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Microwave Propagation Formulas

1. Formulas are provided to calculate the k-factor, effective earth radius, surface refractivity, earth bulge clearance, effective earth bulge clearance, effective height clearance, antenna height, maximum range, and Fresnel zone radius. 2. The k-factor determines if the beam path is standard, substandard, or super standard based on the effective versus true earth radius. 3. Surface refractivity is calculated based on mean sea level refractivity and elevation above sea level.

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Patricia Sayaman
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109 views3 pages

Microwave Propagation Formulas

1. Formulas are provided to calculate the k-factor, effective earth radius, surface refractivity, earth bulge clearance, effective earth bulge clearance, effective height clearance, antenna height, maximum range, and Fresnel zone radius. 2. The k-factor determines if the beam path is standard, substandard, or super standard based on the effective versus true earth radius. 3. Surface refractivity is calculated based on mean sea level refractivity and elevation above sea level.

Uploaded by

Patricia Sayaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

FORMULAS

1. K – Curve/K – Factor
𝒓𝒆
𝒌=
𝒓𝒐
Where:
k = k – factor, unitless
re = effective earth radius, Km
ro = True earth radius, (≈6370 Km), Km

k – curve conditions
𝒌<𝟏 Substandard The beam is bent away from the Earth

𝟒 The fictitious earth radius appears to the microwave beam to be


𝒌= = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑 Standard
𝟑 longer than the true earth radius

𝟒 This results in an effective flattening of the equivalent earth's


𝒌> Super Standard
𝟑 curvature
Results in ZERO curvature and the
𝒌=∞ Flat Earth (Infinity) microwave beam follows the curvature of the earth
As if the earth is FLAT

2. Effective Earth Radius (re)

𝒓𝒐
𝒓𝒆 =
𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟓 𝒆 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟕 𝑵𝑺
Where:
NS = Surface Refractivity (Typically 300), unitless
re = effective earth radius, Km
ro = True earth radius, (≈6370 Km), Km

3. Surface Refractivity (NS)

𝑵𝑺 = 𝑵𝑶 𝒆 −𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟕 𝑯𝑺
Where:
NS = Surface Refractivity, unitless
NO = Mean Sea Level Refractivity, unitless
HS = Elevation of Link above Sea Level, Km
2

4. Earth Bulge Clearance (eb)

𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒆𝒃(𝒇𝒕) = (𝒎𝒊)
𝟏. 𝟓

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒆𝒃(𝒎) = (𝒌𝒎)
𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟓

5. Effective Earth Bulge Clearance (eb)

𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒆𝒃(𝒇𝒕) = (𝒎𝒊)
𝟏. 𝟓𝒌

𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒆𝒃(𝒎) = (𝒌𝒎)
𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟓𝒌

6. Effective Height Clearance (He)

𝑯𝒆 = 𝑯𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 + 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝑬𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝑩𝒖𝒍𝒈𝒆

7. Antenna Height (Ht)


𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝑯𝒕(𝒇𝒕) = (𝒎𝒊)
𝟐
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝑯𝒕(𝒎) = (𝒌𝒎)
𝟏𝟕
8. Maximum Range (d)

𝒅(𝒎𝒊) = √𝟐𝑯𝒕 + √𝟐𝑯𝒓 (𝒇𝒕)

𝒅(𝒌𝒎) = 𝟒√𝑯𝒕 + 𝟒√𝑯𝒓 (𝒎)

9. Fresnel Zone/Fresnel Clearance

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏√
𝑫𝑭𝑮𝑯𝒛
Where:
F1 = radius of the first Fresnel zone, feet
d1 = distance in statute miles from one end
d2 = distance from the other end of the path, miles
D = total distance, miles
3

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑√
𝑫𝑭𝑮𝑯𝒛
Where:
F1 = radius of the first Fresnel zone, meters
d1 = distance in kilometers from one end
d2 = distance from the other end of the path, kilometers
D = total distance, kilometers

𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝟏 √ 𝒏
Where:
n = nth Fresnel Zone

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