STRUCTURAL STATICS

ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE RIGID FRAMES

To analyze a statically rigid frame, we start by finding the reaction components
form statical equations for the entire structure. This done, we are able to
determine the shear, axial force at any cross section of the frame by taking a free
body cut through that section and by using the equilibrium equations. Based on
the centroidal axis of each member, we can plot the shear, bending moment,
and the direct force diagrams for the rigid frame.

Example no 1
Analyze the rigid frame. Draw the moment diagram for beam and column.
𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
12 𝑧
= ; 𝑧 = 6𝑘𝑁/𝑚
12 6

∑ 𝑀𝑑 = 0
(𝑧 = 6)(6)(6) 12(6)(6) 2
𝑀𝑑 + + ( )
2(3) 2 3
− 6𝑅𝑒 = 0
𝑹𝒆 = 𝟑𝟎𝒌𝑵
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
𝑯=𝟎
Solution:
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
Draw the FBD for the entire structure
((𝑧 = 6) + 12)
𝑉𝑑 + 𝑅𝑒 − (6) = 0 ; 𝑽𝒅 = 𝟐𝟒
2

→ ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
𝐻𝑎 − 𝐻 − 6 = 0
𝑯𝒂 = 𝟔
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
6
𝑅𝑎 − 𝑉𝑑 − (𝑧 = 6) ( ) = 0
2
𝑹𝒂 = 𝟒𝟐
∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
6
𝑀𝑎 + 6(2) − 6 ( ) (1) − (𝑉𝑑 = 24)(3) +
2
Determine the reaction components (𝑀𝑑 = 0) = 0 ; 𝑴𝒂 = 𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 Checking:
At joint C
3(3) (3 + 12)(9)
−𝑉𝑐𝑙 − = 0 ; 𝑽𝒄𝒍 = −𝟒. 𝟓𝒌𝑵 𝑉𝑐𝑟 + 𝑅𝑒 − = 0 ; 𝑽𝒄𝒓 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 ↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
2 2
𝑉𝑐𝑟 − 𝑉𝑐𝑙 − 𝑅𝑐 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 − (−𝟒. 𝟓) − 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟎
3(3) 3 9 9 9 2 ∑𝑀 = 0
𝑀𝑐𝑏 + ( )=0 𝑀𝑐𝑒 + 3 ( ) ( ) + 12 ( ) ( ) (9) − 𝑅𝑒 (12) = 0
2 3 2 3 2 3 𝑀𝑐𝑏 + 𝑀𝑐𝑎 − 𝑀𝑐𝑒 = 0
𝑴𝒄𝒃 = −𝟒. 𝟓𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑴𝒄𝒆 = −𝟗𝟒. 𝟓𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎 −𝟒. 𝟓 + (−𝟗𝟎) − (−𝟗𝟒. 𝟓) = 𝟎

Shear and Moment Diagram

↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝐶 = 0
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟒𝟐

∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
𝑀𝑎 + 𝑀𝑐𝑎 + 6(2) = 0
78 + 𝑀𝑐𝑎 + 6(2) = 0
𝑴𝒄𝒂 = −𝟗𝟎𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Point of zero shear - Span ce

12 𝑧
=
12 12 − 𝑥

𝑧 = 12 − 𝑥
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑧 + 12
𝑉 + 𝑅𝑒 − (𝑥) = 0
2
(24 − 𝑥)(𝑥)
= 30
2
𝑥 = 2.8348𝑚
∑ 𝑀𝑒 = 0
𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑀 − 𝑧 ( ) ( 𝑥) − 12 ( ) ( ) = 0
2 3 2 3
M=40.624kN-m
Example no 2 Solution:
Analyze the simply supported gable frame shown, which is composed of two Draw the FBD for the entire structure
columns and two sloping members.

Determine the reaction components

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
8 − 𝐻𝑎 = 0
𝑯𝒂 = 𝟖𝒌
∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
8(10) + 2(16)(8) − 16𝑅𝑒 = 0
𝑅𝑒 = 21𝑘
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑅𝑒 + 𝑅𝑎 − 2(16) = 0
𝑅𝑎 = 11𝑘
Column ab: Column de:

↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 ↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑅𝑎 − 𝑅𝑏𝑎 = 0 𝑅𝑒 − 𝑅𝑑𝑒 = 0
𝑹𝒃𝒂 =11k 𝑹𝒃𝒂 =21k

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑉𝑑 = 0
𝑉𝑏𝑙 − 𝐻𝑎 = 0
𝑽𝒃𝒍 = 𝑯𝒂 = 𝟖 ∑ 𝑀𝑒 = 0
𝑀𝑑 + 𝑉𝑑 (10) = 0
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 𝑴𝒅 = 𝟎
8 − 𝑉𝑏𝑟 − 𝐻𝑎 = 0
𝑽𝒃𝒓 = 𝟎

∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
𝑀𝑏 − 𝑉𝑏𝑙 (10) = 0
𝑴𝒃 = 𝟖𝟎
Member bc: Member de:

↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑅𝑑𝑒 − 𝑅𝑐𝑑 − 16 = 0
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝑹𝒃𝒄 = 𝟓𝒌
𝑅𝑏𝑎 + 𝑅𝑏𝑐 − 16 = 0
𝑹𝒃𝒄 = 𝟓𝒌
∑ 𝑀𝑑 = 0
𝑀𝑑 + 𝟏𝟔(𝟒) + 𝟓(𝟖) − 𝑀𝑐 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝑏 = 0
𝑴𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒌 − 𝒇𝒕
𝑀𝑏 + 𝟏𝟔(𝟒) − 𝟓(𝟖) − 𝑀𝑐 = 0
𝑴𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒌 − 𝒇𝒕
Shear and moment diagram

ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE TRUSSES

The method of joints and the method of section are the most fundamental tools
in the analysis of trusses.
Method of joints
Principles:
Satisfying the equilibrium equations for the forces exerted on the pin at each
joint of the truss
Applications of equations yields 2 algebraic equations that can be solved for the 2
unknowns
Always assume the unknown member forces acting on the joint’s free body Solution
diagram to be in tension
Numerical solution of the equilibrium eqns will yield positive scalars for members
in tension & negative for those in compression
The correct sense of direction of an unknown member force can in many cases
be determined by inspection
A positive answer indicates that the sense is correct, whereas a negative answer
indicates that the sense shown on the free-body diagram must be reversed
Method of section(Ritter Method)
Sometimes when only the forces in certain members are desired or when the
method of joint is less convenient for solving forces, it is expedient to use the
method of section, which involves isolating a portion of the truss by cutting
certain members and solving the forces on these members with the equilibrium ∑ 𝑀@ 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡 = 0
equations. 𝑅2 (120) − 90(40) = 0
Principles: 𝑅2 = 30𝑘
If the forces in only a few members of a truss are to be found, the method of
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
sections generally provide the most direct means of obtaining these forces
This method consists of passing an imaginary section through the truss, thus 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 − 90 = 0
cutting it into 2 parts 𝑅1 = 60𝑘
Provided the entire truss is in equilibrium, each of the 2 parts must also be in
equilibrium Consider section m-m
The 3 eqns of equilibrium may be applied to either one of these 2 parts to
determine the member forces at the “cut section”
A decision must be made as to how to “cut”the truss
In general, the section should pass through not more than 3 members in which
the forces are unknown
Example no 1
By the mixed method of joint and section, determine the bar forces in the
lettered bars of the K truss shown.
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ∑ 𝑀𝑐 = 0
𝑅1 (40) + 𝐹1 (30) = 0 𝑅1 (20) + 𝐹5 (30) = 0
𝐹1 = −80 𝐹5 = −40
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0 Consider joint E

𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 0
𝐹2 = 80
Consider section n-n

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
2
𝐹1 − 𝐹5 − 𝑎 ( ) = 0
√5
𝒂 = −𝟐𝟎√𝟓 = −𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝒌

Consider section p-p

∑ 𝑀𝐵 = 0
2
𝑅1 (60) − 90(20) + 𝐹1 (30) + 𝑏 ( ) (30) = 0
√5
𝒃 = 𝟏𝟎√𝟓 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟔k
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
1 1
𝑅1 − 90 + 𝑏 ( ) − 𝑐 ( ) = 0
√5 √2
𝒄 = −𝟐𝟎√𝟐 = −𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟖𝟒𝒌

Consider section o-o ∑ 𝑀𝐹 = 0

𝐹6 (30) + 𝑅2 (40) = 0
𝐹6 = −40

Consider joint G
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
𝟐 𝟐
𝑭𝟔 + 𝑭𝟕 ( ) − 𝑭𝟏 − 𝒃 ( ) = 𝟎
√𝟓 √𝟓
𝑭𝟕 = −𝟏𝟎√𝟓

↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
𝟏 𝟏
−𝒃 ( ) − 𝑭𝟕 ( ) − 𝒅 = 𝟎 EXAMPLE
√𝟓 √𝟓 Use the substitute-member method to make a complete analysis of the complex
𝒅=𝟎
truss shown.

Complex truss
In analyzing complex truss, we frequently find that method of joint and the
method of section are not directly applicable. For example, let us consider the
loaded complex truss shown in figure a. After the reactions at A and E are found,
we observed that no further progress can be made by either the method of joint
or the method of section. One way to handle this is to substitute for the bar AD a
bar AC and thus obtain a stable simple truss, as in figure b, which can completely
analyzed by the method of joint for the given loading. Next, let the same simple
truss be loaded with two equal and opposite forces X at A and D representing
the internal force in bar AD, as shown in figure c. again a complete analysis can
be carried out by the method of joints such that internal force for each member Solution:
will be expressed in terms of unknown X. Or for convinience, we put a pair of unit Substitute for the bar AD a bar AC
forces in place of X’s as given in figure d. it is apparent that the bar forces ∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
obtained form figure d times X will give those of fiure c. Now the analysis of 20(5) − 𝑅𝑒 (8) = 0
figure a can be mace equivalent to the superposing effects of figure b and c if 𝑅𝑒 = 12.5kN
we let the force of AC obtained form b and c, or from b and d times X be equal to
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
zero.. Thus if we let Si’ denote the force in any bar of (b) and I the
corresponding bar force of (d), then the corresponding inetrna force Si in any bar
of (a)is expressed by 𝑅𝑒 + 𝑅𝑎 = 0
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑆𝑖′ + 𝑖 𝑋 𝑅𝑎 = 0
In which X is solved by
𝑆𝐴𝐶 + 𝑆′𝐴𝐶 + 𝛿𝐴𝐶 𝑋 = 0
𝑺′𝑨𝑪
𝑿=−
𝑨𝑪
 ∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
4 4
𝐹𝑒𝑓 − 𝐹𝑎𝑓 =0
√17 √17
Consider joint d : 𝐹𝑎𝑓 = 34.359kN
𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0
𝐹𝑒𝑑 = 0 Consider joint a
Consider joint e:

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0 4 4
𝐹𝑐𝑎 + 𝐹𝑓𝑎 + −20 = 0
1 5 √65 √17
𝐹𝑑𝑒 + 𝐹𝑓𝑒 + 𝐹𝑏𝑒 + 𝑅𝑒 = 0 𝑭𝒄𝒂 = −𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟒𝒌𝑵 (𝑺′ 𝑪𝑨 )
√17 √89
1 5
𝐹𝑓𝑒 + 𝐹𝑏𝑒 = −𝑅𝑒 = −12.5
√17 √89
Compute the value of 𝑪𝑨
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
4 8
𝐹𝑓𝑒 + 𝐹𝑏𝑒 =0
√17 √89
𝐹𝑓𝑒 = 34.359 kN
𝐹𝑏𝑒 = −39.308kN

Consider joint f
Consider joint d
∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
1 5
𝐹𝑒𝑓 (8) + 𝐹𝑏𝑒 (8) + 𝐹𝑑𝑒 = 0 (𝑒𝑞1)
√17 √89

Consider joint e:

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
2 8
𝐹𝑐𝑑 +1 =0
√5 √89
−4√445
𝐹𝑐𝑑 =
89
↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
1 5
𝐹𝑐𝑑 −1 + 𝐹𝑒𝑑 = 0 8 4
√5 √89 𝐹𝑏𝑒 + 𝐹𝑓𝑒 =0 (𝑒𝑞2)
−9√89 √89 √17
𝐹𝑒𝑑 =
89
Therefore:
Consider section m-m 𝐹𝑓𝑒 = −2.6222
𝐹𝑏𝑒 = 3

Consider joint f
 Therefore :

−𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟕𝟒𝒌𝑵
𝑿 = 𝑭𝒂𝒅 = − = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝒌𝑵
𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗

∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
4 4
𝐹𝑒𝑓 − 𝐹𝑎𝑓 =0
√17 √17

𝐹𝑎𝑓 = −2.6222

↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
1 1
𝐹𝑐𝑓 − 𝐹𝑒𝑓 − 𝐹𝑎𝑓 =0
√17 √17

𝑭𝒄𝒇 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝟐

Consider joint c

↓ ∑ 𝐹𝑉 = 0
7 1 1
𝐹𝑎𝑐 + 𝐹𝑏𝑐 + 𝐹𝑑𝑐 + 𝐹𝑓𝑐 = 0
√65 √5 √5
∑ 𝐹ℎ = 0
4 2 2
𝐹𝑎𝑐 + 𝐹𝑏𝑐 − 𝐹𝑑𝑐 =0
√65 √5 √5
𝑭𝒂𝒄 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗
𝐹𝑏𝑐 = −2.844

𝑭𝒂𝒄 = −𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗 (𝑨𝑪 )

Problems
In each part of figure 1 qualitative loading are shown. Draw the shear and
moment diagrams consistent with these loadings: give the equation of the curve

Make a complete analusis of the compount truss shown

Sketch the shear and moment diagrams for each of the loaded beams shown in
figure 2. Use the relationship between load, shear, and moment.

Use the substitute member to make a complete analysis of the complex truss
shown.

By the mixed method of joint and section, determine the bar forces in the letterd
bars of the K truss shown
Analyze each of the frames shown in figure 3, and draw the bending moment
diagram.

3. analyze each frames shown and draw the shear, moment and axial force
diagrams for member bc