UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES

Academic Unit V
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Biology For Engineers

Biomedical Instruments DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 INTRODUCTION

Course Objective

• This subject is designed to impart

fundamental knowledge on basic of
genetics and emerging fields of biology
like biomedical recording system and
medical instrumentation.
• It is designed to impart knowledge that
how to apply basics of biology in
engineering.
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bioenginyeria-hero-header_1.jpg

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 INTRODUCTION
• Space for visual (size 24)
Course Outcome

CO Title Level
Number
CO1 Identify the biological concepts from an knowledge
engineering perspective.
CO2 Development of artificial systems mimicking Understand
human action.
CO3 Explain the basic of genetics that helps to Analyze
identify and formulate problems

CO4 Apply knowledge of measurement system, Apply

biomedical recording system and biosensors to https://specials-
excel in areas such as entrepreneurship, images.forbesimg.com/imageserve/1034901762/96
medicine, government, and education. 0x0.jpg?fit=scale

CO5 Integrate biological principles for developing Create

next generation technologies,
Will be covered in this
lecture
 SYLLABUS
Unit-2 Biosensors and measurement system Contact Hours: 15
Chapter 1 Medical Instrumentation: Sources of biomedical Signals, Basic medical
Medical Instrumentation system, Performance requirements of medical Instrumentation
Instrumentation System, Microprocessors in Medical instruments, PC base medical Instruments,
General constraints in the design of medical Instrumentation system, Regulation
of Medical Devices.
Chapter 2 Measurement System: Specification of instruments, Statics & Dynamic
Measurement characteristics of medical instruments, Classification of errors. Statistical analysis,
Reliability, Accuracy, Fidelity, Speed of responses, Linearization of technique, and
System Data Acquisition System.
Biological sensors: Sensors/ receptors in the human body, basic organization of
Chapter 3 the nervous system- neural mechanism, Chemoreceptor: hot and cold receptors,
Biological sensors for smell, sound, vision, Ion exchange membrane electrodes, enzyme,
glucose sensors, immunosensors, & biosensors & applications of biosensors.
Sensor

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 Applications of Biomedical instrumentation

 As the medical field is emerging, the area of Biomedical Engineering is an

expanding field.
• Bio-medical engineering is aimed at keeping people healthy and helping to
cure them when they are ill.
 Biomedical instrumentation and engineering is the application of knowledge
and technologies to solve problems related to living biological systems.
 Biomedical Instrumentation helps physicians to diagnose the problem and
provide treatment.
 It involves diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in human.

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• As the medical field is emerging, the area of Biomedical Engineering is
an expanding field.
• We use the term “bio” to denote something related to life.
• When basics of physics and chemistry get applied to the living things,
and we name them as Biophysics and Biochemistry.
• So when the discipline of engineering and medicine interacts, it is
called Biomedical Engineering.

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How biomedical signals are generated ?
Biomedical signals are generated by biological activity
in the human body.

•Human body is composed of living tissues that can be

considered as a power station.

Action of living tissues in terms of bioelectric

potentials generate multiple electric signals from two
internal sources-muscles and nerves system
Biomedical signals/Physiological signals are classified
according to where they originate from within the body
Sources of Biomedical Signals
EEG Electroencephalogram- Signals from brain

EMG Electromyogram- Signals from muscles

ECG Electrocardiogram- Signals from Heart

ERG Electroretinogram- Signals from retina of an eye

EOG Electrooculogram- Signals from cornea and retina of an
eye
MEG Magneto encephalogram- Signals from brain using
magnetic field
USG Ultra sonogram- Imaging from ultra sound reflection
from the internal organs of the body
Importance/Applications of Bio signals
Following data acquisition, biological signals are analyzed
in order to retrieve useful information

• Diagnosis of diseases
• Patient monitoring
• Biomedical research
Bio-signals monitoring is a medical
intervention defined as the act for collection and
analysis of cardiovascular, respiratory, and body
temperature data, in order to determine and
prevent complications
Basic Medical Instrumentation System
• The basic components of this system are the same as in any
other instrument system
• The only difference is in this case the living human being
considered as subject

The main components are

• Measurand/Subject (human being)
• Stimulus
• Transducers
• Signal conditioning equipment
• Display equipment
• Recording data processing unit
• Control device
 Measurand

• The measurand is the physical quantity, and the

instrumentation systems measure it.
• Human body acts as the source for measurand, and it
generates bio-signals.
• Example: body surface or blood pressure in the
heart

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Stimulus
• Type of bio signal.
• The response to some form of external stimulus is required
Sensor/Transducer
• The sensor is used to sense the signal from the source. It is used
to interface the signal with the human.
• The transducer is a device converts one form of energy to
another form usually electrical energy.
• For example, the piezoelectric signal which converts
mechanical vibrations into the electrical signal.
• The transducer produces a usable output depending on the
measurand.
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Signal Conditioner

• Signal conditioning circuits are used to convert

the output from the transducer into an electrical
value.
• The instrument system sends this quantity to the
display or recording system.
• Generally, signal conditioning process includes
amplification, filtering, analogue to digital and
Digital to analogue conversions.
• Signal conditioning improves the sensitivity of
instruments.
Display

•It is used to provide a visual representation of the

measured parameter or quantity.
•Example: Pen recorder/Chart recorder to
produce permanent record of data, Cathode Ray
oscilloscope (CRO) or monitor of PC to see the
data.
•Sometimes alarms are used to hear the audio
signals.
•Example: Signals generated in Doppler
Ultrasound Scanner used for Fetal Monitoring 15
Control Device
•It is necessary to have automatic control of the
transducer, stimulus or any part of the man
instrument system, a control system is
incorporated
•This system usually consists of a feedback loop in
which part of the output from signal conditioning
equipment or display equipment is used to control
the operation of the system.

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Components of Medical Instrumentation System
 Generalized instrumentation system
The sensor converts energy or
information from the measurand
to another form (usually electric)

This signal is then processed and

displayed so that humans can
perceive the information

Elements and connections shown

by dashed lines are optional for
some applications
 Microprocessors in Medical instruments

• A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the

functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated
circuit (IC).
• A microprocessor is programmable, multipurpose, clock-driven,
register based electronic device that reads binary instructions from a
storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and
processes data according to the instructions and then provides results
as output.

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 Application of Microprocessors in Medical
Instrumentation
• A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a CPU is
called Microcomputer.
• Microprocessors have replaced conventional hard wired electronic
systems that were initially used for processing data. This has resulted
into a more reliable and faster data.
• Microprocessor system replaced programming devices as well as
manual programming, making it possible for digital control of all the
functions in medical instrumentation systems.
• The availability of more powerful microprocessors and large data
storage capacities has made it possible to optimize the measurement
conditions.
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• Life support systems have been designed with numerous
safety back-up features and real-time self-diagnostics and
self-repair capabilities.

• The reliability of many transducers has been improved and

many measurements can now be made non-invasively
because of the added computational ability of
microprocessors.

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Microprocessors in Medical instruments

1. Patient Monitoring in Intensive Care Unit.

2. Pathological Analysis and the measurement of parameters like
blood pressure and temperature.
3. Measurement of heart activity.
4. Ultrasound Processing unit.
5. MRI scanning
6. CT scanning etc.

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PC base medical Instruments

• Medical Imaging Machines

• Medical imaging is evolving, expanding, through the use of cutting-
edge techniques like ultrasound, Of course, imaging machines like
MRI, X-ray, require an integrated computer to function at all.
• Both of these factors are creating a demand for medical computers
that can plug-and-play into medical devices.

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 MRI
• MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging
is a medical imaging technique
used in radiology to form pictures
of the anatomy and the
physiological processes of the
body.
• MRI uses a strong magnetic field
and radio waves to create detailed
images of the organs and tissues
within the body

https://www.craimaging.com/mri-scan-
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near-syracuse-ny/
 MRI
• An MRI scan uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to
create a detailed, cross-sectional image of internal organs and
structures.

• The scanner itself typically resembles a large tube with a table in the
middle, allowing the patient to slide in.

• An MRI scan differs from CT scans and X-rays, as it does not use
potentially harmful ionizing radiation.

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 DURING MRI SCAN
• An MRI scanner contains two powerful magnets. These are the most
important parts of the equipment.

• The human body is largely made of water molecules, which are

comprised of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. At the center of each atom
lies an even smaller particle called a proton, which serves as a magnet
and is sensitive to any magnetic field.

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• Normally, the water molecules in the body are randomly arranged,
but on entering an MRI scanner, the first magnet causes the water
molecules to align in one direction, either north or south.

• The second magnetic field is then turned on and off in a series of

quick pulses, causing each hydrogen atom to change its alignment
when switched on and then quickly switch back to its original relaxed
state

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• MRI scans work as an imaging method due to the unique make-up of
the human body. We are comprised entirely of cells which all contain
water – principally made of hydrogen ions (H2O).

• The magnet embedded within the MRI scanner can act on these
positively charged hydrogen ions (H+ ions) and cause them to ‘spin’ in
an identical manner. By varying the strength and direction of this
magnetic field, we can change the direction of ‘spin’ of the protons,
enabling us to build layers of detail.

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Application of MRI
The following are examples in which an MRI scanner would be
used:
• Abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord
• Tumors, cysts, and other anomalies in various parts of the
body
• Breast cancer screening for women who face a high risk of
breast cancer

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 X-RAY
• X-rays are images that use a
small doses of ionized
radiation to take pictures of
the inside of your body called
radiographs.
• X-rays can help doctors
diagnose things like:
• Broken bones
https://www.indiamart.com/prodde
tail/hospital-digital-x-ray-machine-
• Dislocated joints
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Regulation of medical devices

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Regulations: 1
• A regulation is an organization’s way of specifying that some particular standard must be
adhered. These are rules normally promulgate by the government

Codes: 2
• A systems of principles or regulations or a systematized body of law or an accumulation of a
system of regulations and standards.
• In general, a code is compilation of standards relating to providing health care to the state
population

Specification: 3
• Documents used to control the procurement of equipment by laying down the performance
and other associated criteria.
• These documents usually cover design criteria, system performance, materials and technical
data
Standards: A standard is a multi-party agreement for
establishment of an arbitrary criterion for reference
• Alternatively standard is prescribed set of:
• Rules
• Conditions or classification of components
• Delineation of procedures
• Specification of materials
• Performance
• Design or operations
• Measurements of quality and quality in describing materials, products, systems, services or
practice
• Standards exist that address systems (protection of the electrical power distribution
systems from faults), individuals (measure to reduce potential electric shock
hazards) and protection of the environment (disposal of medical waste)
 Division of Medical devices

The division of such devices into:

Class I
Class II
Class III
It was based on the principle that devices that pose greater potential
hazards should be subject to more regulatory requirements
 Class I General Controls:
• Manufacturers are required to perform registration, premarketing notification, record keeping,
labeling, reporting of adverse experiences, and good manufacturing practices, these controls apply
to all three classes.

Class II Performance Standards:

• Apply to devices for reasonable assurance of safety and efficacy, and for which existing information is
sufficient to establish a performance standard.
• However, until performance standards are developed by regulation, only general control apply.

Class III Premarketing Approval:

• Such approval is required for devices used in supporting or sustaining human life and preventing
impairment of human health

The FDA has extensively regulated these devices by requiring manufactures to prove their
safety and effectiveness prior to market release.
 REFERENCES
o C. R. Balamurugan and D. Periazhaagar Basics of Biomedical Instrumentation. Magnus Publications, Chennai ISBN: 978-
81-939626-7-1
o Gupta, P.K.. Cytology, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Rastogi Publishers, Meerut, 1993.
o Roit I.M., Brostoff J. and Male D. Mosby .Immunology (6 th Edition) by, An imprint of Elsevier Sci Ltd., 2002.
o G. Webster , Medical Instrumentation: Application And Design, 3rd edition ,Wiley Publishers
o D Reddy, Biomedical Signal Processing, Tata Mcgraw Hill Publications.
o Sergio Cerutti Advanced Methods of Biomedical Signal Processing, Oxford Publications.
o B. Jacobson, J.G. Webster, Medical and Clinical Engineering, Prentice Hall, International.
o Cromwell, Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements, Prentice Hall, International.
o R.S. Khandupur, Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, - Tata McGraw Hill
o Leslie Cromwell, Fred J. Weibell, Erich A. Pfeiffer, "Biomedical Instrumentation and Measurements", Pearson
Education.
o https://nptel.ac.in/courses/121/106/121106008/
o https://www.utoledo.edu/engineering/bioengineering/undergrad/prospective/whatisbioe.html#:~:text=Bioengineerin
g%20is%20the%20application%20of,health%20care%20and%20other%20fields
o https://i.pinimg.com/originals/68/c9/30/68c930e95113ceb2e3dfc9de2f164680.png
o https://youtu.be/FBUpnG1G4yQ