: ed is reduced 10 1kV This primary feats powerto medium large const a Sys Secondary Distributio Bete a Fhe econ snebution feeders supe) Tsien wis . on transformers “go0y, 36 2nd 230V, 1 through distribu =. jatsof feeders, distributors and Se Beton pica const fe allen es ich tappings are ( Feeders = A feederisa coné tobe distributed. Fbulors are 36.4 wire circuits because a neutral wire IS Nees The distribu % ind comm: a ‘same through ou essary have Every power system network need not n {eases secondary transmission does not exist. $Siandard voltaze ratings used in india are Transmission voltage level - 132kV ¥— Themain consi Distributor : ¥ A distributor Sub transmission voltage level - 66k ‘consumers. Distribution voltage level - ~~ InFig.12 AB distribution voltage level - 36 230) is not constan ¥ — Themaineon (iii) Service Mai Aistribution system is that part ofp 3 for utlisation, which distributes pai ’ Aservicen Sbifeeders, distributors and the service mains. F:4. 1 > 4 Bas 2 shows the sim ibpical low tension distribution systemService < Mains Service Mains Fig. 1.2 Distribution System Feeders \ feeder is a conductor which connects the substation to the area where power is istributed. erally, no tapings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the ugh out, iin consideration in the design ofa feeder is the current carrying capacity. Distributor : distributor is a conductor from which tappings are taken for supply to the D and DAare the distributors. The current through a distributor .use tappings are taken at various places along its length. nain is generally a small cable terminals,4a class systems tion 8} pistributio of Di 3.1 classification Ac ture of rr scording 10 N8 SM m dedistrib fi, universally adapted <) method. ) me o Nowadays, aceystem itis simpleran (G _ According to type of mst" rent (4 sonomical than direct CU ydmore econo tion? (@) Overhead system ‘Underground system ’ f rerhead system is generally employed for distribution as itis 5 to 10% ‘The overhead system is general lent underground system. cheaperthan the equivalent ‘ Te under ground system is used at places where overhead constr impracticable or prohibited by the local laws ‘According to Scheme of connecti (@) Radial system (©) RingMain system (© _Inter-connected system Bach scheme has its own advantages & disadvantages and those are d etsection (section: 1.3.2), 18:2: Connection Schemes of Distribution System: Alldistribution of electrical energy is done by constant voltage system. In| distribution cireuits are generally used. ‘ Eiyislem, separate feeders radiate from at one end only, a single substation and) liowsa single line diagram ofa radial sy iste stem ford.c digit plies a distributors AB at point “A distribution’ Fig.13 @) radial system is station is locate: Advanta ‘This is th Dis advs @ 7 oe) 1 ' c © 1 Gi) Ring Inri loop. The area to bend Distrib tis Sto 10 construetig Distributor Ee T= Loads le ivree cpm 220. Feeder i) Fig.1.3 Radial System Fig.1.3 Gi) showsa single line diagram of radial system fora.c distribution. The | system is employed only when power is generated at low voltage and the sub- Jocated at the centre of the load, + Advantages : This s the simplest distribution circuit and has the lowest intial cost. + Disadvantages/Drawback : ‘2) The end of the distributor nearest to the feeding point will be heavily loaded. b) The consumers are dependent on a single feeder and single distributor. Therefore, any fault on the feeder or distributor cuts off supply to all the consumers who are away from the fault, ‘The consumers at the distant end of the distributor Would be subjected to serious voltage fluctuations when the load on the distributor changes. Due to these limitations, this system is used for short distances only. (ii) Ring Main System: Bidrecsowte iv ring main system, a distributor or feeder is arranged so as to form a closed loop. The loop circuit starts from the sub-station’ “sso be served, and returns to the substation:Fig Sees from diferent pins — at of SET IT al a Fie Distributor Distributors are conne jstribution transformers. Fig.1.4 Ring main System atv Advantages: (@)_Thereareless voltage fluctuations at consumer's terminals. (a) Itincreasesthes b) Tereduces reser eas each distributor i fed via two federal Q (@)_Thesysemis very reliable as each distib tome Tiiecsentoffat onary section of feeder he continuity of supply ism ee Bor evample, suppose that a fault occurs at any point F of section SUM 3 | fensection SLM ofthe feeder can be isolated for repairs a P3.3 Requilemetiagg via the feeder SRQPONM: A considerable amo vithin the requirements 0 00d distribution systems v0 generating st i) Proper Voltage: lagram of interc ‘One important req Dissupplicd by twosustation onsumer’s terminals sh nected system wh nts Aand B respeelQQ 2 leg a er R D c ku) Distribution Transformer [3 Loads Loads Distributorg Fig, 1.5 Interconnected Distribution System Distributors are connected to the point O, P, Q and R of the feeder ring through ution transformers. Advantages: (a) Itinereases the service reliability » feeders b) _Itreduces reserve power capacity and increases efficiency ofthe system, because any area fed from one generating station during peak load hours can lyis. be fed from the other generation station. on SLM, .3.3 Requirements Of A Distribution System: 4 considerable amount of effort is necessary to maintain an electric power supply ithin the requirements of various types of consumers. Some of the requirements ofa food distribution systems are discussed below. i) Proper Voltage : ‘ie One important requirement ofa distribution system is that voltage variations at ponsumer’s terminals should be as low as possible, ,sible burning ye y cause failur L may ¢ ea o causes lam High voluge © appliance oe jstribution sy" id nissible permissibl Tarte, 6°01 limits sumer terminals are est voltage of the eo E 230V, then the highe: . 7 he declared voltage is 230V> wuld not be less than 216Vy sift EP the lowest voltage shot should not exceed 244V while 3 voltags demand: {a Availability of power on ema! in any amount that may be Powermust be available to the consumers fromtimetotime. Po eet ples motors ay be started or shut down, lights may Bei (OFF without advance warning tothe elec y company. ‘Aselectrcal energy cannot be stored, the distribution system must Bg {supplying load demands of the consumers. This n Pontinuously study the load patterns to predict those major load changes. (ii) Retiabitit Modem industry is almost dependent on electric power for its operatigngl Bee oes bliin are lighted, heated, cooled and ventilated by electtie pa Bee tepoWercan never be absolutely reliable, Howey er, the reliabilit interconnected system Peliable automatic control system b Providing additional reserve facilities, ‘Structure of Power .3.4 Design Con The design of pi | Selection of Volt The common l6kV. The selectio highest voltage future possible! The number pnsidering a perio steps to be tak Hiability. The vosuse failure, at the voltage ¥ g:of the rated valaay voltage of the e s:be less than 216g ount that may be re hts may be turned the operating d changes. or its operation, by electric powe he reliability jection of Voltage : and The commonly used voltage levels for primary distribution are 33kV, 11KV. IGxV. The selection of voltage depends on the available load estimation of the area. 1 highest voltage which is economically justified is selected, keeping in consideration, fe future possible load demand, The number of plans based on different possible voltage levels are prepared, dering a period of 8 to 10 years. The cost is compared by dividing the schemes into steps to be taken at particular years, All the schemes are indentical in capacity and jiability. The voltage level giving the most economical scheme is selected. The economical voltage level is selected based on an available empirical formula Biven by x Sey ue birn a where V — Line Voltage in kV, L ~ Distance in kin, and P — Maximum power per phase to be delivered, in kW. The standard higher voltage nearest to the value given by above formula is generally. ted The voltage value must be selected such that the ine voltage regulation remains yell within the limits. B. Choice of Connection Scheme: Various connection; «hemes ofthe ditibutionsystems are rail distibton system, iain system, ring main system with infereonneetors and interconnected distribution Bystem,sppesree ee Forlowand = J ee sitylocation jn distribution scher oe > Ringmain “s_Forhigh load density Lovation fonaitoiny LP sranphsst einer tote usd re phe rae feed szon the various factors suchas The numberof feders 6 op, the load density, the distance Upto tebenpled, permissible ole istabuion, proper location for seco Size of feders: The sie of the feeder conductor is det parameters © Carenrcaring capaci I Perisible voltage drop inthe feeder. Gi) Economic considerations mined on the basis of the f@ Eschofihese considerations may give different sizes. Basically the feed Beeiiet based oncurrent carying capacity and then modified based on voll nomic considerations. Regarding current carrying capacity: The eurentcanying capacity Hora maximum working Sepends on the conductor losses and SUE teperature of Wtables are available for the current ca ig sift HOF various operating tempers “Spacites of diffened ables. Using the table, ead lines ag maximur nd its tentative fi) Regarding permissible v he tables for conducto 1 7 Lighting and heating loads requiring less voltage are connected betwa h>h) ighti ing. ‘one outer and the neutral. L +ve : 7 ve O 6 SA 5A aay )) As the neutral carrie of cross-section of 4.11 BALANCERS | In3-wire die systen Doth sides of the neut onsequently the voltag her. In order to mainta jalancer set is used in 3mn and Distr Siructure of Power System 6 Fig. 1.32 shows the general principles of 3-wire d.c system. It consists of (Wo rs and a middle or neutral wire which is earthed at the generator end. The potential the netural wire is half way between the potential ofthe outers ‘The current in the netural wire will depend upon the loads applied to the two sides. Ifloads on both sides are equal, Iyy = 0 Inthis ease, potential of neutral will be exactly half way between the potential difference ofthe outers. If load on +ve outer ([,)> load on -ve outer (Ig), then out of balance current (1, 1p) will flow inthe netural wire as shown in Fig.1.33@). Ifload on +ye outer ([,) 2), the machine A 6 Alyloaded, rans as.a generator, (in S above the e. m.f of the bal;Terminal p.d of machine A Generator), Vi Merminal p.d of machine B (motor) V2 = = (-h)R. ‘Therefore, in orderto keep the voltage on two sides equal, Ri, iskept small and loads ged on the two sides in such a way that out of balance current is as small as possible. hod to further reduce (V,—Vp, The difference of voltages (V, - V2) on the two sides can be further: reduced by 's connecting the shunt fields of the balancer set as shown in Fig.1.35 Fig.135 Ms ‘As the generating machine A draws its excitiation from lightly loaded side which is higher voltage, induced e.m.fofthe: machine is increased, (vice versain case of motoring chine B). The resultis thatthe difference (Vp = Vi) ‘is decreased considerably. 0) +-9b0 + 1040b—82ture of Power System & FA.3 - wire dc distributor AE 600m. long is supplied at end Aat 500/250V and is, loaded as under: 200m from A; 40.A, 360m from A Positive side : 60, m from B 20 A, 100m from B ; 60, 260 ‘and 15.A, 600 m from B. Negative side es and the cross - section of the voltage across each load 248:2V, 245.88 V; 244.64 VI ‘The resistance of each outer is 0.02 © per 100 metre the ncutral wire is the same as that ofthe outer. Find point /Ans: te side: 245.4 V; 244.04 Vs Negative side: [Hint Single line diagram is developed for reference ‘AC DISTRIBUTION: Wit the development of transformer by George Westinghouse, a system has become dominant as to make d.c system practically extinct in most parts ofthe world ‘The primary distribution circuit is 3. phase -3 wire and operates at volages G3 or or 11 KV) somewhat higher than general ullistion levels. Each dstibution transfomnes down the voltage to 400 V and power is distributed to ultimate consumers by 400) 0 V, 36, 4 wire system. 5.1 AC Distribution Calculations: 'AC distribution calculations differ from those of @¢ distribution inthe following a ah Ina. system, tl case of d.c system the voltage drop is due to resistance alone” he voltage drops are due to the combined effects GFR Land C. In owi78 rctions of : resiximsrnd Ere , + : iystem, these operatio ae. -_ en into account. Loads i psy astobetaen rn msn ily at different Power (@ Inacsysterm, Butiscase of dc power factor neral Current i (i Inonacsystem, from the distributor are Be” 4.8.2Methods of solving AC pistribution . «of various1oad Currents have Vottage dro 11 be the vector sy ge drop joulations, diferent section: power factors iseiuton a “ carts 1s of the distributor W¥ ‘considered since currents in oad currents and not the arithmetic sum The power factors of load c rt receiving or sendi voltage or (i) wt load voltage itself (i) Power factors referred to receiving end voltage: auc distributor AB with concentrated loads of I, and Ip tapped surrents may be given @w Sending Enc Sendin am Sendi ‘points C and B as shown in fig.1.38 Vector Dia A Ry +/X a Ry + JX B Th Asp i and ¢, re: Fig.1.38 ceil is ving end voltage, Vj is taken as reference vector. 4 -lagging power factor at C w.rt V, “laggi a 2 laeging power factor at Bw.rt V i 5 va: 2 a of sections AC and CB res ; specti 2 eens of sections AC and C) ae ection AC, 7, - ee a0 =Ri +) X, Dr Tespepctivelyseructure of Power System * wre of Power System 0 srrent in each sect Currentin section CB, Igy = iy = 13 (608 ty - fsinda) ith Current in section AC, ine = 14(cos — /singh) + Ta(e08 2 — /sin da) IVottage drop across each section: Vp = Ten Zen =n (608 ba Jsinta) Ra +/ %2) 1 (cos 6, — sing) + 1,(cos$2—Jsinda)] «Rit J Xt] Vac= Inc Zac Sending End Parameters: Sending end voltage, Var Ves +Vac Sending end current, rr ‘Yector Diagram: ‘The vector diagram of the ac distri ‘Vp -Reference vector. ;butoris shown in Fig.1.39 [Aspower factors of loads are given w-t Vg> y and Ts 188 behind Vp by and 6, respectively. Fig.1.39 Here, 1 ~Phaseangle between Vp and I~ dy -Phase angle between Vp and Ip.qransmission and aa Voltage at point C, ‘ofind ¥, (Sending End Voltage) J; isthe current tapped at 2) =, 2-6 wet voltage Vo- If q’isthe phase angle between Vp and Vc» joad point‘ I= 1, 2-(y-a) wetvoltage Vp = hileos(y-2)~/sinld-a)] Now, Ic= i + iy Vac = lac Zac Voltage at point A, V, re of Power Sy A single phase a. fed as under: )) 100A at 0.707 (ii) 200 A at 0.8 | ‘The load resista kilometre. @) Calculate Sactors reVoltage drop in se ‘Subs mains arrangements shown ‘adistribuor and the metering pot of nin ian rs from one se ee more than the normal sevice May v Resistance of “The diameter of conductors ofsub -mains a qea-off Distributor Voltage dropins Sub - mains Fig. 145 Sub - mains Where V, is thet 4a STEPPED AND TAPERED MAINS 2) Total volume of itis obvious that the current Gpienalseriesofoads are tapped off from the mains, Ione teenth wil vary as shown in Fig. 1.46 (a) Ifthe arcaof cross - section is same Hioughoutadistribuiorin view ofits current carying capacity, much copper willbe Pequirediffsseen thatthe cross section area should not be according to the fixed current density Bit criterion is a fixed voltage drop. ai For the minimun Therefore, :. F a a I ] ] 4 fehrh 1], y 1) Series of loads b) Adistributor Sh FiEIA6 Stepped and tepered mains Ww Letus considera distributor, inf Bas shown in Fig.1.46 (b) with two loads 1, and Wy Let the lengths and cross - section areabe nd rtm = 22°. 4psmission and By itis obvious eaof cross ~ Seek city, much coy re according of Power Spstem 4 [Voltage drop in section FA, a= 224 a +1 ae +a) 2pls Resistance of sectionAB_ =~ gy 2pl “Voltage dropinsectionaB =~ GQ." an = 22, Bie Di at eget &V=VnW 22) ‘Where V, isthe total drop which should be fixed. ‘Total volume of copper =2 6) +2 20 4G +h), 4eGh aac ornn aye Forthe minimum volume of copper (volume) _ 5 a Therefor, 2 2 1 arto hth) ,[=404h cn y Ww-P fh +h) W-wF ( ae4.8.1 Advantages The transmis ( Reduces they Considerat P=P js shows that the same in the sections. This shows that the current densiY js not the sa shows that the Y _ Forthesame current densitYs me Practically, itis economically’ more joint not possible to manufacture conductors of va ts are involved if conductors of different ‘cross - section. However, section are used. . Ttistechnically desirable t have minimum join's P Disadvantage: Funure aditions tothe system may completely alter the distribution of e fons and sometimes it may be useless to use stepped conductors. 78. EHVAC TRANSMISSION: [Dec ‘04, “13, 8 mat Ree ‘Extra high voltage A.C transmission. Voltage level Classification Upto 1000V low voltage 1000V-35kV | Medium voltage 35kV-230kV | High voltage 230kV-765kV | Extrahigh voltage cid > 765 kV Ultrahigh voltage Fr he power plants are located in ae a Temote areas which are far away from - n an ged for transporting large amount of power over 10‘Advantages of EHVAC/high transmission voltage: Ae transmission of electric power is carried thigh voltages due tothe following reasons. Reduces the volume of conductor mat ctions: Considera three phase line where P = Power transmitted in watts = Line voltagaein volts cos ¢ = Power factor ofthe load (= length ofthe line in meters ‘R= Resistance per conductor in ohms p= Resistivity ofthe conductor material a = Area of cross section of conductor, AB Vics § P Load current, != ey corq Resistance peronductor & = 2 Total power loss W=31°R=3| 7 a 2 Ww a pe Vicos ba a Ppt Area of cross section, Ta From the above equation itis clear that the volume of conductor material is increasely portional to the square of transmission voltage Thus, greater the transmission voltage, lesser the conductor material required.4 Transmission and py —_ ure of Power 5 Ss a ney? ‘ - jon icin _ + total losses ansoiss oh (ap tmerenses ouput PO = Input power w Total losses 1 ot, Am eee the current densi 7 a | xia _ VPI pe ~Veoso =P+ 86 o/s eee Veos Veosg =Power System & ge line drop decreases: Line drop = IR =1x 24 u ‘As J.p and are constants, thus the percentage line drop decreases when the fission voltage decreases. ‘At doubled voltage a transmission circuit can carry twice as much power atthe same circuit ‘As voltage increases, current decreases. Thus the conductor required also decreases 2 2 P wer R=|——_| R Power loss lees | From the above equation, it is seen that the power loss in a line is inversely proportional to square of transmission voltage With increase in voltage level, the line losses decreases. Provides maximum flexibility for future system growth. Maximum utilization of available right of way (land requirement) in areas where available routes are limited and costly Savings in money due to lower transmission losses for a given system load requirements. \dvantages of high transmission voltage/ EHVAC: Higher transmission voltages will result in () Thecost for insulating the conductors increases (i Cost of transformers, switch gear and other terminal apparatus increases. Electrostatic effects generated by HV lines are harmful to human beings and animals,ssion and py ork is 1882 which ope electric station | structed in between Rihand 1c line was ©" HvDt Inindia the first i 10 kV, 800 MW. capacity of +50 system? 4.9.4 Principle of HVOC $¥°' - verter stations consist oftwo COnV HYDC transmission com: ‘otherby DC cable oran overhead line. (Cansfomet) a Rectier station (ending) Fig.l.47 HVDC System Thus, we i Be seeinthe above fig.1.47. in Hy DC transmissi Binan AC etwork, where iis Cnaagil 90° d* - break even distance Fig.1.54 Variation of costs with line lengths ‘Technical performances: ‘The DC transmission has some positive features which are lackingin AC networks. are mainly dueto the fst controllability of powerin DC linesthrough converter control Stability limits: The power carrying capability ofan AC lineas a function of distance is shown in g.1.55. The powertransfer in AC linesis dependent on the angle difference between 3c voltage phasors at the two ends, The same figure also shows the power carrying apability of DC lines which is unaffected by distance,Distance Fig:1.55 Power transfer capability Vs distance igs I. trol: ' ae. complicated by the line charging and inductive control of AC lines is c« a profile nan AC lines relatively flat only for a fixed level power transfer. ; Tlthotgh DC converter stations require reactive power related to the line loadings, the line itself does not require reactive power. ©) Line compensation: "AC lines require shunt and series compensation in long distance transmission, ‘ainlyloovereome'the problems ofline charging and stability limitations, vc ® Problems of AC inter connections: 1.9.7 bij PMo\PoWer Systems are connected through AC ties (synchronous inter comet PBs stipMaieontrol of both systems have to be coordinated using tie Power and frequeney signals.This is defined ag total time Ltd = Bice -yransient reliability: This isa factor specifying the performance of HVDC systens during recordable ane fails on the associated AC systems. y lat only for a fixed le it _ 100 x No of times HVDC systems performedas designed No of recordable AC faults Recordable AC system faults are those faults which cause one or more AC bus suse voltages to drop 90% of the voltage prior tothe fault. ng distance transm limitations alues is 19.7 HVDC links in India: ; g Volt ties (synchronous i | coe Power at Length | Year | Type coordinated using} AGor |baDG | (WP)Riband- | 1500 ww] 400 kv| #500 kv |816km | Deo Bi-Polar ed contro, | Dadri 1991 al -n a (odisha) Talchar - a cies | kamatata) kolar | 2000 MW) 400 kV] +500 kV |1369km|| June | Bi potar | (world’s largest) eT d (UP) Ballia - 2500 MW| 400 kV} +500 kV |780km | May | Bi-polar comparable tot ras 2010 (Rajasthan} avalabilty & tra — * Dadri -26 km away from delhi.ission and Distrip rrans n ’ — ‘Structure of Power System « From the above possible sy the best system unless and until ‘April 1989 ‘conductor material is one oft system for transmission of yc links: packto back HVD Dec 1997 uired is minimum. Therefore Feb 1999 s of comparison between dif sep 2002 omparison of conductor ma In comparing the relative stems of transmission, simila 1,3 ~ phase, 3 - wire ac system is 10 be used for transmission un¢ (Same power (p wa (® Thedistance( gm Gi) Thetine losses (w Inthe transmission of electric Powe! Is fed. However other systems can al tances. Theddifferent possible systems of transmission are (v) | Themaximum vol each case |. Two wire d.c system with Inthe 2- wire dc syste turn or negative wire as sh ies. Maximum voltage b Powe2 of Paver name From the above possible systems of power transmission, itisificult to say whieh tbe best system unless and until some method ofcomparson is adopted. Now. the cost conuctor material is one ofthe most important charges in a system, Obviously the system for transmission of power is that for which the volume of conductor material guired is minimum, Therefore, the volume of conductor materia required forms the sof comparison between diferent systems. Pomparison of conductor material in over head system. In comparing the relative amount of conductor material necessary for different pstems of transmission, similar conditions wll be assumed seach case. Same power (p watts) transmitted by each system o ‘The distance ( ¢ meters) over which power is transmitted remains the same @ (Gi) The line losses (w watts) are same in each case (Gs) The maximum voltage between any conductor and earth (Vg) isthe same in each case Two wire d.c system with one conductor earthed: Inthe 2- wire d.c system, one i the outgoing or positive wire and the other is the urn or negative wire as shown in the Fig.1.56, The load is connected between two res. Fig. 1.56 ‘Maximum voltage between conductors = Vp, Powerto the transmitter = P Load current, I, =sion and Distrip [Structure of Power System Area of cross sectio ‘Volume of conduet __ areaof cross sectio™ ptume ofeonauetor require snisystemas the basis for comparison al required (k) in this system tisavsual practice to make ss. Therefore, volume of conductor materi abasic quantity. “Two-wire de system TheFig. 1.57 showsthe wo wie dc between any conductor and earth is 2 Vi P Hence, the volume sid point earthe D..aica ee Three wire dc syste system with mid - point earthed. Them in aS -geieerl § earthed at the ger urrent in the neutral Assuming bal Load Let ‘a’ be thStructure of Power System aulhel Area of ros seston, = 57 Ey Volume of conductor required P2p 2 wVe ie =2at=2 w Vint ® Hence, the volume of conductor material required in the system is ; of that Three wire d.c system: Fig.1.58 4 In a3- wire d.c system, three are two outers and a middle or neutral wire which f carthed at the generator end as shown in the Fig.1.58. Ifthe load is balanced, the nt in the neutral wire is zero, Assuming balanced loads P Load current, IV Let ‘a’ be the area of cross section of outer wireIseructure of Power System Load current, Let ‘a’ be the area of Line losses, “Area ofeross seetio®, | wire to be half that of outen oss section of neutral Wi Assuming the ace of olume afeonductor material required Area of cross sec ‘Volume of condu of whatiseg 4 SHence the volume of conductor required in this system is “ ide system with one conductor earthed. Hence, the volum that of 2 - wire a.c syst S. Single phase two The Fig. 1.60 sh ‘wires posses equal an between the two wir 2y, 2 =V2V,Kructure of Power System a oad current, Yecong Vase Let'a” be the area of cross section of the conductor Line losses, lf that of outep Area of eross section, 9= C24 y yg Volume of conductor material required = 2a ¢ 2 4Ppe WW (gee, fet Vazweos o) cos? > ene a Apte cos? Maree) Hence, the volume of conductor material required in this system is <0. 2 times hat of 2- wire a.c system with one conductor earthed. 5, Single phase two wire system with mid point earthed. The Fig. 1.60 shows a single phase a.c system with mid - point earthed. The two posite voltage to earth (i.e, Vj,)- Therefore maximum voltage Vp,» The r.m.s value of voltage between the conductor is ites posses equal and o between the two wires is 2 ith one con 3s value of Mn. sy, v2 *seructure of Power System Is. Single phase, 3 - wire sy The system consist oft iphase winding as shown in fpeutral wire is zero. Fig.1.60 ofthe load to be c05 + Assuming balane Maximum volta RMS value of y load current, Line losses,single phase, 3 - wire system: The system consist of two outers and neutral wir takenfrom the mid point of ‘ne through the se winding as shown in the Fig. 1.61 if the load is balanced, the current I Fig.1.61 Assuming balanced load, ‘Maximum voltage between conductor * 2N, RMS value of voltage between conductors = 75" = W2V_ =2V_ current, 1= load current, apnea we27a-2{ Line losses, Sy Ppt aV_. cos} Area of cross section, w Ve ‘cos? ¢structure of Power S) Maximum voltags RMSv Power sv Assuming pov Load current “Hence, the volume of conductor material required in this system is required in a- wire . cesystem with o! 4-wire a.c system: wn in the Fig. 1.62, the four wires ar the mid points ofthe two windings are connected together. This syst las two independent single phase system, each transmitting one ne conductor earthed. Line losses, ¢ taken from the ends of the: Areaofe ‘Volume:Power supplied per phase = 5 Assuming power factor of the load to be cos oad current eee eee ott ae W2V,cos> 212 V,cosd 2 Line losses, w= 4PR= (atea] Pipe r. This. —-- 2a Vee cos? ngone 4 Pept Area of cross section, a =P Pt Dw cos? 6 ‘Volume of conductor material required: =4at Pept | AP? =4{—Pet _|x¢-7 Ge cos? >, 7 Dw Hee cos & 1 oP ee k Apatite Qos whe 2ee | we er. Hence, the volume of conductor material required frthissystemis 38" @ times that of 2 wire d.c system with one conductor earthedsion and Distr ‘Structure of Power System ce third or neutral wing Th e ac system: jadrature wit sows 0 PIS age aren quadrarue Wi Te ee windings WhO ‘wer. The R. M. S voltage fren thjunesion 019" nts one halforthe tts! PO . ase transt ‘Obviously, each Pl Area of cross section cor and neta sxtgoing cond Volume of conduetor Fig. 1.63 Hence the volume y, V2 Vy, 0089 that of 2 wire d.c systen cos " e 9. 3- phase, 3- wire This system is al phase, 3 - wire system 2iine conductors | neutral wire coy Gees). 2)nand Distr Iseructure of Power System -neutrall ee y Pot 1. Svolall Wes et) ‘a eemaeay Volume of conductor material require: =2al+2at=ath+2) pane t eee een (ee Dw V2 cos? © 2} 1.457 ope terett oe 1.457 Hence the volume of conductor material required for this system is 5,2 4 times that of 2 wire d.e system with one conductor earthed. 9, 3 phase, 3- wire system: This system is almost universally adopted for transmission of electric power. The 3 phase, 3- wire system may be star connected or delta connected.Brructure of Power System pe 2k Sve, FV C05 nase, food current pet Pl * Let Assuming balane Line los Area ofeross s As, the areao volume of co Hence, times that reqion and Disy Fig..65 "Assuming balanced loads and p.f of the loads as cosh Line losses, w =Samea in 3-phase,3 - wie \e 2p 3a Ve cos a a 2P?pe Area ofross section.” 55 y cas ‘As, the area of eross section of neutral wie is one-half that of any line conductor, volume of conductor material required 2 =35al=35(—2 04 |xe Bw Vz cos 1P pt 1 oP e Bw Vie cos) 300s" x4 wVe ae oye Bape 2S oka" 85 12c0s" Wr a Hence, the volume of conductor material required for this system i8 15 og. 4 times that required for 2 wire dc system with one conduetor earthed.DC system @ Two-wire iy 2- wire mid point Gi) 2-wiren earthed (ii) 3 - wire 2; Singlephase system ( 2wire (i 2wire with ‘mid-point earthed i) 3 -wite ‘Two - phase system () 2-phase, 4- wire (Gi)2- phase, 3 - wire ree phase system i) 3- phase, 3 - wire yn and Distrip 4 2.5/8 | on 2/cos* 1/2.c0s*@ 2.5/4 cos” 1/2.cas* 1.457/cos? 0.5/cos? 0,583/cos? 6 What is the percenta wire d.c system is ra transmitted over the Solution: Let p and w be the pc | y 200 th System 1 so, P=\h: P=Naw Since poweriss 2001, 1 Power loss: Insystem 1: \ Insystem2: V Since, the po