, Crt ; OWES © To 4 < i‘ ‘ a =) Readin [+ ee /Writin eaa} ° ° rH =] = a a = c = = ke o Table of Contents Sentences Sentences and Sentence Fragrrents Kinds of Sentences Subjects and Predicates Combining Sentences: Compound Subjects... Combining Sentences: Compound Predicates Combining Sentences: Compound Sentences Combining Sentences: Complex Sentences Run-on Sentences. Nouns Common and Proper Nouns. Concrete and Abstract Nouns Singular and Plural Nouns . More Plural and Collective Nouns Possessive Nouns Appositives. Verbs Action Verbs Direct and Indirect Objects .. Verb Tenses... Subject-Verb Rareerient Main Verbs and Helping Verbs. Progressive Forms. Perfect Tenses. Linking Verbs . Irregular Verbs Pronouns Pronouns and Antecedents Subject, Object, and indéfinikePronouns Homophones . : Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns. Possessive Pronouns. .... Pronoun-Verb Agreement . Relative and Interrogative PronounsAdjectives Adjectives .. Articles: @, an, th Demonstrative Adjectives. . Comparative and Superlative Adjectives Comparing with More and Most Comparing with Good and Bad . Combining Sentences: Adjectives Adverbs Adverbs as Modifiers Adverbs’ Positions . Using Good and Well... Comparing with Adverbs . Combining Sentences: Adverbs ..........00cc0eecseeeeneeeceee 469 Negatives and Prepositions Negatives... 470 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases..........s..ccesssssses 470 Mechanics: Abbreviations Organizations... Internet Addresses .. Units of Measure Time . Mechanics: Capitalization Proper Nouns; Names and Titles of People Other Proper Nouns and Adjectives Salutations and Closings. Titles of Works .... Mechanics: Punctuation End Punctuation Periods Hyphens, Dashes, and Parentheses . Colons and Semicolons Apostrophes Commas... Quotation Marks in Dialogue. Titles ... 471 471 » 472 472 . 473 . 474 475 476 476 . 476 477 477 . 478 479 at cs 2 ry s. y = = & = aa} ° ° rH =] = a a = c = = iS o Sentences A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. My mother builds a shed. (conplete sentence) the size of the shed (needs a predicate) stores tools and supplies (needs a subject) “Your Turn) Write each group of words. Write sentence or fragment next to each item. Then rewrite each fragment to make a complete sentence. 1. Built a fence. 2. We all helped decide what to plant. 3. A great harvest in the fall. Ss There are four different types of sentence. Each begins with a capital letter and ends with an end mark. Adeclarative sentence makesa | We watched the snow fall. statement. It ends with a period. An interrogative sentence How much will we get? asks a question. It ends with a Seed minal Aimperative sentence tells or Listen to the forecast. asks someone to do something. [tends with a period. tL a ‘An exclamatory sentence Snow days are my favorite! shows strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark. Write one sentence of each type. Use the correct unctuation, Trade with a partner to check your sentences.Every sentence has two important parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject tells whom or what the sentence is about. The complete subject is all the wordsin the subject part. The simple subject is the main word or words in the complete subject. The strongest swimmers crossed the bay, The predicate tells what the subject does or is, The complete predicate is all the words in the piedicate. The simple predicate is the main verb in the complete predicate. The strongest swimmers crossed the bay. ‘Your Turn) Write each sentence. Draw one line under the simple subject. Draw two lines under the simple predicate. PERT SULLY 1. Their friends cheered them on. 2. My brother led Ure way ina boat. 3. He helped anyone in trouble. 4. Luckily, the water remained calm all morning long. 5. Next year my friends will swim for the first time. A compound subject has two or more simple subjects that share the same predicate. Use the conjunction and or or to join the parts of the compound subject. Brett volunteered at the rally. Diane volunteered at the rally. Brett and Diane volunteered atthe rally. ‘Your’Turn) Combine the sentence pairs to form one sentence. 1. Adam ran onto the field. Lise ran onto the field. 2. Mom watched them play. Ded watched them play. 3. My brother enjoyed the gare. | enjoyed the game. 4, Mom started to shout. My biother started to shout. 5. Did Adam score a goal? Did _isa score a goal? 451452 Sentences A compound predicate has two more simple predicates that share the same subject. Use the word and, but, or or to join the parts of a compound predicate. Mom docked the boat. Mom went ashore. Mom docked the boat and went ashore. “Your Turn) Combine the sentence pairs to form one sentence. 1. | stayed behind. | watched the ducks. 2. The ducks paddled around. The ducks shook their feathers. 3. They flapped their wings They flew away. 4. My mother returned. Mon started the engine. 5. The engine sputtered. The engine didn’t stop. nces A compound sentence has tw> or more complete thoughts about different subjects. The coordinating conjunctions and, but, and or can be used to connect the complete thoughts ina compound sentence. Use a comma before the conjunction. The correlative conjunctions either/or and neither/nor can also be used in a compound sentence. My brother likes to swim, but | prefer riding my bike. ‘YourTurn) Combine the sentence pairs to form one sentence. Circle each coordinating conjunction. 1, My tire was flat, | learned how to fix it. 2. | asked my father. He showed me how to do it. 3. Now the wheels are fine. The brakes don’t work. 4. A cable is broken. A bolt is loose, 5. We'll take it to the shop. They'll fix it tomorrow.An independent clause can stanc alone as a sentence. A dependent clause cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction, suchas after, although, as, before, because, if, since, until, when, where and while. A complex sentence has an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. We drove west until we saw the mountains, Use a comma after dependent clauses at beginnings of sentences. As we climbed higher, the temperature dropped. \Your\Turn) Combine the sentence pairs to form a complex sentence. Circle the subordinating conjunction you used. 1. We reached the summit. It began to snow. 2. Dad drove slowly. The road was slippery. Arun-on sentence contains two or more independent clauses without the proper conjunctions cr punctuation. A comma splice joins two independent clauses without using a conjunction. I heard a noise | called the police they came quickly. Break the independent clauses | | heard a noise. I called the police. into separate sentences. They came quickly. Create a compound subject or _| I hearda noise and called the compound predicate. police. They came quickly. Create a compound sentence 'hearda noise. Icalled the police, i dinatit juncti 1d th ickl) “Create a complex sentence using | When Iheard a noise, I called the subordinating conjunctions. police, and they came quickly. ‘Your? Tarn) Use strategies above to correct the run-on sentences. 1. An officer saw a raccoon it ran under the porch. 2. She shined a light on the raccoon, it hissed. 3. It took an hour they finally caught it, | was so happy! 453454 A common noun names a person, place, thing, or idea. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. A proper noun begins with a capital letter. The professor pointed to the country on the map. (common) Dr. Jenkins located Brazil ir. The Explorer’s Atlas. (proper) “YourTurn) Write each sentence. Underline each noun. Tell whether it is common or proper. 1. My grandparents were born in Ethiopia. 2. Their attic is filled with boxes of photographs. 3. Dad found a picture of tkeir old house. 4. Ascraphonk showed theirtrips to Europe and Asia. 5. Would Grandpa talk about Africa to my class? A concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that physically exists and can be perceived with the senses. An abstract noun names a quality, concept, or idza that does not physically exist. Many abstract nouns have no plural form. Dad took his guitar out of the case. (concrete) The music he played filled mz with joy. (abstract) -Your)Turn) Write each sentence. Underline each noun. Tell whether it is concrete or abstract. 1. Strange noises filled the rouse. 2. My brother had bought zn accordion. 3, My family hoped he would take lessons. 4. My sister put plugs in her ears. 5. He feels no guilt at all for causing discomfort.A singular noun names one perscn, place, thing, or idea. A plural noun names more than one. It is usually formed by adding -s or -es. Singularnouns: boy horse. ~—- boardwalk —_chapter Plural nouns: girls fooes beaches stories “Your Turn) Write each sentence. Draw one line under each singular noun. Draw two lines under each plural noun. 1. Flames leapt into the sky as «he firefighters arrived. 2. Reporters noted that the fire was out an hour later. ladies, berries, skies, if libraries _ Ifa noun ends in a vowel +y, add en Dove monkeys.essays: Ifa noun ends in for fe, you may chefs, roofs, leaves, hooves, _ Need to change fto v and add -¢s. knives ‘fa noun ends ina vowel ando, adi-s. | studios, trios, duos, zoos Ifa noun ends ina consonant and, | pianos, echoes, cellos add-s or -es. Some nouns have the same singuhr | deer, sheep, moose, fish, elk men, women, children, feet A collective noun names a groupacting as a single unit. Collective nouns can also have plural forms. Dad's band will take the stage a'ter two other bands. ' Your) Turn) Write each sentence. Change the singular noun in parentheses ( ) to a plural noun. Circle any collective nouns. 1. The coach spoke to the (child) on the team. 2, She had recorded (video) of their last two games. 3. Our (life) would be easier if we didn't practice so often. 4. How many (trophy) do you think our squad can win? 455456 A possessive noun names who or what owns or has something. Add ‘s to a singular noun to make it possessive. Add just an apostrophe (') to most plural nouns ending in -s to make them. possessive. Other plural nounsadd ‘s. The teachers’ cars were parked in the school’s lot. “Your, Turn) Write each sentence. Change the word in () into a possessive noun. 1. The (store) owners looked at the crowds. 2, People lined up to buy the (author) new book. 3. All the (newspapers) reporters wrote about it. 4. Nid you get your (parents) permission to buy one? 5. You should see the expressions on the (children) faces! An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or tells more about another nearby noun, Use commas to set off most appositives from the rest of the sentence. You can use an appositive to combine two sentences intc one. Sid Phillips, last year’s winner, spoke about the contest. Your) Turn) Use an appositive to combine the sentence pairs into one. 1. This year’s winner is Jada She is a poet from Guam. 2. Ginny knows Jada. Ginny is my oldest cousin. 3. They went to Bickham together. Bickham is a summer camp. 4. | submitted my poem. It 's a limerick about stars. 5. Will it arrive by the final date? The final date is May 14.An action verb is a word that expresses action. It tells what the subject of the sentence does or did. My dog chased the turkeys. ‘Your’ Turn) Write cach sentence. Underline cach action verb. 1. The turkeys trotted across tte ice. 2. They slipped and slid all ove: the place. 3. | laughed when | saw them. 4. Did anyone take a picture of them? 5. They disappeared before | found my camera. A direct object is a noun or pronoun in the predicate that receives the action of the verb. It answers tre question “what?” or “whom?* after an action verb. Mom bought tickets. An indirect object usually comes before the direct object. It answers the question “to what?’, “to whom?’ “for what?;, or “for whom?” after an action verb. Mom gave my sister the tickets. ‘Your! Turn) Write each sentence. Circle each verb. Draw one line under each direct object. Draw two lines under each indirect object. 1. My sister created a costume. 2. My brother gave my sister advice. 3. The actors rehearsed their lines before the show. 4, The comedian told the audience funny jokes. 5. Who handed the singer flowers as she performed? 457458 Verbs 1 A present-tense verb shows action that happens now. My family plans its vacation. A past-tense verb shows action that has already happened, Last year we sailed to an isicnd. A future-tense verb shows action that may or will happen. This summer we will fly overseas. “Your Turn) Write each sentence. Underline each verb. Then tell the tense of each verb, 1, My mother studies a foreign language. 2. Both of her parents ofter talked in Swedish. 3. Ry next summer, my mother will speak fluently. 4. Who helped her with her pronunciation? 5. | hope that someday | wil know a new language. A present-tense verb must agree with its subject. Add -s to most verbs if the subject is singular. Add -es to verbs that end ins, ch, sh, x, or z, Do not add -s or -es if the subject is plural or! or you. Jenny catches the ball. Her fiiends race off the field. When parts of a compound subject are joined by or, cither...or, or neither...nor, the verb agrees with the subject that is nearer to it. Either Jon or Ellen writes thedaily column. “Your! Turn) Write each sentence. Use the correct present-tense form of each verb in parentheses. 1. The pilot (check) the instument panel. 2. Green lights (verify) that everything is normal. 3. The other pilots (communicate) over the radio. 4, The lead jet (rush) down the runway. 5. You (consider) enrolling in flight school some day.A verb phrase is a verb that contains more than one word. The last word in a verb phrase is the main verb. All other words ina verb phrase are helping verbs. A helping verb helps the main verb show an action or make a statement. The verb be is often used as a helping verb with a present participle, or a verb ending in -ing. The verb have is often used as a helping verb with a past participle, ora verb ending in -ed. Our family will watch the shows we have recorded. ‘Your! Turn) Write each sentence. Underline each main verb and circle the helping verb. 1, My sister has followed this program for years. 2. The series will reach its condusion next spring 3. They may release a movie shortly after that. 4, We will be cliechiny Ute mayazines for news about it. 5. | should pay that much attention to my studies. The present progressive form tells about an action that is continuing (or in progress) now. Use the helping verb am, is, or are followed by a present participle. The past progressive form tells about an action that was continuing at an earlier time. Use the helping verb was or were followed by a present participle. |am counting the days until vacation. |! was reading about our destinction. ‘Your’ Turn) Write each sentence, Use the progressive form of the verb in parentheses () that makes the most sense. 1. We (hope) that we can visit the famous fountains. 2. Last year, the park’s staff (repair) them all summer long. 3. People complained that the water (look) discolored. 4. Reports say that the fountains (attract) huge crowds. 5. My father (explore) other options just in case. 459460 The present perfect tense tells about an action that happened in the past. It also tells about an action that began in the past and continues in the present. Use the helping verb have or has followed by a past participle, which is usually the -ed form of the verb. | have performed in two pleys this year. The past perfect tense tells aout one past action that occurred before another past action. Use the helping verb had anda past participle to form the past perfect tense. At this time last year, | had performed in four plays. “Your\Turn) Write each sentence. Use the present perfect or past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses. 1. | (rehearse) my lines for tie show every day this week. 2. Last week we (worry) there wouldn't be enough time. 3, My teachers and parents (assure) me that | would do fine. 4, For years now my brother (promise) to support my acting. Some verbs do not express act on. A linking verb links the subject with a word in the precicate. This word can be a predicate noun, which renames or identifies the subject, or a predicate adjective, which describes the subject. Some common linking verbs are be, seem, feel, appear, become, smell, stay, and taste. Luke is a fine cook. His soups taste delicious. ‘Your: Turn} Write each sentence. Circle each linking verb. Underline the predicate noun or predi: adjective that follows 1. My father is a student in a cooking class. 2. His rice pilaf smells strange. 3. He was nervous about adding too much salt. 4. This meal seemed difficult even for a master chef.The past tense or past participles of irregular verbs do not add -ed. Present P be (am/are/is) bring br buy bought catch caught come came do did draw dr drink drank eat at give g gow grow gre hide hid read (/réd/) ride r run ran say said see sa sell sold sit sat taket teach taught tell t think thought write wr ast was/were ought ew e ave ent w read (/réd/) ode ook old ote Participle (with have) been brought bought caught come done drawn, drunk eaten given gone grown hidden read (/réd/) ridden run said seen sold sat taken taught told thought written ‘Your? Turrn) Write each sentence. Use the correct form of each verb in parentheses. 1. Yesterday the scientists (go) to the new laboratory. 2. A guide (bring) them to see the new equipment. 3. Some of them had (take) a tour of the building before. 4. "They (think) about it but decided not to,’ the guide (say). 461462 Pronouns A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. A pronoun must match the number and gender of its antecedent, which is the noun (or nouns) to which it refers. I passed the camera to my sitter. She used it to take a picture. “Your Turn) Write each sentence. Unde the antecedent. e each pronoun. Circle 1. Kendra photographs everything she sees. 2. Dad takes the best pictures and puts them in frames. 3, People can see the photos if they visit this Web site. 4. Dad told Kendra he would look for a better camera. 5. Mam took Kendra shopping and let her try the new model. A subject pronoun is used as tre subject of a verb. The pronouns |, you, he, she, it, we, and they are subject pronouns. An object pronoun is used as the object of either an action verb or a preposition, The pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us, and them are object pronouns My sister made a video for our cousins. She sent it to them last night. An indefinite pronoun refers tosomeone or something that is not known or specific, such as anyone, anything, all, both, everybody, everything, everywhere, none, no cne, somebody, somewhere, or something. My aunt sang something that everyone would enjoy. ‘Your Turn) Write each sentence. Replace the words in parentheses with the proper pronoun. 1. (All of the people) clapped along to the music. 2. Dad decided that (Dad) reeded to get his guitar. 3. Mom helped (Dad) look for the guitar in the closet. 4. My sister told (Mom and Dad) that she had the guitar. 5. (Not one person) sang until my parents found (the quitar).Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently. Some commonly confused homophones are it’s/its, you're/your, they're/their/there, and there’s/theirs. They’re proud of their cooking over there. "Your. Turn) Write each sentence. Choose the correct word in parentheses to complete the sentence. 1. (You're, Your) phone is over on the table. 2. Have you checked (it's, its) batteries lately? Ty enouns A reflexive pronoun tells about an action that a subject does for or to itself. (Singular pronouns take -self; plural pronouns take -selves.) He talked himself intu it. We Uluned ourselves for the mess, An intensive pronoun takes the form of a reflexive pronoun. It adds emphasis without changing the meaning of the sentence. The principal herself handed me the trophy. ‘Your: Turn) Write each sentence. Underline each reflexive pronoun. Circle each intensive pronoun. 1. My mother and | gave ourseves plenty of time. 2. The signs themselves said w2 were on the right trail! A possessive pronoun shows who or what owns something. My, your, her, his, its, our, and their come before nouns. Mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, and theirs can stand alone. They like their music, but | like mine better. ‘Your Turn) Write each sentence. Replace the words in parentheses with a possessive pronoun. 1, My family visited (my familys and my) hometown. 2. Luckily, my mother could do (her job) from anywhere. 463464 Pronouns A present-tense verb must agree with its subject, even if the subject is a pronoun. tam happy. He is delighted. dle and | are cheerful. "YourTurn) Write each sentence. Use the correct present tense form of the verb in parentheses. 1. She (catch) the train intothe city. 2. They (meet) at the aquarum. 3. | (be) waiting for them near the shark tank. 4, They ask if you (be) curious about the penguins. 5. | point at the octopus, and it (scurry) behind a rock. Ke hd interrogative Pronouns A relative pronoun shows how a dependent clause relates to another noun or pronoun already mentioned in the sentence. That, which, who, whose, and whom can be used as relative pronouns. An interrogative pronoun asks a question and has no clear antecedent. What, which, who, whom, and whose can be used as interrogative pronouns. Who owns the dog that ran past our house? ‘Your\Turn) Write each sentence. Unde pronoun. Circle each interrogative pronoun. ¢ each relative 1. What startled the dog inthe first place? 2. The dog ran into a store that had its door open. 3. The man who owns the store chased the dog out. 4. Which of these streets did it run down? 5. What was the name of the boy whose dog was missing?Adjectives SEO SL Tf Adjectives are words that modify, or describe, nouns or pronouns. Adjectives tell what kind, which onz, or how many. A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject. am curious about the three red tents in that field. ‘Your Turn) Write each sentence. Underline each adjective. 1. The circus had arrived in this town for two weeks. 2. The performers’ costumes were bright and colorful. The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles. Use a and an with singular nouns only. Lse a if the next word starts with a consonant. Use an if the next word starts with a vowel. The artists will host an afternoon talk at a gallery downtown, ‘YourTurn) Write each sentence. Choose the correct article. 1, Mom wanted to hang (a, an)abstract drawing in the hall. 2. My sister visited (an, the) folc art museum. Demonstrative adjectives, such és this, that, these, and those, tell which one or which ones. Use this t> point out a nearby person or thing. Use that to point out a person or thing that is farther away. Use these to point out two or more nearby people or things. Use those to point out two or more people or things farther away. This ring on my finger is shinier han those rings on display. ‘Your! Tarn) Write each sentence. Choose the proper demonstrative adjective to complete the sentence. 1. (That, Those) pile is larger than the other one. 2. What is (this, these) box of magazines doing here? 465pC rary 466 Adjectives A comparative adjective comoares two people, things, or ideas. Form comparative adjectives by adding -er to most one-syllable and some two-syllable adjectives. A superlative adjective compares more than two things. The superlative is usually formed by adding -est. If an adjective ends in a ccnsonant and y, change the y toi before adding -er or -est. If an edjective ends in e, drop the e before adding -er or -est. If an adjective has a single vowel before a final consonant, double the final consonant before adding -er or -est. Ted is a faster runner than Cal. Reg is the thinnest boy on the team. “Your Turn) Write each sentence. Use the correct form of the adjective in parentheses. 1. My brother is a (calm) person than | am. 2. Dad is the (quiet) one in our whole house. 3. | talk with a (loud) voice than my sister. 4, We had the (lively) discussion ever last night! To form comparative and superlative forms of most adjectives with two or more syllables, use the words more and most instead of the endings -er or -est. Never use more or most in front of adjectives with -er or -est endings. That lion has a more ferocious roar than the other one. The largest lion has the mosi ferocious roar of all. “Your! Turn) Write each sentence. Use the correct form of the adjective in parentheses. 1. This zoo has (interesting) exhibits than that one. 2. They have the (diverse) collection of reptiles in America. 3. Does the gray iguana lock (frightening) than the green one? 4. What is the safest, (sensible) place to see the snakes?The comparative and superlative forms of some adjectives, such as good and bad, are irregular. The comparative form of good is better. SUE lf The comparative form of bad is werse. Their superlative forms are best and worst. Rex is a good dog. Spike is a better dog than Rex. Fido is the best dog of all. Mom has a bad cough, but Dads cough is worse. | have the worst cough of all. ‘YourTurn) Write each sentence. Use the correct form of the adjective in parentheses. 1. | had the (good) time ever at last night’s movie marathon! 2. We watched some of the (bed) films ever made. 3. The first movie had a (good) plot than the second one. 4 The longest film dlsy had the (bad) acting. 5. Do you think there is a (bad) movie than the last one? You can combine sentences by leaving out repeated words and moving an adjective into one of the sentences. We caught a fish. The fish was huge. We caught a huge fish. ‘YourTurn) Combine each pair of sentences by moving adjectives. 1, We stepped into the boat. The boat was small. 2. | looked up at the clouds. The clouds looked fluffy. 3. Waves rocked the boat. The waves were gentle. 4. We rowed to an island. The island was rocky. 5. Fish swam past. They were light blue. 467Adverbs 468 Adverbs An adverb can modify, or tell more about, a verb. Many adverbs end in -ly. Adverbs often tell hew, when, or where an action takes place. Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Some adverbs called intensifiers add emphasis to a description. Lightning most certainly peses a very serious threat today. “YourTurn) Write each sentence. Underline each adverb. Circle any intensifiers that are used. 1. Heavy rains fell outside. 2. People were most definitely worried about flooding, 3. The reporter spoke excitedly about the emergency. 4. We listened closely and promptly gathered supplies. 5. People who lived nearby called often to check on us. An adverb can come before or after the verb, adjective, or adverb it modifies. It can also come in another part of the sentence, The intensely bright light suddenly moved away. "Your Turn) Write each sentence. Add the adverb in parentheses (). 1, We called the professor. immediately) 2. He didn’t sound concerned at all. (very) 3. We thought we had seena spacecraft. (overhead) 4, He explained that it was a police helicopter. (probably) 5. One had flown close to his house as well. (incredibly)The adjective good tells more about a noun. The adverb well tells more about a verb. The comparative and superlative forms of well are better and best. The good food made us feel well. “YourTurn) Write each sentence. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. Underline the word being described. 1. [didn’t sleep (good, well) last night. 2. | had a (good, well) reason to stay up late. 3. | would have done (better, bast) if | hadn't been tired. Use more or less before most adverbs to compare two actions. Use must ut feust before inust adverbs to compare more than two actions. Add -er or -est to shorter adverbs to compare actions. Lea spoke louder and more fluently than Hal. Owen spoke softest and least fluently of all. ‘Your’Tarn) Write each sentence. Use the correct form of the adverb in parentheses. 1. You read your speech (confidently) than | did. 2. Of all the speakers, we listened (intently) to her. 3 .Were you seated (close) to har than | was? You can combine sentences by leaving out repeated words and moving an adverb into one of the sentences. We ran to the store. We ran quickly. We ran quickly to the store. Your) Turn) Move an adverb to combine each pair of sentences. 1, | remembered our meeting. remembered it suddenly. 2, | turned around. | turned immediately. 3. | walked to the bus stop. | walked directly. 469 TEIN |Pa = x} RS a og 2 3 o] = s ” 3 J ) s a J 4 470 Negatives and Prepositions Anegative is a word that means no or not. Other examples are never, barely, hardly, and scarcely. Negatives may appear as the contraction -n’t (short for not). Correct a double negative (two negatives) in a sentence by chenging one into a positive word. Nobody wants bad news. | didn’t want to hear it. “YourTurn) Write each sentence. Correct the double negative. 1. couldn't see nothing outside our tent 2. Hardly no one wanted toinvestigate the noise . 3, Nobody couldn't sleep that night. A preposition is a word that relates a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. The object of a preposition isthe noun or pronoun that follows the preposition, When a prepositional phrase acts as an adjective or an adverb, it can be calledan adjective phrase or an adverb phrase. Musicians in the band (adjective) rested during breaks (adverb). Common Prepositions: abou:, above, across, after, against. along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, by, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, near, of, off, on, out, outside, over, through, to, under, until, up, with, without “Your:Turn) Write each sentence. Underline each prepositional phrase and circle the object of each preposition. Tell whether the phrase is used as an adjective or an adverb, 1. The birds swooped above the trees. 2. My mother took a video of the flock. 3. Did you see how they formed patterns in the sky?Mechanics: Abbreviations In both formal and informal writing, use abbreviations for certain organizations and government agencies. These abbreviations usually have all capital letters and no periods. United Nations-UN _ FederalBureau of Investigation - FBI National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration - NASA ‘Your! Tarn) Write each sentence. Change each word or group of words in parentheses into its abbreviation. 1. My aunt applied for a job with the (Central Intelligence Agency). 2. He wrote a report on the (Environmental Protection Agency). 3. The (United Service Organizations) put on a show for the troops. 4. My brother did well an his (Scholastic Achievement Test). 5. We visited the (United States Postal Service) headquarters. Use abbreviations at the end of Internet addresses. .com (commercial) .edu (educational) .gov (government) .org (organization) snet (network) .info (information) ‘Youp!Turn) Write each sentence. Change each word in parentheses into its abbreviation. 1. found a space program time line at www.nasa.(government). 2. My mother checked www.mayoclinic.(commercial) for health information. 3. | used www.humanesociety. organization) to research animal adoptions. 4. Dad looked at www.mta.(information) to see if the subway was on schedule. 5. We looked at the available courses at www.harvard (education). 471 = s a Pe ry — re bd P= i— a 5 oo = o = ) J E)Py = Ss J ed i 2 a F- = Pr 4 = oS Po = o = 472 Mechanics: Abbreviations Use abbreviations for units of measure. Most abbreviations are the same for singular and plural urits. in.—inch(es) lb .—poundss) km.—kilometer(s) L—liter(s) ft—foot (feet) kg.—kilogrem(s) 0z.—ounce(s) hr—hour(s) "Your Turn) Write each sentence. Abbreviate each word in parentheses ( ). 1. My cousin is now 6 (feet)tall 2. | weighed 7 (pounds), 2 (ounces) at birth. 3. We worked for 7 (hours) in a row yesterday. 4. My tomato plant grew 8 inches) last week. 5. It tank 1s 3 (hours) to drive 130 (kilometers). Use the abbreviation a.m. (antemeridiem) for times before noon and P.M. (post meridiem) for times a‘ter noon. Abbreviations for years are 8.c. for “Before Christ,’ a.o. for aino Domini, (Latin: “in the year of the Lord”) B.c.e. for “Before Common Era,’ and c.e. for"Common Era” "Your Turn) Write each sentence. Add time abbreviations wherever possible. 1. | went to bed at 10:30 last night. 2. Sunrise is scheduled for 6:32 tomorrow. 3. This piece of pottery from 365 is over 2,000 years old. 4. My complete birth date is October 23, 1999. 5. We worked by moonligh: alone from 9:45 until 5:30.Mechanics: Capitalization Capitalize the names of people and the initials that stand for their names. Capitalize titles or abbreviations of titles when they come before or after the names of peop. Capitalize the abbreviations for Junior (Jr) and Senior (Sr). Mrs. Foss took Dr. Ann J. Rice to see Gov. Tim Bell, Jr. a % ae = — J vy bay o = Capitalize an official title when it comes before a person's name or when it is used in direct address. Do not capitalize the title if it comes after or is a substitute for the person’s name. Cheryl, the club’s president, introduced Mayor Watson. Capitalize words that show family relationships when used as titles ‘ras substitutes for a person's name. Do not capitalize words that show family relationships when they are preceded by a possessive noun or pronoun, Aunt Pat gave my mother a painting of Grandpa. Capitalize the pronoun /. | will practice my guitar until | can play the song well. ‘Your)Turn) Write each sentence. Correct any errors in capitalization. 1. | volunteered to work at the p. j. Diego Foundation. 2. [had an interview with mr. aulver. 3. My uncle knows professor Rita Stewart, the director. 4, She is also friends with mor and aunt Iris. 5. Dad and | spoke to Tim Flynn, sr., the senator from Ohio. 473Pe) =. J ro w= | = a a ro 3 = = a = s a = 474 Mechanics: Capitalization roper and Adjectives Capitalize names of cities, states, countries, and continents. Do not capitalize articles or prepositions in those names. Capitalize names of geographical features but not compass points showing direction, Juneau, Alaska United States of America Miami is south of Boston. Capitalize the names of buildirgs, bridges, and monuments. Capitalize street and highway names, either whole or abbreviated. Golden Gate Bridge Air end Space Museum Keene Blvd. Capitalize the names of stars and planets. Capitalize Earth when it refers to the planet but not when it is preceded by the article the. We felt the earth shake. We hope one day to travel to Mars. Capitalize the names of schools, clubs, teams, organizations, institutions, businesses, political parties, and products. Stargazers’ Club at Fletcher Elementary School Capitalize names of historic events, periods of time, and documents. Battle of Bunker Hill Decaration of Independence Capitalize the days of the week, months of the year, and holidays. Do not capitalize the names of the seasons. Labor Day is the first Monday in September. Capitalize the names of ethnic groups, nationalities, and languages. Capitalize proper adjectives formed from those names. Most Swiss citizens speak eitner Italian, French, or German. Capitalize the first word of main topics and subtopics in an outline. 1. Products and Industries A. Technology “Your Turn) Rewrite each sentence. Capitalize words as needed. 1. The foreign cinema club watched a spanish film. 2. It was shown at starlight theater on oak ave. 3. An upcoming mexican film depicts the battle of the alamo.Capitalize all the words in the greeting of a letter, including the title and name of the person addressed. Capitalize only the first word in the closing of a letter. Dear Ms. Sullivan: Sincerey yours, “Your?Turn) Write each sentence. Use capital letters correctly, 1. dear aunt beverly, 2. yours truly, 3. dear dr. grimes and associates: 4, with our deepest gratitude, 5. to whom it may concern: Capitalize the first, last, ard all important words in the title of a book, play, short story, poem, movie, article, newspaper, magazine, TV series, chapter of a book, or song. Mom hummed ‘Ship on the Water" while | read Treasure Island. | wrote the “This and That“ colurnn for the Boyden School Herald. ‘Your Tarn) Write each sentence. Use capital letters correctly. 1. The glee club sang “only ourbest” for their audition. 2. They were featured on the show “an ear for talent.” 3. Did you see the headline in the foxpaw courier? 4. They set my poem “winds and waters” to music. 5. It was inspired by the book two boats in the bay. = & =a Fy = a fal ry cae Ea = ry a FI Ss 475= GI J rs] 2 3 tH =! a Pn a = s ce S a = 476 Mechanics: Punctuation To end declarative sentences, use a period; interrogative sentences, a question mark; imperative sentences, a period or exclamation mark; exclamatory sentences, an exclamation mark. Do you know how to ski? Look out for that tree! The snow is deep. “Your Turn) Write each sentence. Add correct end punctuation. 1, How cold will it be today 2, My feet feel like blocks of ice Use a period at ends of abbreviations; after initials; in abbreviations for time or units of measure; after numbers and letters in an outline. Dr. B. Waters will arrive at 3:15 p.m. on Feb, 12, ‘Your)Turn) Write each sentence. Insert periods where needed. 1. Mom had an appointment at 11:30 amon Oct 5. 2. | spent 2 hrs and 35 min taking notes. and Parentheses Use a hyphen or hyphens in certain compound words (including numbers) or to divide a word between syllables at the end of a line. Her real-life colurnns are based on stories of thirty-eight wild horses. Use a dash to set off expressive or clarifying information. We set offon the trail—the most scenic trail, by all accounts. Use parentheses to set off non-essential information. The largest horses (among those on the trail) stopped often. ‘Your: Turn) Write each sentence. Insert hyphens, dashes, or parentheses where needed. 1, We had ninety five minutes left until sunset. 2. It can get cold very cold in the mountains at night.Use a colon to separate the hour and minute when you write the time of day. Use a colon after the creeting of a business letter. Use a colon to introduce a list of items that ends a sentence. Do not use a colon if the list immediately follows a verb or a preposition. Use a semicolon to combine part: of a compound sentence when a conjunction is not used, Dear Professor Lightman: | will be late for tomorrow's 8:30class; | should be there by 9:00. ! will bring the following: paper, three pencils, and an eraser. ‘Your: Turn) Write each line of theprinted lett. punctuation where needed. 1, Dear Ms. Alton and Staff 2. Please find enclosed the following pins, badges, stickers. 3. We liad more than envuyl hese are the extras. 4. We handed them out until 1130 last night. 5. People shared these comments more variety, brighter colors, less text. insert the correct Use an apostrophe (‘) and an s toform the possessive of a singular noun. Use an apostrophe and an sto form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in s. Use an apostrophe alone to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s. Do not use an apostrophe in a possessive pronoun. Use an apostrophe in a contraction to show where a letter or letters are missing. ‘She'll ask the boys’ parents about their behavior. ‘Your Turn) Write each sentence. Insert apostrophes where needed. 1. We worked all day in a farmers field. 2. The suns rays made us hot and thirsty. 3. We couldnt wait to swim in the pond. 4 .My two sisters friends enjoy working with farmers. 5. Theyll join us at the pond when theyre finished. 477 = Py 8 = Fy = a =] < I a 2 J my = FF) ]= GI J rs] 2 3 tH =! 3 Pn a = s mS S ry BS 478 Mechanics: Punctuation Use a comma between the name of a city and the complete name of a state. Use a comma after the name of a state or a country when it is used with the name of a city in a sentence. A comma between the name of a city and the postal service abbreviation for a state may be omitted. We flew from Miami, Florida, to Venice, Italy. We live in Nome AK. Use a comma between the day and the year in a date. Use a comma before and after the year in a sentence, when the year is used with both the month and the day. Do not use a comma if only the month and the year are given. We moved on May 12, 2004, and returned in March 2008. Use a comma after the greeting in a friendly letter and after the closing in all letters. Dear Aunt Sally, Very truly yours, Use a comma before the conjunction and, but, or or when it joins simple sentences to form a compound sentence. Use a comma after a dependent clause at the start of a sentence. Use a comma after introductory words or phrasesat the start of a sentence. When Dad came home, the cog barked, but the cat just sat there. Use a comma to set off a direct quotation. Use a comma to set off a noun of direct address. Use a comma to set off an appositive within a sentence. “Ben, in that picture,” Dad asted, ‘can you find Jim, your cousin?” Use commas to separate three or more items in a series, Use commas to separate three or more subjects in a compound subject. Use commas to separate three or more predicates in a compound predicate. The article told about the rains, high winds, and flooding. Use commas to set off words that interrupt the flow of thought ina sentence, Use commas to sepavate nonessential words and clauses from essential words and clauses.| thought her idea, which was sil'y, would cost too much. Use a comma after the words yes cr no or other introductory words at the beginning of a sentence. Us? a comma before a tag question that comes at the end of a sentence. Use a comma before the word too when it means “also” Hey, Jules, you know that song, don’t you? Yes, and | can sing it, too. "Your Turn) Write each sentence, Add commas where needed. 1. This park has the best viewsin Boulder Colorado. 2. We couldn't decide whetherto ski skate or snowshoe. 3. Dad said “Kids let's take our sleds up that hill.” 4, When we reached the top the slope looked much steeper, 5. | slid down first and my sister brother and father followed me. SST] ad < 3 ry = i a = Ss Ey words that a speaker says or writes. Use a comma or commas to separate a clause, such as he said, from the quotation itself. Place the comma outside the opening quotation marks but inside the clesing quotation marks. Place a period inside closing quotation marks. Place a question mark or exclamation mark inside tre quotation marks when it is part of the quotation. “Why are you out of breath?” my brother asked. “| ran back,” | replied, “because Ithought | saw a bear.” ‘YourTurn) Write each sentence. Add punctuation where needed. 1. My mother asked Did you bring a flashlight? 2. It’s right here in the tent | replied, 3. Oh my! Did you hear that? ry brother shouted. 4, Go back to sleep my father said. It’s nothing to worry about. 5. If it doesn’t stop my mother said I'm calling the ranger. 479= GI J rs] 2 3 tH =! a Pn a = s mS S ry P 480 Mechanics: Punctuation Use italics or underlining for the title of a book, movie, television series, play, magazine, or newszaper. Use quotation marks around the title of a short story, song, short poem, print article, online article, or chapter of a book. Remember to capitalize all of the important words in a title. | finished my poem, “Along the Old Path.” My father has a column in The Hometown Gazette. Turn) Write each sentence. Apply the correct treatment of titles where needed. 1. A writer for The Travel Show spoke at our school. 2. She alsa wrote the article Packing your bags. 3. | submitted a story to Teen Travel magazine. 4, They changed the title tc eight days in Delaware. 5. Have you ever read The Incredible Journey?