Lesson 11 where he developed a particular

Surrealism interest in mental illness. His

Surrealism was a cultural movement education was interrupted when he
that developed in Europe in the aftermath of was conscripted for World War I.
World War I in which artists depicted - During World War I, he worked in a
unnerving, illogical scenes and developed neurological ward in Nantes, where
techniques to allow the unconscious mind to he met the devotee of Alfred Jarry,
express itself. Its aim was, according to Jacques Vaché, whose anti-social
leader Andre Breton, to “resolve the attitude and disdain for established
previously contradictory conditions of dream artistic tradition influenced Breton
and reality into an absolute reality, a considerably. Vaché committed
super-reality”, or surreality. It produced works suicide when aged 24, and his
of painting, writing, theater, filmmaking, war-time letters to Breton and others
photography, and other media. were published in a volume entitled
Lettres de guerre (1919), for which
Andre Robert Breton (Father of Breton wrote four introductory
Surrealism) essays.
- Was a French writer and poet. He is - Breton married his first wife, Simone
known best as the co-founder, leader, Kahn, on 15 September 1921. The
and principal theorist of surrealism. couple relocated to rue Fontaine No.
His writings include the first Surrealist 42 in Paris on 1 January 1922. The
Manifesto of 1924, in which he apartment on rue Fontaine (in the
defined surrealism as “pure psychic Pigalle district) became home to
automatism”. Breton’s collection of more than 5,300
- Along with his role as leader of the items: modern paintings, drawings,
surrealist movement, he is the author sculptures, photographs, books, art
of celebrated books such as Nadja catalogs, journals, manuscripts, and
and L’Amour fou. Those activities, works of popular and Oceanic art.
combined with his critical and Like his father, he was an atheist.
theoretical work for writing and the
plastic arts, made Andre Breton a Surrealism and Painting
major figure in twentieth-century Originally published in 1928 and
French art and literature. augmented throughout the author’s life,
surrealism and painting is the single most
BIOGRAPHY important statement ever written on
- André Breton was the only son born Surrealist art. While many pages have been
to a family of modest means in devoted to visual surrealism, this is the only
Tinchebray ( Orne ) in Normandy, book on the subject by the movement’s
France. His father, Louis-Justin founder and prime theorist. It contains Andre
Breton, was a policeman and atheist, Breton’s seminal treatise on the origins and
and his mother, foundations of artistic surrealism, with his
Marguerite-Marie-Eugénie Le trenchant assessments of its precursors and
Gouguès, was a former seamstress. practitioners, and his call for the plastic arts
Breton attended medical school, to “refer to a purely internal model”, to
excavate the “dark continent” of and 5 in Singapore. Some of his
consciousness. Also included are essays- works can be seen in the Singapore
many of them classics in their own right - on Art Museum.
Picasso, Duchamp, Kahlo, Dali, Ernst,
Masson, Gorky, Picabia, Miro, Magritte, Lesson 13
Kandinsky, Hantai, and other, as well as Cubism Art
pieces on Galiic art, outsider art and the folk Cubism is an early-20th-century
arts of Haiti and Oceania. But above and avant-garde art movement that
beyond the subject matter, what makes this revolutionized European painting and
book so enduringly compelling is Breton’s sculpture, and inspired related movements in
signature mixture of rigorous erudition and music, literature and architecture. In Cubist
visceral passion, his sense of art as artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and
adventure, and his discoveries of many of reassembled in an abstracted form—instead
Modernism’s most prominent figures early in of depicting objects from a single viewpoint,
their careers. Long unavailable in English, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude
Surrealism and Painting is not only a of viewpoints to represent the subject in a
supremely exciting work of art criticism, but greater context. Cubism has been
also one of the three of four indispensable considered the most influential art movement
references for any serious discussion of of the 20th century. The term is broadly used
modern art. in association with a wide variety of art
produced in Paris or near Paris during the
Lesson 12 1910s and throughout the 1920s. The
Filipino Surrealism Artist movement was pioneered by Pablo Picasso
- Filipino artist Andres Barrioquinto and Georges Braque, and joined by Jean
imbues Japanese styles and patterns Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay,
into his surrealist portraits. The Henri Le Fauconnier, Juan Gris, and
subjects in his works are almost Fernand Léger. One primary influence that
lifeless, with Barrioquinto leaning led to Cubism was the representation of
towards painting odd figures. three-dimensional form in the late works of
Additionally working with nature, he Paul Cézanne. A retrospective of Cézanne’s
renders his images surreal through paintings had been held at the Salon
juxtaposing images to combine them Automne of 1904, current works were
into a whole. Andres Barrioquinto is a displayed at the 1905 and1906 Salon
Filipino artist known for his Automne, followed by two commemorative
surrealistic portraits layered with retrospectives after his death in 1907. In
Japanese art style and patterns. He France, offshoots of Cubism developed,
was born on April 6, 1975, in Manila, including Orphism, abstract art and later
Philippines, but spent his teenage Purism. The impact of Cubism was
years in Hong Kong studying at far-reaching and wide-ranging. In France and
Royden House School. He went back other countries Futurism, Suprematism,
to Manila and studied Fine Arts Dada, Constructivism, Vorticism, De Stijl and
majoring in Painting at the University Art Deco developed in response to Cubism.
of Santo Tomas in 2000. He then had Early Futurist paintings hold in common with
19 solo exhibitions in the Philippines Cubism the fusing of the past and the
present, the representation of different views (Seated Nude, Femme nue assise), oil on
of the subject pictured at the same time or canvas, 92.1 × 73 cm, Tate Modern, London
successively, also called multiple
perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity, while Cubism burgeoned between 1907
Constructivism was influenced by Picasso’s and 1911. Pablo Picasso’s 1907 painting Les
technique of constructing sculpture from Demoiselles Avignon has often been
separate elements. Other common threads considered a proto-Cubist work. In 1908, in
between these disparate movements include his review of Georges Braque’s exhibition at
the faceting or simplification of geometric Kahnweiler’s gallery, the critic Louis
forms, and the association of mechanization Vauxcelles called Braque a daring man who
and modern life. despises form, reducing everything, places
and figures and houses, to geometric
HISTORY schemas, to cubes.
Historians have divided the history of
Cubism into phases. In one scheme, the first Vauxcelles recounted how Matisse
phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, told him at the time, Braque had just sent in
a phrase coined by Juan Gris aposteriori, [to the 1908 Salon Automne a painting made
was both radical and influential as a short but of little cubes. The critic Charles Morice
highly significant art movement between relayed Matisse’s words and spoke of
1910 and 1912 in France. A second phase, Braque’s little cubes. The motif of the viaduct
Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until at Estaque had inspired Braque to produce
around 1919, when the Surrealist movement three paintings marked by the simplification
gained popularity. English art historian of form and deconstruction of perspective.
Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, Georges Braque’s 1908 Houses at L’Estaque
describing three phases of Cubism in his (and related works) prompted Vauxcelles, in
book, The Cubist Epoch. According to Gil Blas, 25 March 1909, to refer to bizarre
Cooper there was Early Cubism, (from 1906 cubiques (cubic oddities). Gertrude Stein
to 1908) when the movement was initially referred to landscapes made by Picasso in
developed in the studios of Picasso and 1909, such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro, as
Braque; the second phase being called High the first Cubist paintings. The first organized
Cubism (from 1909 to 1914) during which group exhibition by Cubists took place at the
time Juan Gris emerged as an important Salon des Indépendants in Paris during the
exponent (after 1911); and finally Cooper spring of 1911 in a room called Salle it
referred to "Late Cubism (from 1914 to included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert
1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay
radical avant-garde movement. Douglas and Henri Le Fauconnier, yet no works by
Cooper’s restrictive use of these terms to Picasso or Braque were exhibited. By 1911
distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris Picasso was recognized as the inventor of
(from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) Cubism, while Braque’s importance and
implied an intentional value judgment. Pablo precedence was argued later, with respect to
Picasso, Les Demoiselles D'avignon, 1907, his treatment of space, volume and mass in
considered to be a major step towards the the L’Estaque landscapes. But "this
founding of the Cubist movement Pablo view of Cubism is associated with a distinctly
Picasso, 1909–10, Figure dans un Fauteuil restrictive definition of which artists are
properly to be called Cubists, wrote the art structures. A diagram need not eschew
historian Christopher Green, marginalizing certain aspects of appearance but these too
the contribution of the artists who exhibited will be treated as signs not as imitations or
at the Salon des Indépendants in 1911. The recreations.
assertion that the Cubist depiction of space,
mass, time, and volume supports (rather
than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas Lesson 14 Filipino Cubist Painters/Artists
was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as ANG KIUKOK
early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism National Artist for Visual Arts (2001)
in the 1950’s and 1960s, especially by (March 1, 1931 – May 9, 2005)
Clement Greenberg. Contemporary views of - Born to immigrant Chinese parents
Cubism are complex, formed to some extent Vicente Ang and Chin Lim, Ang Kiukok is
in response to the Salle Cubists, whose one of the most vital and dynamic figures
methods were too distinct from those of who emerged during the 60s. As one of
Picasso and Braque to be considered merely those who came at the heels of the
secondary to them. Alternative pioneering modernists during that decade,
interpretations of Cubism have therefore Ang Kiukok blazed a formal and
developed. Wider views of Cubism include iconographic path of his own through
artists who were later associated with the expressionist works of high visual impact and
Salle artists, e.g., Francis Picabia; the compelling meaning. He crystallized in vivid,
brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond cubistic figures the terror and angst of the
Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who times. Shaped in the furnace of the political
beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the turmoil of those times, Ang Kiukok pursued
Section Or (or the Puteaux Group); the an expression imbued with nationalist fervor
sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph and sociological agenda. Some of his works
Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as include Geometric Landscape (1969); Pieta,
Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and which won him the bronze medal in the 1st
painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de International Art Exhibition held in Saigon
La Fresnaye, František Kupka , Diego (1962); and the Seated Figure (1979),
Rivera, Léopold Survage, Auguste Herbin , auctioned at Sotheby’s in Singapore. His
André Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), works can be found in many major art
María Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges collections, among them the Cultural Center
Valmier (after 1918). More fundamentally, of the Philippines, National Historical
Christopher Green argues that Douglas Museum of Taipei, and the National Museum
Cooper’s terms were later undermined by in Singapore. Ang Kiukok died on May 9,
interpretations of the work of Picasso, 2005.
Braque, Gris and Léger that stress Ang Kiukok was a Filipino painter
iconographic and ideological questions known for his expressive, Cubist-like works.
rather than methods of representation. John He often chose dynamic or disturbing subject
Berger identifies the essence of Cubism with matter, frequently depicting rabid dogs,
the mechanical diagram. The metaphorical crucifixions, and screaming figures in an
model of Cubism is the diagram: The abstracted geometric style. When asked why
diagram being a visible symbolic he often chose subjects full of such anger he
representation of invisible processes, forces, once replied, “Why not? Open your eyes.
Look around you. So much anger, sorrow, prominent Filipino painters like Fabian de la
ugliness. And also madness.” Rosa, Fernando Amorsolo, and his brother
Born on March 1, 1931 in Davao City, the Pablo Amorsolo. She then followed UP’s
Philippines, Kiukok gained both critical and School of Design, with teachers Victorio
commercial success in his home country Edades and Enrique Ruiz. After her studies
throughout the 1960s. Some of his most at UP, she left in the 1930s to go to the
gruesome paintings were made during the United States, where she studied at the
rule of Ferdinand Marcos, who held the Cranbrook Academy in Michigan and took
Philippines under martial law throughout the class courses on oil painting. At the Art
1970s. Kiukok was awarded the title of Students League in New York City,
National Artist by his home country in 2001, Magsaysay-Ho took classes on drawing.
and continued to exhibit with success until There she met Robert Ho from Hong Kong
his death on May 9, 2005 in Quezon City, the who was also a student in New York City.
Philippines. They married in 1947 and moved to China,
where Ho’s shipping industry company,
Anita Magsaysay-Ho (born Anita Corpus Magsaysay Inc., began. The couple had five
Magsaysay; May 25, 1914 – May 5, 2012) children, and the family moved frequently
Was a Filipina painter who because of Ho’s work. They lived in Brazil,
specialized in Social Realism and Canada, Hong Kong, New York, Washington,
post-Cubism in regard to women in Filipino D.C., and Japan to name a few. Over the
culture. Magsaysay-Ho’s work appeals to span of 50 years, this family moved to thirty
Modernism by utilizing more abstract designs different houses after living in Manila
and styles rather than realistic approaches. together for fourteen years. Wherever she
She was the only female member of the lived, Anita had access to a studio, where
Thirteen Moderns, a standing group of she spent most of her time painting.
Filipino modernist artists, and in 1958 was In 1958, the Manila Chronicle formed
chosen by a panel of experts as one of the a panel of experts who decided that
six major painters of the country’s history. Magsaysay-Ho is one of the most significant
The most famous works of Magsaysay-Ho painters to go down in the history of the
are subject to the beauty of Filipino women Philippines. She was soon named one of the
dealing with everyday issues. Collections of Thirteen Moderns, a group of Filipino
her artwork can be found in museums modernist artists, and the only woman of the
around the Philippines. group. In 2005, Alfredo Roces wrote a
biography of her titled Anita Magsaysay-Ho:
BIOGRAPHY: In Praise of Women.
Anita Magsaysay was born in 1914 in
Manila. Her parents were Armilla Corpus and
Ambrosio Magsaysay, an engineer. A cousin
of Anita was Philippine President Ramon
Magsaysay, whose father Exequiel was a
brother of Anita’s father Ambrosio. At thirteen
years of age, she studied at the School of
Fine Arts of the University of the Philippines
(UP), where she took instruction from
Works of ART artists. This period is when her most
Magsaysay-Ho found inspiration from notorious work that involved light and dark
her childhood and important women in her contrasts of Filipina women hard at work
Life. Although she traveled all her life and were created. The 1960s brought along
encountered many different women from more articulate, spaced-out figures and
different cultures, all of the women in her softened tones. A decade later, her work was
paintings are of Filipinas because they are inspired by Chinese calligraphy as she
what she is most familiar with. Most of her created objects found in nature by using ink
paintings deal with Filipina women blots. Finally, in the 1980s Magsaysay-Ho
performing tasks such as cooking, utilized green hues to portray fruits and
harvesting, and tending to farms and vegetables that often resemble women. Her
children. The women she paints are seen most famous work includes "Two
without anger and are not concerned with Women, a painting portraying two Filipina
gender roles or politics, as the women in her women with white head-wraps shucking corn
childhood was not. Magsaysay-Ho has together while smiling, "Cooks,"
revealed that she takes a liking to painting featuring three Filipina women with pots full
women who are at work in the fields as it of food in front of them, and "Mending
shows their true strength. Despite frequently the Nets that shows two Filipina women
traveling, Magsaysay-Ho consistently conversing while stitching a net. All of these
painted the Philippines based on her won first place at The Philippine Art
memory. Magsaysay-Ho’s favorite medium to Association. On October 3, 1999, her
paint with was egg tempera as used in her painting in the Marketplace sold for SGD
earlier work, but the physical demands 669,250 (US $405,360) in Singapore. This
forced her to utilize other techniques. So, was a record high price for any Filipino artist
she would paint by means of oils, acrylics, during their lifetime.
drawings, and lithographs. Her egg tempera
paintings, however, are now some of her Lesson 15
most sought-after works of art. In the early Dadaism Movement
1940s, the influence of her teacher Fernando Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of
Amorsolo was clearly visible, both in terms of the European avant garde in the early 20th
subject and brightness of the paintings. century, with early centers in Zürich,
Some call Magsaysay-Ho theFemale Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa
Amorsolo because, like Fernando, she 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915,
prefers having women as her subjects of and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.
painting. Her work appealed to Social Developed in reaction to world war 1, the
Realism and post-Cubism by painting Dada movement consisted of artists who
distortions and semi-abstract faces and rejected the logic, reason, and of modern
portraits. It evolved toward Modernism, capitalist society, instead expressing
which, among other things, is expressed in nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois
its Cubist style. Magsaysay-Ho’s work can be protest in their works. The art of the
distinguished between the decades. In the movement spanned visual, literary, and
1950s, her work was exhibited in The sound media, including collage, sound cut-up
Philippine Art Association (PAG) and , poetry, writing, and sculpture. Dadaist
grouped among other notable Neo-Realist artists expressed their discontent toward
violence, war, and nationalism, and Arp, Johannes Baader, Hugo Ball, Marcel
maintained political affinities with radical Duchamp, Max Ernst, Elsa von
left-wing and far-left politics. Freytag-Loringhoven, George Grosz, Raoul
Hausmann, John Heartfield, Emmy
There is no consensus on the origin Hennings, Hannah Höch, Richard
of the movement’s name; a common story is Huelsenbeck, Francis Picabia, Man Ray,
that the German artist Richard Huelsenbeck Hans Richter, Kurt Schwitters, Sophie
slid a paper knife (letter-opener) at random Taeuber-Arp, Tristan Tzara, and Beatrice
into a dictionary, where it landed on a Wood, among others. The movement
colloquial French term for a hobby horse. influenced later styles like the avantgarde
Jean Arp wrote that Tristan Tzara invented and downtown music movements, and
the word at 6 p.m. on 6 February 1916, in the groups including Surrealism, nouveau
Café de la Terrasse in Zürich. Others note réalisme, pop art and Fluxus.
that it suggests the first words of a child,
evoking a childishness and absurdity that History
appealed to the group. Still others speculate Dada emerged from a period of
that the word might have been chosen to artistic and literary movements like Futurism,
evoke a similar meaning (or no meaning at Cubism and Expressionism, centered mainly
all) in any language, reflecting the in Italy, France and Germany respectively, in
movement’s internationalism. The roots of those years. However, unlike the earlier
Dada lie in the pre-war avant-garde. The movements Dada was able to establish a
term anti-art, a precursor to Dada, was broad base of support, giving rise to a
coined by Marcel Duchamp around 1913 to movement that was international in scope. Its
characterize works that challenge accepted adherents were based in cities all over the
definitions of art. Cubism and the world including New York, Zürich, Berlin,
development of collage and abstract art Paris and others. There were regional
would inform the movement’s detachment differences like an emphasis on literature in
from the constraints of reality and Zürich and political protest in Berlin.
convention. The work of French poets, Italian Prominent Dadaists published
Futurists and the German Expressionists manifestos, but the movement was loosely
would influence Dada’s rejection of the tight organized and there was no central
correlation between words and meaning. hierarchy. On 14 July 1916, Ball originated
Works such as Ubu Roi (1896) by Alfred the seminal manifesto; In 1917, Tzara wrote
Jarry and the ballet Parade (1916–17) by a second Dada manifesto, considered
ErikSatie would also be characterized as important Dada reading, which was
proto-Dadaist works. The Dada movement’s published in 1918. Tristan Tzara’s manifesto
principles were first collected in Hugo Ball’s articulated the concept of Dadaist
Dada Manifesto in 1916. disgust—the contradiction implicit in
The Dadaist movement included avant-garde works between the criticism and
public gatherings, demonstrations, and affirmation of modernist reality. In the Dadaist
publication of art/literary journals; passionate perspective modern art and culture are
coverage of art, politics, and culture were considered a type of fetishization where the
topics often discussed in a variety of media. objects of consumption (including organized
Key figures in the movement included Jean systems of thought like philosophy and
morality) are chosen, much like a preference What is Pop Art?
for cake or cherries, to fill a void. Pop Art is a distinctive genre of art
The shock and scandal the that first “popped” up in post-war Britain and
movement inflamed was deliberate; Dadaist America. Primarily characterized by an
magazines were banned and their exhibits interest in popular culture and imaginative
closed. Some of the artists even faced interpretations of commercial products, the
imprisonment. These provocations were part movement ushered in a new and accessible
of the entertainment but, over time, approach to art. Ranging from quirky to
audiences' expectations eventually outpaced critical, the pieces produced by Pop artists in
the movement’s capacity to deliver. As the the 1950s and 1960s commented on
artist's well-known "sarcastic laughter contemporaneous life and events.
started to come from the audience, the
provocations of Dadaists began to lose their In addition to the unique iconography
impact. Dada was an active movement itself, the artist's treatment of the subject
during years of political turmoil from 1916 matter helps to define the genre. Renowned
when European countries were actively for its bold imagery, bright color palette, and
engaged in World War I, the conclusion of repetitive approach inspired by mass
which, in 1918, set the stage for a new production, the movement is celebrated for
political order. its unique and recognizable style.

Pop art, art movement of the late

Lesson 16 1950s and ’60s that was inspired by
Pop Art Movement commercial and popular culture. Although it
Pop art is an art movement that did not have a specific style or attitude, Pop
emerged in the United Kingdom and the art was defined as a diverse response to the
United States during the mid- to late-1950s. postwar era’s commodity-driven values, often
The movement presented a challenge to using commonplace objects (such as comic
traditions of fine art by including imagery strips, soup cans, road signs, and
from popular and mass culture, such as hamburgers) as subject matter or as part of
advertising, comic books and mundane the work.
mass-produced objects. One of its aims is to
use images of popular culture in art, Predecessors
emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of Pop art, Art in which commonplace
any culture, most often through the use of objects (such as comic strips, soup cans,
irony. It is also associated with the artist's road signs, and hamburgers) were used as
use of mechanical means of reproduction or subject matter. The Pop art movement was
rendering techniques. In pop art, material is largely a British and American cultural
sometimes visually removed from its known phenomenon of the late 1950s and ’60s.
context, isolated, or combined with unrelated Works by such Pop artists as the Americans
material. Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Claes
Oldenburg, Tom Wesselman, James
Rosenquist, and Robert Indiana and the
Britons David Hockney and Peter Blake,
among others, were characterized by their
portrayal of any and all aspects of popular Lesson 17
culture that had a powerful impact on Pop Art in the Philippines
contemporary life; their iconography—taken Pop Art Pilipinas is the only visual art
from television, comic books, movie movement in the Philippines that aims to
magazines, and all forms of create, recreate and play with every possible
advertising—was presented emphatically medium: from the most respected cultural
and objectively and by means of the precise forms to the most mundane objects.
commercial techniques used by the media
from which the iconography itself was IMAGES OF POP ART IN THE
borrowed. Some of the more striking forms PHILIPPINES
that Pop art took were Lichtenstein’s stylized
reproductions of comic strips and Warhol’s The Dark Man of Philippine Art: Andres
meticulously literal paintings and silk-screen Barrioquinto by the art-list team
prints of soup-can labels and Marilyn - Born in Manila in 1975, Andres often
Monroe. Pop art represented an attempt to moved residence, spending his
return to a more objective, universally younger years in Hong Kong and
acceptable form of art after the dominance in returning to Manila for a college
both the United States and Europe of the education. Since 2001, Barrioquinto
highly personal Abstract Expressionist has had more than 20 solo
movement. Pop art was a descendant of exhibitions across Asia and Europe,
Dada, a nihilistic movement current in the including Singapore, Indonesia,
1920s that ridiculed the seriousness of Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Switzerland,
contemporary Parisian art and, more broadly, and the UK. He was a recipient of the
the political and cultural situation that had prestigious 13 Artists Award from the
brought war to Europe. Marcel Duchamp, the Cultural Center of the Philippines in
champion of Dada in the United States, who 2003.
tried to narrow the distance between art and - In Late 2019, Barrioquinto traveled to
life by celebrating the mass-produced the Start Art Fair in London for a solo
objects of his time, was the most influential show in the Saatchi Gallery. The
figure in the evolution of Pop art. Other show marked his return to the same
20th-century artists who influenced Pop art fair where he sold out just 3 years
were Stuart Davis, Gerard Murphy, and before. To top the year off,
Fernand Léger, all of whom depicted in their Barrioquinto also appeared at
painting the precision, mass production, and Switzerland’s Volta Art fair in Basel
commercial materials of the with another sold-out show. erotic
machine-industrial age. The immediate imagery. It went for a hammer price of
predecessors of the Pop artists were Jasper 2,000,000 HKD. He is one of the
Johns, Larry Rivers, and Robert leading contemporary artists at 44
Rauschenberg, American artists who in the years old. Labeled as “the Dark Man
1950s painted flags, beer cans, and other of Philippine Art”, his early paintings
similar objects, though with a painterly, were stark with unsettling and
expressive technique. grotesque figures.
- In more recent years, his works have Lesson 18
developed a distinctive style of Pointillism Art
surreal and hyperrealistic portraits. Pointillism is a technique of painting
With fine strokes in acrylic and oil, the in which small, distinct dots of color are
artist renders recognizable faces in applied in patterns to form an image.
subdued tones. The darkness in his Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed
old style creeps into his newer works, the technique in 1886, branching from
though masked by calm expressions Impressionism. works of these artists, but is
covered in flowers, birds, butterflies now used without its earlier The term
and traditional patterns in Japanese Pointillism was coined by art critics in the late
culture. Specific to these overlays are 1880s to ridicule the pejorative connotation.
the ukiyo-e, Japanese woodblock The movement Seurat began with this
prints from the Edo period. technique is known as Neo-impressionism.
The Divisionists used a similar technique of
- In 2018, Barrioquinto became one of patterns to form images, though with larger
the few living artists to show at the cube-like brushstrokes.
National Museum with the special
exhibition, Portraits. The wildly PRACTICE
successful show featured The practice of Pointillism is in sharp
contemporary portraiture of known contrast to the traditional methods of
names in local industry such as Baby blending pigments on a palette. Pointillism is
Fores, Josie Natori, Bea Zobel, Jess analogous to the four-color CMYK printing
Kienle, among others. Portions of process used by some color printers and
sales went to the Grants program of large presses that place dots of cyan,
the Asian Cultural Council magenta, yellow and key (black). Televisions
Fellowship. Barrioquinto works have and computer monitors use a similar
received wide international renown technique to represent image colors using
and have been subject to soaring Red, Green, and Blue (RGB) colors.
auction sales, such as “Arms Around
Your Love” at Sotheby’s Auctions.
The portrait features tropical and
subtly “Procession” and also
displayed a stellar performance at TECHNIQUE
Leon Gallery, going for a whopping The technique relies on the ability of
17,520,000 PHP. The painting the eye and mind of the viewer to blend the
features the enigmatic image of the color spots into a fuller range of tones. It is
peacock, a theme often used by the related to Divisionism, a more technical
artist. Barrioquinto works have variant of the method. Divisionism is
received wide international renown concerned with color theory, whereas
and have been subject to soaring pointillism is more focused on the specific
auction sales, such as “Arms Around style of brushwork used to apply the paint. It
Your Love” at Sotheby’s Auctions. is a technique with few serious practitioners
today and is not…
NOTABLE ARTISTS: 4. CHARLES THEOPHILE ANGRAND
1. GEORGES PIERRE SEURAT- Early life and Work
2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) Charles Théophile Angrand was born
was a French post-Impressionist artist. He in Criquetot-sur-Ouville , Normandy, France,
devised the painting techniques known as to schoolmaster Charles P. Angrand
chromoluminarism and pointillism and used (1829–96) and his wife Marie (1833–1905).
conté crayon for drawings on paper with a He received artistic training in Rouen at
rough surface. Seurat’s artistic personality Académie de Peinture et de Dessin. His first
combined qualities that are usually thought visit to Paris was in 1875, to see a
of as opposed and incompatible: on the one retrospective of the work of Jean-Baptiste-
hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility, on Camille Corot at École des Beaux-Arts.
the other, a passion for logical abstraction Corot was an influence on Angrand’s early
and an almost mathematical precision of Work. After being denied entry into École des
mind. His large-scale work A Sunday Beaux-Arts, he moved to Paris in 1882,
Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte where he began teaching mathematics at
(1884–1886) altered the direction of modern Collège Chaptal . His living quarters were
art by initiating Neo-Impressionism, and is near Café Athènes, Café Guerbois, Le Chat
one of the icons of late 19th-century painting. Noir, and other establishments frequented by
artists. Angrand joined the artistic world of
2. PAUL SIGNAC the Parisian avant- garde, becoming friends
with influential members including Georges
Paul Signac was born in Paris on 11 Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Signac,
November 1863. He followed a course of Maximilien Luce , and Henri-Edmond
training in architecture before, at the age of Cross. His avant-garde artistic and literary
18, deciding to pursue a career as a painter, contacts influenced him, and in 1884 he
after attending an exhibit of Monet’s work. He co-founded Société des Artistes
sailed on the Mediterranean Sea, visiting the Indépendants , along with Seurat, Signac,
coasts of Europe and painting the Odilon Redon , and others.
landscapes he encountered. In later years,
he also painted a series of watercolors of
French h…

3. Henri-Edmond Cross, born

Henri-Edmond-Joseph Delacroix, was a
Frenchpainter and printmaker. He is most
acclaimed as a master of Neo-Impressionism
and he played an important role in shaping
the second phase of that movement. He was
a significant influence on Henri Matisse and
many other artists. His work was
instrumental in the development of Fauvism.