➢LIST OF COMPONENTS:

These are components that are required for our project

!. Transformer 240V / 12V 50HZ (12V, 2A)

#. 4 1N4007 diode 1000V
$. 2 100µF /25V Capacitor
%. LM317 1.5A / 3-30V
&. Variable resistor 5kΩ
'. 2 220Ω Resistor
(. Switch
). LED
*. Vero board

!. Transformer

A Transformer is an equipment used either for raising or lowering the voltage of

an ac supply with a corresponding decrease and increase in current. It
essentially consist of two windings primary and secondary

N1: no. of turns in primary coil

N2: no. of turns in secondary coil
N1< N2 :- Step-up transformer
N1> N2 :- Step-down transformer

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss
of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why
mains electricity is AC.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce
voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the
dangerously high mains voltage to safer low voltage. In our power supply, the
output of the transformer is an AC stepped down to 12v.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.
There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked
by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer.
The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.
Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turnʼs ratio, determines
the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns
on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply,
and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output
voltage.

Turns ratio= Vp/Vs = Np/Ns and

Power output (Vs x Is ) = Power input (Vp x Ip )

where:
Vp = primary (input) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Is = secondary (output) current
 #. Diode

The Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full
wave rectifier circuit, is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. This type of
single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a
closed loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired output. The main
advantage of this bridge circuit is that it does not require a special centre
tapped transformer, thereby reducing its size and cost. The single secondary
winding is connected to one side of the diode bridge network and the load to
the other side as shown below.

The Diode Bridge Rectifier:-The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in

“series pairs” with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle
fig 1. full wave bridge rectifier

$. Capacitor

A capacitive circuit is used as a filter or a smoother. Smoothing is performed by

a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a
reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the
rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line)
and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak
of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Note: - Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to

almost the peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it
discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is
10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the
required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less
ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when smoothing half-wave DC
So, in this we concluded that the pulsating DC voltage is applied to the
smoothing capacitor. This smoothing capacitor reduces the pulsations in the
rectifier DC output voltage.
The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronics
circuits.
 4. LM317 ( Voltage Regulator )
The voltage regulator is an integrated circuit which supplies a constant,
controlled output voltage irrespective of the change in input voltage. LM317 is
a variable voltage regulator with 3 pins monolithic integrated circuit shown
below.
 It is capable of providing 1.5 amps with voltage ranging from 1.25 volts to 30
volts. The ratio of two resistances connected to the LM317 voltage regulator
can be used to set the desired voltage level.

Pinouts
INPUT – Unregulated input
OUTPUT – Regulated output
ADJUST – The variable resistor connected to this pin, controls the output
voltage

Features
● It is a positive voltage regulator
● It has internal current limiting
● Thermal shutdown
● Safe area compensation

Applications
The LM317 voltage regulator has many electrical applications. Here are the few
of the applications
● Energy harvesting
● Refrigerator
● Power quality meter
● Power substation control
● HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) Signal and wave generation
● Ethernet switch
 &. Potentiometer or Variable resistor
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact
that forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end
and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
The potentiometer is a three-wire resistive device that acts as a voltage divider
producing a continuously variable voltage output signal which is proportional to
the physical position of the wiper along the track.

'. Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are
used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
 (. Switch
A Switch is used to turn the power on and off. Switches are used everywhere to
open and close circuits. They are the start mechanism that sets an electrical
process in motion. You see this everyday in turning on a wall switch so that a
room light comes on.
 ). LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current is passed through it. An LED is used for ON indication, it is used
here to indicate the voltage levels
 *. Vero board
It is used to make permanent design using soldering technique.

THEORY

The main purpose of this project is to be able to create power supply using the
design created by the group. A power supply is an electronic device that
supplies electric energy to an electrical load. Its main function is to convert one
form of electrical energy to another energy. It is sometimes referred to as
electric power converters.
Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any
energy it consumes while performing that task, from an energy source. A power
supply may obtain energy from various types of energy sources, including
electrical energy transmission systems, energy storage devices,
electromechanical systems or another power supply depending on the design.
All power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the energy
source, and a power output that delivers energy to the load. In most power
supplies the power input and output consist of electrical connectors or
hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ wireless
energy transfer . Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs
as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.
There are different types of power supply such as DC power supply, AC-DC
power supply and etc. A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC
voltage to its load. Depending on its design, a DC power supply may be
powered from a DC source or from an AC source such as the power mains.
For AC-to-DC supply, some DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an
energy source. Such power supplies will sometimes employ a transformer to
convert the input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage. A rectifier is used to
convert the transformer output voltage to a varying DC voltage, which in turn is
passed through an electronic filter to convert it to an unregulated DC voltage.
The filter removes most, but not all of the AC voltage variations; the remaining
AC voltage is known as ripple. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates
the minimum amount of filtering that must be provided by a power supply. In
some applications, high ripple is tolerated and therefore no filtering is required.
For example, in some battery charging applications it is possible to implement a
mains-powered DC power supply with nothing more than a transformer and a
single rectifier diode, with a resistor in series with the output to limit charging
current.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The voltage from the step-down transformer is then fed to the bridge rectifier
in which we are using 4 diodes which rectifies the output of the step-down
transformer which steps- down the 240 AC v to 12 AC volts which generates a
continuous pulsating DC signal .
Pulsating DC Output Voltage Signal

The polarity of the output cannot be inverted and has large ripples in it. This
pulsating DC also has some unwanted current (ripples) which makes it
impossible for using in powering applications. A smoothing capacitor which
acts as a filter is used to remove unwanted current (Ripples). Now the output
with capacitance will be filtered to get pure DC.

Output after Smoothing Capacitor

The smooth, non-pulsating DC signal is fed to the voltage regulator. LM317 is

used as a voltage regulator. The capacitors C1 and C2 are used to eliminate the
ripples if the filtering process is done away from the regulator. Diodes are used
to protect the regulator from excess flowing through if any voltage source is
connected across the output terminals of the regulator. In order to vary the
output voltage, variable resistor (potentiometer) of value 5k is used .
Depending on the settings of the potentiometer, the ADJ pin of LM317 receives
a small portion of the output voltage as feedback and the output voltage is
varied .

With the help of this variable power supply, the output voltage can be varied
from 0V to 24V at a current of 2A. This circuit can used as a reliable DC source
and acts as a replacement to batteries.