital television all over the territory, allowing the creation of
other channels.

The four existing national channels are owned by the state-owned consortium France Télévisions,
funded by advertising revenue and TV licence fees. Public broadcasting group Radio France runs
five national radio stations. Among these public media are Radio France Internationale, which
broadcasts programmes in French all over the world, as well as Franco-German TV channel TV5
Monde. In 2006, the government created the global news channel France 24.

Society

According to a BBC poll in 2010, based on 29,977 responses in

28 countries, France is globally seen as a positive influence in
the world's affairs: 49% have a positive view of the country's
influence, whereas 19% have a negative view.[434][435] The
Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the
second best international reputation, only behind
Germany.[436] A global opinion poll for the BBC saw France
ranked the fourth most positively viewed nation in the world
Admittance of Germaine Tillion, (behind Germany, Canada and the United Kingdom) in
Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz, 2014.[437]
Pierre Brossolette and Jean Zay at
the Pantheon, a mausoleum for According to a poll in 2011, the French were found to have the
distinguished French people, in highest level of religious tolerance and to be the country where
2015 the highest proportion of the population defines its identity
primarily in term of nationality and not religion.[438] As of
2011, 75% of French had a favourable view of the United States,
making France one of the most pro-American countries in the world.[439] As of 2017, the
favourable view of the United States had dropped to 46%.[440] In January 2010, the magazine
International Living ranked France as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries, for
the fifth year running.[441]

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The OECD Better Life Index states that "France performs well in many measures of well-being
relative to most other countries in the Better Life Index".[442]

The French Revolution continues to permeate the country's collective memory. The tricolour flag
of France,[443] the anthem "La Marseillaise", and the motto Liberté, égalité, fraternité, defined in
Title 1 of the Constitution as national symbols, all emerged during the cultural ferment of the early
revolution, along with Marianne, a common national personification. In addition, Bastille Day, the
national holiday, commemorates the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789.[444]

A common and traditional symbol of the French people is the Gallic

rooster. Its origins date back to Antiquity since the Latin word Gallus
meant both "rooster" and "inhabitant of Gaul". Then this figure
gradually became the most widely shared representation of the
French, used by French monarchs, then by the Revolution and under
the successive republican regimes as representation of the national
identity, used for some stamps and coins.[445]

France is one of the world leaders of gender equality in the workplace:

as of 2017, it has 36.8% of its corporate board seats held by women,
which makes it the leader of the G20 for that metric.[446] It was
ranked in 2019 by the World Bank as one of the only six countries in
the world where women have the same work rights as men.[447]
Sculpture of Marianne, a
France is one of the most liberal countries in the world when it comes common national
to LGBT rights: a 2020 Pew Research Center poll found that 86% of personification of the
the French think that same-sex relationships should be accepted by French Republic
society, one of the highest acceptance rates in the world (comparable
to that of other Western European nations).[448] France legalised
same-sex marriage and adoption in 2013.[449] The government has used its diplomatic clout to
support LGBT rights throughout the world, notably in the United Nations.[450]

In 2020, France was ranked fifth in the Environmental Performance Index (behind the United
Kingdom), out of 180 countries ranked by Yale University in that study.[451] Being the host country
of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French Government was instrumental in
securing the 2015 Paris Agreement, a success that has been credited to its "openness and
experience in diplomacy".[452]

Cuisine

French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the

world.[453][454] Different regions have different styles. In the
North, butter and cream are common ingredients, whereas
olive oil is more commonly used in the South.[455] Each region
of France has iconic traditional specialties: cassoulet in the
Southwest, choucroute in Alsace, quiche in the Lorraine region,
beef bourguignon in Burgundy, provençal tapenade, etc.
France is most famous for its wines,[456] and cheeses, which
French wines are usually made to are often named for the territory where they are produced
accompany French cuisine. (AOC).[457][458] A meal typically consists of three courses,
entrée (starter), plat principal (main course), and fromage
(cheese) or dessert, sometimes with a salad served before the
cheese or dessert.

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French cuisine is also regarded as a key element of the quality of life and the attractiveness of
France.[441] A French publication, the Michelin guide, awards Michelin stars for excellence to a
select few establishments.[459][460] The acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on
the success of a restaurant. By 2006, the Michelin Guide had awarded 620 stars to French
restaurants.[461]

In addition to its wine tradition, France is also a major producer of beer and rum. The three main
French brewing regions are Alsace (60% of national production), Nord-Pas-de-Calais and
Lorraine. French rum is made in distilleries located on islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

Sports

France hosts "the world's biggest annual sporting event", the

Tour de France.[463] Other popular sports played in France
include: football, judo, tennis,[464] rugby union[465] and
pétanque. France has hosted events such as the 1938 and 1998
FIFA World Cups,[466] the 2007 Rugby World Cup,[467] and
will host the 2023 Rugby World Cup. The country also hosted
the 1960 European Nations' Cup, UEFA Euro 1984, UEFA
Starting in 1903, the Tour de France Euro 2016 and 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup. The Stade de
is the oldest and most prestigious of France in Saint-Denis is France's largest stadium and was the
Grands Tours, and the world's most venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World
famous cycling race. [462] Cup finals. Since 1923, France is famous for its 24 Hours of Le
Mans sports car endurance race.[468] Several major tennis
tournaments take place in France, including the Paris Masters
and the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tournaments. French martial arts include Savate
and Fencing.

France has a close association with the Modern Olympic Games; it was a French aristocrat, Baron
Pierre de Coubertin, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century.[469][470]
After Athens was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Olympics' Greek origins, Paris
hosted the second Games in 1900.[471] Paris was the first home of the International Olympic
Committee, before it moved to Lausanne.[472] Since 1900, France has hosted the Olympics on 4
further occasions: the 1924 Summer Olympics, again in Paris[470] and three Winter Games (1924
in Chamonix, 1968 in Grenoble and 1992 in Albertville).[470] Similar to the Olympics, France
introduced Olympics for the deaf people (Deaflympics) in 1924 with the idea of a French deaf car
mechanic, Eugène Rubens-Alcais who paved the way to organise the inaugural edition of the
Summer Deaflympics in Paris.[473]

Both the national football team and the national rugby union team are nicknamed "Les Bleus" in
reference to the team's shirt colour as well as the national French tricolour flag. Football is the
most popular sport in France, with over 1,800,000 registered players and over 18,000 registered
clubs.[475] The football team is among the most successful in the world, with two FIFA World Cup
victories in 1998 and 2018,[476] two FIFA World Cup second places in 2006 and 2022,[477] and two
UEFA European Championships in 1984[478] and 2000.[479]

The top national football club competition is Ligue 1. France has produced some of the greatest
players in the world, including three-time FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane, three-
time Ballon d'Or recipient Michel Platini, record holder for most goals scored at a World Cup Just
Fontaine, first football player to receive the Légion d'honneur Raymond Kopa, and the record
goalscorer for the French national team Thierry Henry.[480]

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The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major tennis

tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at
the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris. It is the premier clay court tennis
championship event in the world and the second of four annual Grand
Slam tournaments.[481]

Rugby union is popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of

France.[482] The national rugby union team has competed at every
Rugby World Cup; it takes part in the annual Six Nations
Championship.

See also Zidane was named the best

European footballer of the
Europe portal
past 50 years in a 2004
France portal UEFA poll.[474]

Outline of France

Footnotes
I. The current Constitution of France does not specify a national emblem.[1] This emblem is used
by the President, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs,[2] and is on the cover of French
passports. For other symbols, see National symbols of France.
II. For information about regional languages see Languages of France.
III. European Union since 1993
IV. French National Geographic Institute data, which includes bodies of water
V. French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km2 (0.386
sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers
VI. Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean
VII. French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only
VIII. Time zones across the span from UTC−10 (French Polynesia) to UTC+12 (Wallis and Futuna)
IX. Daylight saving time is observed in metropolitan France and Saint Pierre and Miquelon only.
X. The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the French telephone numbering plan, but
have their own country calling codes: Guadeloupe +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana
+594; Réunion and Mayotte +262; Saint Pierre and Miquelon +508. The overseas territories
are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: New
Caledonia +687; French Polynesia +689; Wallis and Futuna +681.
XI. In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and
territories: .re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. France also uses .eu, shared with
other members of the European Union. The .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking
territories.
XII. French Guiana is in South America; Guadeloupe and Martinique are in the Caribbean Sea;
and Réunion and Mayotte are in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Africa. All five are
considered integral parts of the French Republic. France also comprises Saint Pierre and
Miquelon in North America; Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin in the Caribbean; French
Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna and Clipperton Island in the Pacific Ocean; and
the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.

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XIII. INSEE definition: an immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French
citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving
to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons
born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
Changes in immigrant numbers result from: arrivals of new immigrants - (departures + deaths
in France).
XIV. The last sacre was that of Charles X, 29 May 1825.

References
1. Article II of the Constitution of France (1958)
2. "The lictor's fasces" (https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-presidency/the-lictor-s-fasces). elysee.fr.
20 November 2012.
3. "Share of the population in France 2021, by nationality status" (https://www.statista.com/statisti
cs/466028/distribution-population-nationality-france/). statista.com. 5 August 2022.
4. "Etat des lieux de la laïcité en France - 2021" (https://www.gouvernement.fr/sites/default/files/c
ontenu/piece-jointe/2021/02/etat_des_lieux_de_la_laicite_en_france._viavoice_-_observatoire
_de_la_laicite._2021.pdf) (PDF) (official statistics) (in French). Observatoire de la laïcité,
Government of France.
5. "Field Listing :: Area" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/librar
y/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html). The World Factbook. CIA. Archived from
the original (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html) on 31
January 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015. This article incorporates text from this source,
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Further reading
"France." in Europe, edited by Ferdie McDonald and Claire Marsden, Dorling Kindersley (Gale,
2010), pp. 144–217. Online (https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX1644200020/GPS?u=wikipedia

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&sid=GPS&xid=3062efe1).

Topics
Carls, Alice-Catherine. "France." in World Press Encyclopedia, edited by Amanda C. Quick,
(2nd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2003), pp. 314–337. Online coverage of press and media (https://link.gal
e.com/apps/doc/CX3409900079/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=59dd8c94).
Chabal, Emile, ed. France since the 1970s: History, Politics and Memory in an Age of
Uncertainty (2015) Excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/dp/1472509773).
Gildea, Robert. France Since 1945 (2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2002).
Goodliffe, Gabriel, and Riccardo Brizzi, eds. France After 2012 (Bergham, 2015).
Haine, W. S. Culture and Customs of France (Greenwood Press, 2006).
Kelly, Michael, ed. French Culture and Society: The Essentials (Oxford University Press,
2001).
Raymond, Gino. Historical Dictionary of France (2nd ed. Scarecrow, 2008).
Jones, Colin. Cambridge Illustrated History of France (Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Ancient maps (https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,france%20%
20maps&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=tlevel,include,
online_resources,1&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,France,1&lang=en_U
S&offset=0&came_from=sort) of France from the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. National
Library of Israel.

External links
France (http://www.oecd.org/france) at Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development
France (https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004853/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpub
s/for/france.htm) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
France (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/France) at Curlie
France (http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/france/index_en.htm) at the EU
Wikimedia Atlas of France
Geographic data related to France (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1403916) at
OpenStreetMap
Key Development Forecasts for France (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Cou
ntry=FR) from International Futures

Economy

INSEE (https://www.insee.fr/en/accueil)
OECD France statistics (http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?QueryId=14594)

Government
France.fr (http://www.france.fr/en) – official French tourism site (in English)
Gouvernement.fr (http://www.gouvernement.fr) – official site of the government (in French)
Official site of the French public service (https://web.archive.org/web/20120103101721/http://s
ervice-public.fr/langue/english) – links to various administrations and institutions

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Official site of the National Assembly (http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/index.asp)

Culture
Contemporary French Civilization (http://www.french.uiuc.edu/cfc) – journal, University of
Illinois
FranceGuide (http://us.franceguide.com) – official site of the French Government Tourist Office

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France&oldid=1153713181"

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