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Lagrange Multipliers Explained

This document introduces Lagrange multipliers, a method for finding the extrema (maximums or minimums) of functions subject to equality constraints. It states that to maximize or minimize f(x,y) subject to the constraint g(x,y)=0, one solves the system of equations ∇f(x,y) = λ∇g(x,y) and g(x,y) = 0 for (x,y) and λ. The solutions (x,y) are the critical points and λ is the Lagrange multiplier. It provides examples of using Lagrange multipliers to find maxima, minima, and least distances subject to planar constraints.

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56 views7 pages

Lagrange Multipliers Explained

This document introduces Lagrange multipliers, a method for finding the extrema (maximums or minimums) of functions subject to equality constraints. It states that to maximize or minimize f(x,y) subject to the constraint g(x,y)=0, one solves the system of equations ∇f(x,y) = λ∇g(x,y) and g(x,y) = 0 for (x,y) and λ. The solutions (x,y) are the critical points and λ is the Lagrange multiplier. It provides examples of using Lagrange multipliers to find maxima, minima, and least distances subject to planar constraints.

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abc123asd
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Lagrange Multipliers

1
Now we will see an easier way to solve extrema problems with some
constraints.
We want to optimize f(x,y) subject to constraint g(x,y) = 0.
Graphically:
: level curves (f(x,y) = k)
: constraint curve

To maximize f subject to g(x,y) = 0 means to find the level curve of f with


greatest k-value that intersects the constraint curve. It will be the place
where the two curves are tangent.

Two curves have a common perpendicular line if they are tangent at that
point. We know ∇f is perpendicular to its level curves. ∇g is also
perpendicular to the constraint curve.

2
Theorem (Lagrange's Method)
To maximize or minimize f(x,y) subject to constraint g(x,y)=0, solve the
system of equations

∇f(x,y) = λ∇g(x,y) and g(x,y) = 0


for (x,y) and λ. The solutions (x,y) are critical points for the
constrained extremum problem and the corresponding
λ is called the Lagrange Multiplier.
Note: Each critical point we get from these solutions is a candidate
for the max/min.

EX 1 Find the maximum value of f(x,y) = xy subject to the constraint


g(x,y) = 4x2 + 9y2 - 36 = 0.

3
EX 2 Find the least distance between the origin and the plane
x + 3y - 2z = 4.

4
EX 3 Find the max volume of the first-octant rectangular box (with faces
parallel to coordinate planes) with one vertex at (0,0,0) and the
diagonally opposite vertex on the plane 3x + y + 2z = 1.

5
If we have more than one constraint, additional Lagrange multipliers
are used. If we want to maiximize f(x,y,z) subject to g(x,y,z)=0 and
h(x,y,z)=0, then we solve

∇f = λ∇g + µ∇h with g=0 and h=0 .

EX 4 Find the minimum distance from the origin to the line of


intersection of the two planes.
x+y+z=8 and 2x - y + 3z = 28

6
Lagrange multipliers don't work well for constraint regions like a
square or triangle because there is not one equation to represent
g(x,y)=0.

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