SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Lab 1A - Biomedical Instrumentation's
REPORT
Đỗ Thanh Nhân
Instructor: Dr. Nguyen Thanh Qua
Team member: Đỗ Thanh Nhân BEBEIU22247
Nguyễn Ngọc Mĩ Phương [insert ID 2]
Nguyễn Thị Hoa [insert ID 3]
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Ho Chi Minh City
[01/ 2023]
VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HCMC
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
HCMC International University – School of Biomedical Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ..............................................................................................................................................1
List of Tables ...............................................................................................................................................2
I. Introduction..............................................................................................................................................3
1. Application...........................................................................................................................................3
2. How to use...........................................................................................................................................3
3. Components........................................................................................................................................3
II. Working Principles...................................................................................................................................5
III. Block diagram.........................................................................................................................................6
IV. Disassemble sequence............................................................................................................................7
V. Experiment..............................................................................................................................................8
VI. Further information................................................................................................................................9
Acquisition Mode: Axial vs. Helical Scans.....................................................................................9
VII. References...........................................................................................................................................12
HCMC International University – School of Biomedical Engineering
List of Figures
(Please note the page number of figures (pictures) that you use in your report. Titles for figures appear directly
below the figures)
Figure 1: The block diagram of manual CT scanner.................................................................................x
Figure 2: The block diagram of semi-automatic CT scanner....................................................................x
Figure 3: The disassemble sequence of automatic CT scanner..............................................................x
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List of Tables
(Please note the page number of tables that you use in your report. Titles for tables appear directly above the
table)
Table 1: Results comparison between three types of CT scanner............................................................x
Table 2: Mechanisms comparison between three types of CT scanner....................................................x
Table 3: The disassemble steps of automatic CT scanner...........................................................................x
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I. Introduction
1. Application
- CT scan ( an acronym of "computed tomography scan") or formerly called computed axial
tomography scan or CAT scan is a medical imaging technique used to present detailed
internal images of the body.
- CT scanners is a medical device which use a rotating X-ray tube and a row of detectors
placed in a gantry to measure X-ray attenuation by different tissues inside the body. The
multiple X-ray measurements taken from different angles are then processed on a computer
using tomographic reconstruction algorithms to produce tomographic (cross-sectional)
images (virtual "slices") of a body. CT scan can be used in patients with metallic implants or
pacemakers, for whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is contraindicated.
- This device can optimize the image quality, while clarifying the hard to see details inside
the human body. CT scanning is also used in guiding surgery, radiation therapy, and
postoperative monitoring. In addition, 3D CT scanning technique also allows accurate
assessment of the lesion location in 3D space, thereby helping to orient well for surgery as
well as radiation therapy. CT scanning is also applied to reconstruct 3D images in congenital
abnormalities, helping plastic surgeons to better correct birth defects.
- The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or radiology technologists.
People can use CT scan for a large variety of clinical applications including heart diseases
assessment procedures.
2. How to use 3. Components
1. Basic Imaging Process
The X-ray tube emits an X-ray
beam at a given gantry angle.
The beam passes through the
patient and is intercepted by an
imaging detector element.
The detector element emits a
scintillation photon which is
detected by a photon detector and
converted into an electronic signal.
The electronic signal of each Figure 1.1
element at each gantry position is We have 5 components: Gantry, Setup Lasers, Bore,
assembled in a computer and a Couch and Control Panel.
sinogram is generated. - Gantry: The gantry is the main structure of the scanner.
The sinogram is converted into a - Setup Lasers:Setup lasers projected from the bore are
CT image using either filtered back used to center the patient in the bore prior to a scan.
projection or iterative - Bore:The patient transits through the bore during a
scan. Typical bore sizes are between 70cm and 85cm in
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reconstruction. diameter.
2. How to use: - Couch:The patient rests on the couch or table which is
Based on the high voltage power able to raise or lower and travel into and out of the bore
supply, the rotating X-ray tube is during a scan.
mechanically driven along the - Control Panel:The control panel is used to position the
length of the rotation. couch, activate the lasers and perform other necessary
The patient lies on the patient tasks prior to a scan.
couch and is inserted into the tube
in the center of the truss.
The X-ray passes through the
patient and outputs an image on
the detector, which is fixed at a
certain place around the perimeter
of the rig with high density.
The computer senses the position
of the tube and samples the
detector output
Computational operations based
on collected data are performed by
computers
Visual simulations are created
based on a plane cross-section of
the body.
The output can be displayed on a
cathode ray tube, or recorded with
a camera to make a permanent
copy
II. Working Principles
Working principle of CT Scanner:
The operating principle of a computer tomography machine is similar to that of an X-ray machine, but it
is improved and understood as follows:
Figure 2.1
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1. The patient lies on the slide and is inserted into the scanner.
2. The machine emits an X-ray beam to scan the body and reach the organ or part that needs to be
examined.
3. The unit that receives and processes signals converts, reproduces images and displays them on a
computer screen specialized in tomography.
Particularly:
Figure 2.2 and 2.3
The CT image is initiated with a phase scan. In the red phase, a thin x-ray beam is directional when it
passes through the edges of the body to create an image. The radiation passing through its body is
measured by a detector wire. These detectors cannot produce a complete CT image, but only give a
distal view of a dimensional line. Contour data are due to X-ray attenuation from radiating burns to
individual detectors. To get enough information to create a complete image, the X-ray beam rotates, or
sweeps, around the sand profile to create a telepath from different angles. Typically, hundreds of
generated zones and contour data for each zone are stored in computer memory. The total penetration
measurements make up the number of regions and the number of male X-rays within the bounds for
each region. The total scan time for a slice ranges from 0.35s to 15s, depending on the design of the
scanner (scanner mechanism) and the operator choosing a variable scan type. Image quality is improved
by increasing the queuing time
Figure 2.4
The second phase of image creation is rendering. Phase scanning of the CT image format is performed
using a comparator, which is part of the CT system. Image conversion is the implementation of a
mathematical process that converts the scan data of individual views (views) into numeric, or numeric,
of the image image. An image is composed of a sequence of individual image elements called pixels.
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These pixels are characterized by a numerical value, or CT index. The special values for each pixell relate
to the density of tissue in the respective volume elements called voxels. Rendering usually takes a few
seconds, depending on the complexity of the image and the capabilities of the computer. Digital photos
will be stored in computer memory
The final phase is digital image conversion to display the video so it can be viewed directly or can be
recorded on film. This step is performed by electronic components that perform digital-to-analog
conversion.
III. Block diagram
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram
IV. Disassemble sequence
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Figure 4.1
The internal components:
1. Liquid cooling radiator
2. X-Ray generator
3. X-Ray tube
4. Reference sensor
5. Transformer
Figure 4.2
The X-ray source consists of a heated filament electron gun which accelerates electrons toward a
positively charged anode. The anode, also known as the target, generates kilovoltage (kV) photons via
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the Bremsstrahlung interaction.
Typical source features
- Tungsten alloy target
- Oil circulated to improve heat dissipation
- Focal spot size: 0.6-1.2mm
+ Smaller means less penumbra (sharper images) but also greater local head buildup.
- Operating voltage: 80 - 140kVp
- Beam filtration: 5-10 mmAl.
V. Experiment
In fact, all we have is just a model of a CT scanner so NO RESULT for this experiment is
inevitable. But in the first time I have seen this machine I feel it is an enormous device that can
contain a person in it. CT scanner has many advantages for doctors and researchers:
https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/safety-hiw_04)
VI. Further information
Acquisition Mode: Axial vs. Helical Scans
Axial Scan
The gantry rotates and collects imaging data while the patient is stationary. This is an image > step
forward > image type acquisition.
Helical Scan
The couch moves continuously forward during imaging. This approach, not in use until generation
six scanners, improved the speed of image acquisition.
CT scan in which parts?
1. Head CT scan
A head CT scan creates a three-dimensional image of your head area. These images are created as
X-ray beams rotate around the head and neck. The image is displayed in 2D or 3D, depending on
the doctor's prescription. Through a CT scan of the head, the doctor will know the condition of the
skull, brain, sinuses, eye sockets and make a diagnosis.
A head CT scan helps your doctor identify or rule out potential health problems. Symptoms that
may prompt a doctor to recommend this technique include:
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Abnormal behavior
Dizzy
Fainting
Headache
Hearing or vision loss
The following diseases can cause these symptoms:
Alzheimer
Brain tumors
Aneurysm
Stroke
Internal bleeding
Brain infection
In addition to performing a CT scan to diagnose disease, this technique is also recommended when
you have a head injury (strong concussion, accident, etc.).
2. Lung CT scan
CT lung is a subclinical imaging technique that uses X-rays to shine on the lungs, capturing images
in 2D or 3D format with high resolution for the purpose of detecting abnormalities and detailed
evaluation. lung damage.
Lung CT scans provide more detailed information than conventional X-rays, helping to diagnose
and manage lung cancer earlier and more effectively.
Lung CT is usually indicated for the following subjects:
Family history of lung cancer
Are 50 years of age or older, smoke or have a smoking history of more than 10 years
Severe trauma to the chest area, suspected of affecting the lungs
Often appear symptoms of shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, coughing up blood without
knowing the cause
People suffering from diseases such as interstitial pneumonia, severe bronchitis or other lung-
related diseases
Often have to work and be exposed to a polluted environment with a lot of dust, toxic chemicals
or radioactive contamination
The doctor will review the medical records, images, conduct discussions and recommend next
steps (if any). You may be asked to have another CT scan within a certain time frame or to have
additional tests or procedures such as a biopsy.
3. Abdominal CT scan
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A CT scan of the abdomen helps the doctor see the condition of the organs, blood vessels, and
bones in the abdominal cavity. The variety of images provided will give your doctor many different
views of your body.
This technique is done when the doctor suspects something is wrong in the abdomen but doesn't
have enough information to make a conclusion.
Some of the reasons why your doctor may recommend an abdominal CT scan include:
Stomach-ache
Abdominal fluid
Kidney stones (to check the size and location of the stones)
Weight loss for no reason
Infection (such as appendicitis)
Check for bowel obstruction
Inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease)
Abdominal trauma
Recent cancer diagnosis
In addition, computed tomography is also applied to parts such as: ct scan of the brain, ct scan of
the heart, ct scan of the abdomen, ..
CT scan technique
In the digital age, machinery and equipment are upgraded, which means that medical techniques
such as CT scans are also "upgraded". If before CT scan stopped at 32, 64 slices, now it is 128, 256
slices. The more series of CT scans, the more slices will be obtained corresponding to different
views of the organ being taken. This helps maximize the doctor's examination, screening, diagnosis
and treatment process.
1. 32 row CT scan
Belonging to the generation of machines applying artificial intelligence, integrating many
supporting software for doctors and technicians, helping to increase image quality, diagnostic
accuracy and increase patient safety. The 32-slice CT technique is suitable for diagnosing diseases
of the skull, sinuses, chest, abdomen, and spine.
2. 64 row CT scan
The 64-slice CT scanning technique integrates many functions that are superior to the 32-strip
technique. In a short period of time, 64 thin slices (0.6mm) can be captured, providing clear, sharp
images even for very small lesions in parts of the body, such as bones, blood vessels. , soft tissue,
etc. This technique can also look for signs of trauma, infection or new-onset cancer.
The 64-sequence CT scanning technique also significantly reduces the dose of X-ray radiation to
patients, reducing the risk of cancer or other health effects that patients often worry about.
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64-sequence CT scan is often prescribed by doctors for traumatic problems such as traumatic brain
injury, stroke, sinusitis; head - face - neck trauma; chest trauma; musculoskeletal injuries; diagnosis
of cardiovascular diseases; Gastrointestinal diseases, abdominal trauma…
3. 128 row CT scan
Considered an upgraded version compared to previous generations, the 128-sequence CT scanning
technique produces 756 slices and possesses outstanding advantages: clear images, soft tissue
resolution and imaging time. shortened more.128-sequence CT scans are very useful in diagnosing
dangerous diseases:
Cancer: early and accurate diagnosis of malignancies, assisting doctors in giving appropriate
treatment and monitoring the disease, even after the treatment is over to control the metastasis of
the disease. .
Cardiovascular: this technique helps to most clearly assess the recovery ability of the myocardium
after treatment.
Neuropathy: 128-sequence CT scan helps doctors monitor the patient through the returned images
and evaluate for tumors growing in the brain or signs of infection; Support the assessment of
memory-related diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer's (characterized by the gradual loss of
neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and some subcortical areas), causing memory loss in
the elderly …
This is the most advanced dual-balloon CT scanning system available today, capable of reproducing up to
768 slices, helping to evaluate the smallest lesions that conventional CT scans cannot detect, especially
with diseases. Cardiology, oncology and pediatrics.
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VII. References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan
2. https://oncologymedicalphysics.com/ct-design-and-operation/
3. https://thietbiytenhapkhau.com.vn/tong-quan-ve-nguyen-ly-va-cau-tao-may-chup-cat-lop-ct-scanner
4. https://tamanhhospital.vn/chup-ct/
5. https://www.daenotes.com/electronics/industrial-electronics/ct-scanner
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