Mr. June U.
Basarte
It is a collection of methods for planning
experiments, obtaining data, and then analyzing,
interpreting and drawing conclusions based on the
data.
It is a significant academic subject
It describes methods for analyzing quantitative
data.
It describes methods of collecting quantitative
data.
Data are the values that the variables can
assume.
Variable is a characteristics that is
observable or measurable in every unit of
universe.
Population is the set of all possible values
of a variable.
Sample is a subgroup/portion of a
population.
Descriptive statistics is a branch of
statistics deals with the techniques that are used to
organize, summarize and present data.
Inferential statistics is to compare the
treatment groups and make generalizations about
the larger population of subjects.
Example: You asked 9 of your friends about their
height, you stated that the average height of all
your friends is 78 inches.
Statistic describes the specific characteristics of
a sample.
Parameter is a descriptive measure computed
from an entire population of data.
Example: Julius measures the height of every
individual in his batch.
Primary data is a data used for questionnaire
survey method.
Example: surveys, observations
Secondary data are data derived from your
primary data
Example: Population Census Report
2 Classification of
Variables
Qualitative Variables
words or codes that represent a class
or category. It also express a
categorical attribute.
gender
religion
marital status
highest educational
attainment
Quantitative Variables
number that represent an amount or
a count.
numerical data or sizes are
meaningful and answer questions
such as “how many” or “how much”.
height
weight
household size
number of registered cars
Quantitative Variables classified as;
Discrete variables
data that can be counted.
number of days
number of siblings
Continuous variables
It can assume all values between any two
specific values like 0.5, 1.2, etc. and data
that can be measured.
weight
height
body temperature
Independent variable
cause.
Dependent variable
Effect
Example: You want to find out how blood sugar
levels are affected by drinking diet soda and
regular soda.
Independent variable is type of soda while
dependent variable is level of blood sugar.
Example: Doctors gave patients Alieve, Tylenol,
Advil, and Excedrin, to see which medication
would relieve the headache pain the fastest. The
Doctors timed how long it took the medication to
work.
Independent variable is amount of medication
while dependent variable is amount of time
until pain was relieved.
Remember:
Variable
Ratio Level
This is an interval level modified to
include the inherent zero starting
point. It possesses a meaningful
absolute, fixed zero point and
allows all arithmetic operations.
Examples:
Number of siblings
Weight
Height
Nominal Level
This is characterized by data that
consist of names, labels, or
categories only.
Examples:
Gender
Most preferred color
Usual sleeping time
Civil status
Ordinal Level
This involves data that arranged in
some order, but differences
between data.
Examples:
Happiness index for the day
Highest educational attainment
The rankings of tennis player
Academic excellence awards
Interval Level
This is the same in ordinal level,
with an additional property that we
can determine meaningful amounts
of differences between the data.
Examples:
Body temperature
Intelligence quotient
Emotional quotient
Drill #5:
Which of the following statements is true?
Hypothesis: Two angles form a linear pair
Conclusion: They are supplementary.
A. If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are
not supplementary.
B. If two angles are supplementary, then they form a
linear pair.
C. If two angles are not supplementary, then they do not
form a linear pair.
D. If two angles are not supplementary, then they form a
linear pair.
Convenience sampling
It is used when people are available,
volunteer or can be easily recruited.
Purposive sampling
Is when a researcher selected a convenient
sample from the population with a specific set
of characteristics
Snowball
Involves asking the study participants to
suggest other potential research particpants.
