Lecture 7
Energy methods
Castigliano method
BOUCHAALA KENZA
1
Objectives 2
• How to apply the Castigliano method to solve displacement
problems
• Theorem of Castigliano
• Castigliano method for trusses
• Castigliano method for beams
Theorem of Castigliano 3
• applies only to structures that have constant temperature, unyielding
supports, and linear elastic material response
• The theorem of Castigliano states that: « The displacement of a point is
equal to the first partial derivative of the strain energy in the structure with
respect to a force acting at the point and in the direction of displacement »
Theorem of Castigliano 4
• Consider a body (structure) of any arbitrary shape which
is subjected to a series of n forces P1, P2, P3,…Pn
• Since the external work done by these loads is equal to
the internal strain energy stored in the body, we can write
𝑈𝑖 = 𝑊𝑒
• The external work is a function of the external loads
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑓 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 , … , 𝑃𝑛
Theorem of Castigliano 5
• If any one of the forces, say Pi is increased by a differential amount
dPi the internal work is also increased such that the new strain energy
becomes :
𝜕𝑈𝑖
𝑈𝑖 + 𝑑𝑈𝑖 = 𝑈𝑖 + 𝑑𝑃
𝜕𝑃𝑖 𝑖
• The increment of external work is given by
𝑊𝑒 + 𝑑𝑊𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒 + 𝑑𝑃𝑖 ∆𝑖
• It follows then:
𝜕𝑈𝑖
∆𝑖 =
𝜕𝑃𝑖
• Valid for Conservative forces and structures having elastic behavior
Castigliano method for trusses 6
• For a truss, Castiglano theorem is applied by using the following
formulae
𝜕𝑁 𝐿
∆= 𝑁
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸
• Δ : external joint displacement of the truss
• P : external force applied to the truss joint in the direction of Δ
• N : internal force in a member caused by both the force P and the
loads on the truss.
• L : length of a member.
• A : cross-sectional area of a member.
• E : modulus of elasticity of a member.
Castigliano method for trusses
• The following procedure may be used to use Castigliano
theorem for trusses
• Place a force P on the truss at the joint where the desired displacement is to be determined.
𝜕𝑁
• This force is assumed to have a variable magnitude in order to obtain the change
External 𝜕𝑃
Force P • Be sure P is directed along the line of action of the displacement.
• Determine the force N in each member caused by both the real (numerical) loads and the variable force
P. Assume tensile forces are positive and compressive forces are negative.
𝜕𝑁
• Compute the respective partial derivative for each member .
𝜕𝑃
Internal 𝜕𝑁
Forces N • After N and have been determined, assign P its numerical value if it has replaced a real force on the
𝜕𝑃
truss. Otherwise, set P equal to zero.
• Apply Castigliano’s theorem to determine the desired displacement
𝜕𝑁
• It is important to retain the algebraic signs for corresponding values of N and when substituting these
𝜕𝑃
Castiglian terms into the equation.
o Theorem • If the resultant sum is positive, Δ is in the same direction as P. If a negative value results, Δ is opposite to
P.
Castigliano method for beams 8
• For a beams, Castiglano theorem is applied by using the following
formulae
𝐿
𝜕𝑀 𝑑𝑥
∆= න 𝑀
0 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼
• Δ : external point displacement of the beam
• P : external force applied to the point in the direction of Δ
• M : Bending moment for the beam or the frame expressed by x and
caused by both the force P and the loads on the beam.
• I : Moment of inertia of the beam.
• E : modulus of elasticity of a member.
Castigliano method for beams 9
• If the slope at a point is to be determined, we must find the partial
derivative of the internal moment M with respect to an external
couple moment M’ acting at the point, i.e.,
𝐿
𝜕𝑀 𝑑𝑥
𝜃=න 𝑀
0 𝜕𝑀′ 𝐸𝐼
• Δ : external joint displacement of the truss
• M’ : external moment applied to beam acting at the point
• M : Bending moment for the beam or the frame expressed by x and
caused by both the force P and the loads on the beam.
• L : length of a member.
• I : Moment of inertia of the beam.
• E : modulus of elasticity of a member.
Castigliano method for beams
• The following procedure may be used to use Castigliano
theorem for trusses
• Place a force P on the truss at the point and in the direction of the desired displacement.
• If the slope is to be determined, place a couple moment at the point.
𝜕𝑀
External • This force ( or moment) is assumed to have a variable magnitude in order to obtain the change or
𝜕𝑃
Force P 𝜕𝑀
( )
𝜕𝑀′
• Calculate the bending moment in terms of P (or M’)
𝜕𝑀
• Compute the respective partial derivative for each member .
𝜕𝑃
Internal • After M and 𝜕𝑀 have been determined, assign P its numerical value if it has replaced a real force.
Forces M 𝜕𝑃
Otherwise, set P equal to zero.
• Apply Castigliano’s theorem to determine the desired displacement
𝜕𝑀
• It is important to retain the algebraic signs for corresponding values of M and when substituting
𝜕𝑃
Castiglian these terms into the equation.
o Theorem • If the resultant sum is positive, Δ is in the same direction as P. If a negative value results, Δ is opposite to
P.
Expressions of strain energy for different loadings 11
N Normal force
• Axial ∆= 𝑁
𝜕𝑁 𝐿
𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸 A, E E: Young Modulus, A: Cross section area
force
• Bending
𝐿 M Bending Moment in the beam
𝜕𝑀 𝑑𝑥
∆= න 𝑀
0 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼 E,I E: Young Modulus, I: Moment of inertia
moment
𝐿
• Torsion 𝜕𝑇 𝑑𝑥
T Torque
∆ = න𝑇 G, J G: Shear modulus. J: Polar moment of inertia
𝜕𝑃 𝐺𝐽
0
V Shear load
• Shear ∆= න 𝑉
𝜕𝑉 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑃 𝐴. 𝐺 G, A G: Shear Modulus, A:cross section area
force 𝐿
Application: Truss
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown
bellow. The cross-sectional area of each member is 400 mm2
and E=200 GPa
