AB PSYCHOLOGY  Prognosis - anticipated course of the

disorder
What is a psychological disorder ?  Course - a pattern of disorder. May be
 chronic - no more cure; for a long
- behavioral, psychological or biological time or lifetime just manage such
dysfunctions that are unexpected in their  Episodic - ex. Bipolar; up and down
cultural context and associated with present cycle,
distress and impairement in functioning or  Depression is both episodic and
increased risk of suffering, death pain or chronic
impairment.  Time limited - ex. Within 6
months na disorder; ASD is from
3 days to one month. (if this
- ego-syntonic - problems with symptoms since goes beyond 1 month, it
it is inline with their idea of the perfect self. becomes PTSD)
 Onset - describes the beginning
Ex. Panic attack of the disorder. May be acute or
- harder to treat because they don’t want to be insidious (overtime or gradually
treated nor are distressed. mo manifest,)
 Etiology - why disorder begins.
Opposite of this is ego-dysntonic disorders - Includes biological,
aware and becomes distress psychological, and social
dimensions.
OCD vs OCPD Supernatural Tradition
 During thelast quarter of the 14th up to the
- OCPD - no intrusive, unwanted and repititive 15th century bizarre behavior of people
behaviors unlike people with OCD. afflicted with psychological disorders a
seen as the work of devils and witches.
What is psychopathology?  Others viewed depression and anxiety as
- The scientific study of psychological disorders. illnesses although of despair and lethargy
- Within the field are specifically trained were often identified with the sin of sloth
professionals such as clinical and counseling (acedia.)
psychologists, psychiatrist s, psychiatric social  Nicholas Oresme suggested that the
workers and psychiatric nurses as well marriage disease of melancholy (depression) was
and family therapists and mental health the source of bizarre behaviors rather than
counselors demons. Pointed out that torture ledto the
confession of everything.
The Scientist-practioner model  Possesion and mass hysteria (St. Vitus
dance, tarantism) were examples of bizarre
- Taking a scientific approach to the clinical work phenomenon during these tims
 keep up with the scientific developments  Paracelsus - rejecting the notions of
 Evaluate their assessment or treatment possesion by the devil, suggested that the
procedures movement of the moon and the stars
 Conducts research often in clinics or (lunatic) profoundly affected psychological
hospitals that may provide new functioning.
information about the disorders or their  In ancient China, blockages of wind or the
treatment presence of cold dark wind (yin) as
Some important terms you need to remember: opposed to warm,life sustaining wind
 Presenting problem - why the person (yang) led to disorders.
came to the clinic  In the 19th century, the discovery of
 Clinical description - behaviors, thoughts advanced syphilis (with delusions
and feelings that are typical of a disorder /hallucinations) and how a subgroup of
 Prevalence - the number of people in the psychotic patients deteriorated slowly
population as a whole who has the resulting to death (general paresis)
disorder. reinvigorated the biological tradition.
 Incidence - the number of new cases Malaria burned out syphilis. Penicillin as
within a specific period cure to syphillis was eventually found.
 John P. Grey emphasized that the cause of  After mid 19th century, humane treatment
insanity was always physical. Therefore, declined due to influx of immigrant groups
the mentaly ill should be treated as from and as a consequence of Dorothea
physically ill. Rest, diet, proper ventilation Dix’s mental hygiene movement (which
and proper room temp were emphasized lead to increase in number of patients.)
again. Hospital conditions became more This latter movement led to a transition
humane and livable due to his leadership. from moral therapy to custodial care.
 In 1927, Manfred Sakel promoted insulin
shock therapy (with the original intent to THE MULTIPATH MODEL
stimulate patients appetite with the - each dimension of the multipath model
calming side effect) which convulsed contains factors found to be important in
patients and led to becoming temporarily explaining mental disorders. Reciprocal
comatosed. interactions involving factors within and
 Benjamin Franklin accidentaly discovered between any of these dimensions can also
that a mild modest shock to the head influence the developmebt of mental disorders.
produced brief cconvulsion and memory
loss. A Dutch physician friend tried it on 1. Biological Dimension
himself and felt strangely elated and a) Genetics, Epigenetics, Brain Anatomy,
wondered if it might be used for Biochemical Processes, Central
depression. Nervous System Functioning,
 In 1938, Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini Autonimonic Nervous system
suggested the us eof small shocks directly functioning, Autonomic Nervous
to the brain. This was the begininng of System Reactivity, etc.
shock therapy. 2. Pschological Dimension
 In 1950, reserpine (high blood), i. Personality, Cognition,
neuroleptic (major tranquilizers) which Emotions, Learning, Coping
were used for psychotic symptoms, Skills, Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy,
aggression, and agitation were discovered. Values Early Experiences, etc.
Discovery of Benzodiazepines (minor 3. Sociocultural Dimension
tranquilizers) which reduced anxiety are a) Race, gender, sexual orientation,
also a highlight. Religion, Socioeconomic Status,
 Emil Kraepelin was one of the first to Ethnicity, Culture etc.
distinguised among various psychological 4. Social Dimension
disorder, seeing that each may have a b) Family, Interpersonal
different age of onset and time course, Relationships, Social Support,
with somewhat different clusters of Belonging, Love, Mental Status,
presenting symptoms and probably a diffet Community
cause.
Psychological Tradition
 Plato, a precursor to modern psychosocial Gene-Environmental Correlational Model
treatment, though that maladaptive - predisposes you to the disorder
behaviors were caus by social and cultural
influences in one’s life and the learning in Random notes:
that environment.
 First half of the 19th century, moral therapy Internal attribution - na late ko kay tapulan ko
became influential. Treating External attribution - because traffic sa Country
institutionalize patients as normal as mall
possible. Provided many opportunities for
social and interpersonal contact. Individual Stable vs unstable
attention was also clearly emphasized. This
originated with Philippe Pinel and his close Prepared learning
associat Jean-Baptiste Pussin (removed - kaisa lang ka ka experience, nahadlok naka
chains to restrain patients). - no need for repitition of events, once is
 William Tuk (England) and Benjamin Rush enough na for us to be scared
(USA) introduced moral therapy in their
respective hospitals. Asylums were made Social and Interpersonal
habitable due to these efforts.
-culturally mas acceptable to share problems for
women as compared to males because they
grew up learning that speaking out is for the
weak.

Principle of equifinality - always look at the

Clinical Assessment and diagnosis