# Lecture Tutorial URL

https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-tutorial

https://www.javatpoint.com/dbms-three-schema-architecture

##PostgreSQL use SQL main Language

## what is Database ? is a place where we can

* store

*Manipulate

*Retrieve a data in a computer

## what is PostgreSQL and Relational Database

*PostgreSQL is actual database engine

*SQL is Structured Query Language

* is Programming Language

*Manage data held in a relational database

*Easy to learn

*Very powerful

* started in 1974

* used all over the internet

* Very essential programing Language

## How data is stored

* Store data in a table in the form of row and columns

## Relational database is a relation between one or more table

## What is PostgreSQL

* Advanced Open Source

*Object-Relational database management system

*Modern
*Open Source

## same other Database moment system

*Oracle

*MySQL and SQL Server which need license from the Microsoft

# Download the Postgres for window

*Open the Google search engine

* Postages download

** URL https://www.postgresql.org/download/

* Select for windows

*Download

* select the latest version

** URL https://www.enterprisedb.com/downloads/postgres-postgresql-downloads

* click the download button

sql shell

server[localhost]:

Database[postgres]: "you can type your own database name and prese enter"

Port{5432]:

Username[postgres]:

Password for user

"Use the password you inter during installation of postgreSQL"

\l

# To list the database which is perversely excite in the computer

\?
#help

\q

# quit the shell

#First command to create the database

CREATE DATABASE TEST1;

# To connect the new created database, you must use the following command

\c test1

#"Test1 is the new created database name"

drop database test1;

# A very dangerous command

# To delete a table

drop table student2;

# To create the table we can get the data type from this URL

https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/datatype.html

# To create a table with out a constrent

test1=# create table student(

test1(# id int,

test1(# first_name varchar(50),

test1(# last_name varchar(50),

test1(# gender varchar(8),

test1(# date_of_birth date);

CREATE TABLE

# To list the created database

\d

# To discribe the created table and

check the column of the table

\d the name of the created table

i.e

\d student

#Creating a table with constraint

test1=# create table student1(

test1(# id bigserial not null primary key,

test1(# first_name varchar(50) not null,

test1(# last_name varchar(50) not null,

test1(# gender varchar(8) not null,

test1(# date_of_birth date not null,

test1(# email varchar(180),

test1(# country_of_birth varchar(60) not null);

CREATE TABLE

test1=# \l

# INSERT INTO A TABLE

#HOW TO INSERT RECORDE INTO TABLE

test1=# insert into student1(

test1(# first_name,

test1(# last_name,

test1(# gender,

test1(# date_of_birth,

test1(# email,

test1(# country_of_birth)
test1-# values('Zelalem', 'Bole', 'Male', date '1994-02-24', '[email protected]', 'Ethiopia');

INSERT 0 1

# To insert the value without email

test1=# insert into student1(

test1(# first_name,

test1(# last_name,

test1(# gender,

test1(# date_of_birth,

test1(# email,

test1(# country_of_birth)

test1-# values('Zeru', 'Bole', 'Male', date '1990-02-18', '', 'Ethiopia');

INSERT 0 1

# To insert addtional data

test1=# insert into student1(

test1(# first_name,

test1(# last_name,

test1(# gender,

test1(# date_of_birth,

test1(# email,

test1(# country_of_birth)

test1-# values('Ana', 'fre', 'Female', date '1988-01-28', '[email protected]', 'Canada');

INSERT 0 1

test1=# select * from student1;

test1=# insert into student1(

test1(# first_name,

test1(# last_name,

test1(# gender,

test1(# date_of_birth,

test1(# email,

test1(# country_of_birth)

test1-# values('Duye', 'Huawn', 'Male', date '1968-01-28', '', 'China');

INSERT 0 1

test1=# select * from student1;

# Generating 1000 rows with Mockaroo

URL https://www.mockaroo.com/
design a data, convert data format to SQL, give your own name, tick the include create table

check a preview

download at the end and open using visual studio software is open source you can download using the
following url

# download the visual studio from the following URL

https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/?dv=win

# After this install the visual studio

and open the downloaded data by using a visual studio and edit it based on the created table above and
make it's constraint the same.

after you finish this save a data and copy a source of data using the following command and change
backward slash to forward slash as follow

To restore the created database

\i C:/Users/Adisu/Downloads/person.sql

## Now are with SQL query commands

# Select From

#To grave the data from a table we use the following command

select * from person;

# ORDERD BY

select * from person order by first_name;

# assending or Disending

select * from person order by id asc;

select * from person order by id desc;

# Distinct

select country_of_birth from person;

select country_of_birth from person order by country_of_birth;

select distinct country_of_birth from person order by country_of_birth;

select first_name from person order by first_name;

select distinct first_name from person order by first_name;

select distinct country_of_birth from person order by country_of_birth;

select country_of_birth from person order by country_of_birth;

select distinct country_of_birth from person order by country_of_birth desc;

select distinct country_of_birth from person order by country_of_birth asc;

#Where Clause and AND

select * from person where gender = 'Male';

select * from person where gender = 'Female';

select * from person where gender = 'Male' and country_of_birth = 'China';

select * from person where gender = 'Female' and country_of_birth = 'Ethiopia';

select * from person where gender = 'Male' and country_of_birth = 'Ethiopia';

select * from person where gender = 'Male' and (country_of_birth = 'Ethiopia' or country_of_birth =
'China');

select * from person where gender = 'Female' and (country_of_birth = 'Ethiopia' or country_of_birth =
'China');

select * from person where gender = 'Male' and (country_of_birth = 'Japan' or country_of_birth
='China') and last_name = 'Gorbell';

# COMPARISON OPERATORS

it is work with arthimetic, logical and comparative opration

test1=# select 1=1;

?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 1=2;

?column?

----------

f
(1 row)

test1=# select 1>4;

?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 1>=4;

?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 1<=4;

?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 1<>4;

?column?

----------
t

(1 row)

test1=# select 'A'='A';

?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 'Addisu'='addisu';

?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 'Addisu'='Addisu';

?column?

----------

(1 row)

# Limit, Offset and Fetch

test1=# select * from person limit 10;

test1=# select * from person offset 2 limit 10;

test1=# select * from person offset 5 fetch first 10 row only;

IN

select * from person where country_of_birth = 'China';

test1=# select * from person where country_of_birth = 'China' or country_of_birth = 'France' or

country_of_birth = 'Ethiopia';

with same improvement

test1=# where country_of_birth in ('China', 'Brazil', 'France');

test1=# select * from person where country_of_birth in ('China', 'France', 'Brazil')

test1-# order by country_of_birth;

BETWEEN

test1=# select * from person where date_of_birth between Date '2019-01-01' and '2020-01-15';

LIKE and ILIKE

test1=# select * from person where email like '%.com';

test1=# select * from person where email like '%.org';

test1=# select * from person where email like '%google.%';

test1=# select * from person where email like '%.net';

test1=# select * from person where email like '________@%';

GROUP BY

test1=# select distinct country_of_birth from person;

test1=# select country_of_birth from person group by country_of_birth;

test1=# select country_of_birth, count(*) from person group by country_of_birth;

test1=# select country_of_birth, count(*) from person group by country_of_birth order by

country_of_birth;

GROUP BY HAVING
test1=# select country_of_birth, count(*) from person group by country_of_birth having count(*) > 10
order by country_of_birth;

# create the new database from mockaroo.com which is car data base

id row number bigserial not null primary key

make car make varchar(100) not null,

model car model varchar(100) not null,

price money numeric(20, 2) not null "Make the data type / carrency none"

);

test1=# select * from car;

id | make | model | price

------+-------------+---------------+--------

1 | Eb | Savill | $3.22

2 | Malachi | Quincey | $1.85

3 | Ricca | Yakobowitz | $9.55

4 | Llewellyn | Asker | $8.40

# Calculating Min, Max and Average round and Sum

let as identfy the most expencive car.

test1=# select max(price) from car;

test1=# select max(price) from car2;

test1=# select max(price) from car2;

max

-----------

$99990.62
(1 row)

test1=# select min(price) from car2;

min

------------

$100053.26

(1 row)

test1=# select make, model, min(price) from car2 group by make, model;

make | model | min

---------------+----------------------+------------

Pontiac | GTO | $329208.30

Chevrolet | Sonic | $164790.01

Toyota | Land Cruiser | $162809.84

Mercedes-Benz | S-Class | $228636.89

test1=# select make, model, max(price) from car2 group by make, model;

make | model | max

---------------+----------------------+------------

Pontiac | GTO | $329208.30

Chevrolet | Sonic | $164790.01

Toyota | Land Cruiser | $499588.74

test1=# select make, max(price) from car2 group by make;

test1=# select make, max(price) from car2 group by make;

make | max

---------------+------------

GMC | $984886.08
Maybach | $958865.52

Lincoln | $950229.61

Honda | $975876.46

Ram | $700793.00

test1=# select make, min(price) from car2 group by make;

make | min

---------------+------------

GMC | $120963.75

Maybach | $212805.06

Lincoln | $11175.31

Honda | $100053.26

test1=# select avg(price) from car;

avg

---------------------

498548.356000000000

(1 row)

test1=# select sum(price) from car;

sum

--------------

498548356.00

(1 row)

test1=# select round(AVG(price)) from car;

round

--------

498548
(1 row)

test1=# select make, model,min(price) from car group by make,model;

make | model | min

---------------+-------+-----------

Volvo | 2004 | 89615.70

Subaru | 1993 | 487488.90

Lexus | 1994 | 160161.17

Mitsubishi | 2001 | 514788.33

Saturn | 1994 | 93578.28

test1=# select make, model,max(price) from car group by make,model;

make | model | max

---------------+-------+-----------

Volvo | 2004 | 872887.32

Subaru | 1993 | 487488.90

Lexus | 1994 | 160161.17

Mitsubishi | 2001 | 914461.73

Saturn | 1994 | 93578.28

Oldsmobile | 2000 | 539889.05

Mercedes-Benz | 2004 | 110417.11

Suzuki | 1992 | 715673.38

test1=# select make, max(price) from car group by make;

make | max

---------------+-----------

GMC | 968898.71

Maybach | 481823.03
Lincoln | 949320.96

Honda | 875263.88

Spyker | 191167.69

Daewoo | 780076.84

test1=# select make, round(avg(price)) from car group by make;

make | round

---------------+--------

GMC | 541825

Maybach | 481823

Lincoln | 512964

Honda | 459939

Spyker | 191168

Daewoo | 516669

Ford | 479338

# BASICS OF ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Mathematics that deal behayn caliculating the stastics

discaunt made on car price.

test1=# select 10 + 2;

?column?

----------

12

(1 row)

test1=# select 10 - 2;
?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 10 * 2;

?column?

----------

20

(1 row)

test1=# select 10 * 2 + 10;

?column?

----------

30

(1 row)

test1=# select 10 * 2 / 10;

?column?

----------

(1 row)

test1=# select 10 ^2;

?column?
----------

100

(1 row)

test1=# select 5!;

?column?

----------

120

(1 row)

test1=# select 10 % 3;

?column?

----------

(1 row)

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ROUND

test1=# select * from car;

id | make | model | price

------+---------------+-------+-----------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50

test1=# select id, make, model, price, price * .10 from car;

id | make | model | price | ?column?

------+---------------+-------+-----------+------------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.1350

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56463.9980

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.4960

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.1280

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.7500

6 | Infiniti | 2005 | 13187.63 | 1318.7630

test1=# select id, make, model, price, round(price * .10, 2) from car;

id | make | model | price | round

------+---------------+-------+-----------+----------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.14

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56464.00

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.50

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.13

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.75

test1=# select id, make, model, price, round(price * .10, 2), round(price - (price * .10)) from car;

id | make | model | price | round | round

------+---------------+-------+-----------+----------+--------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.14 | 773812

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56464.00 | 508176

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.50 | 156802

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.13 | 227935

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.75 | 422764

6 | Infiniti | 2005 | 13187.63 | 1318.76 | 11869

7 | Saab | 1999 | 18152.43 | 1815.24 | 16337

 8 | Volkswagen | 1985 | 577799.52 | 57779.95 | 520020

9 | Isuzu | 2006 | 336875.04 | 33687.50 | 303188

test1=# select id, make, model, price, round(price * .10, 2), round((price - (price * .10)), 2) from car;

id | make | model | price | round | round

------+---------------+-------+-----------+----------+-----------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.14 | 773812.22

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56464.00 | 508175.98

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.50 | 156802.46

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.13 | 227935.15

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.75 | 422763.75

test1=# select id, make, model, price, round(price * .10, 2), round((price + (price * .10)), 2) from car;

id | make | model | price | round | round

------+---------------+-------+-----------+----------+------------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.14 | 945770.49

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56464.00 | 621103.98

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.50 | 191647.46

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.13 | 278587.41

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.75 | 516711.25

##Alias

column name round and round is not correct let as use alias to give column name.

test1=# select id, make, model, price As Original_price, round(price * .10, 2) As ten_percent,
round((price - (price * .10)), 2) As discount_after_10_percent from car;

id | make | model | original_price | ten_percent | discount_after_10_percent

------+---------------+-------+----------------+-------------+---------------------------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.14 | 773812.22

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56464.00 | 508175.98

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.50 | 156802.46

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.13 | 227935.15

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.75 | 422763.75

test1=# select id, make, model, price As Original_price, round(price * .10, 2) As ten_percent,
round((price + (price * .10)), 2) As Additional_10_percent from car;

id | make | model | original_price | ten_percent | additional_10_percent

------+---------------+-------+----------------+-------------+-----------------------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.14 | 945770.49

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56464.00 | 621103.98

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.50 | 191647.46

4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.13 | 278587.41

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.75 | 516711.25

test1=# select id, make, model, price As Original_price, round(price * .10, 2) As ten_percent_value,
round((price + (price * .10)), 2) As Additional_ten_percent from car;

id | make | model | original_price | ten_percent_value | additional_ten_percent

------+---------------+-------+----------------+-------------------+------------------------

1 | Infiniti | 2003 | 859791.35 | 85979.14 | 945770.49

2 | Chevrolet | 2012 | 564639.98 | 56464.00 | 621103.98

3 | Mazda | 2003 | 174224.96 | 17422.50 | 191647.46

 4 | Daewoo | 2001 | 253261.28 | 25326.13 | 278587.41

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50 | 46973.75 | 516711.25

## AGE FUNCTION

test1=# select first_name, last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth from person;

first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth

--------------+------------------+--------+---------------+----------------------------------

Rip | Gorbell | Male | 2019-09-23 | China

Chantalle | Landor | Female | 2019-08-06 | China

Elsy | Armal | Female | 2019-10-24 | Brazil

Dennie | Crathorne | Male | 2019-06-24 | China

Haywood | Pickance | Male | 2020-02-24 | Portugal

Alyse | Cabotto | Female | 2019-10-28 | Indonesia

Vidovik | Shaylor | Male | 2019-04-20 | China

test1=# select first_name, last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth, Age(now(),

date_of_birth) As age from person;

first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | age

--------------+------------------+--------+---------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------

Rip | Gorbell | Male | 2019-09-23 | China | 6 mons 8 days 04:55:24.716655

Chantalle | Landor | Female | 2019-08-06 | China | 7 mons 26 days

04:55:24.716655

Elsy | Armal | Female | 2019-10-24 | Brazil | 5 mons 8 days 04:55:24.716655

Dennie | Crathorne | Male | 2019-06-24 | China | 9 mons 7 days

04:55:24.716655

Haywood | Pickance | Male | 2020-02-24 | Portugal | 1 mon 6 days

04:55:24.716655
Alyse | Cabotto | Female | 2019-10-28 | Indonesia | 5 mons 4 days
04:55:24.716655

Vidovik | Shaylor | Male | 2019-04-20 | China | 11 mons 11 days

04:55:24.716655

test1=# select first_name, last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth, Age(now(),

date_of_birth) As age from person;

first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | age

-----------------+----------------+--------+---------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------------
--

Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China | 7 years 2 mons 3 days

05:54:29.763163

Page | Crouse | Female | 2010-10-07 | China | 9 years 5 mons 25 days

05:54:29.763163

Anabelle | Wadwell | Female | 2010-12-26 | Sweden | 9 years 3 mons 6 days

05:54:29.763163

Kriste | McFall | Female | 2012-12-13 | Yemen | 7 years 3 mons 19 days

05:54:29.763163

Joey | Vizor | Female | 2012-08-13 | Japan | 7 years 7 mons 19 days

05:54:29.763163

Staford | Antrack | Male | 2008-04-12 | Haiti | 11 years 11 mons 19 days

05:54:29.763163

Jacynth | Messenbird | Female | 2009-03-21 | China | 11 years 11 days

05:54:29.763163

Aldus | Duffyn | Male | 2018-10-19 | Philippin

## UNDERSTANDING PRIMARY KEY

test1=# select * from person limit 2;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+-------
 1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China |

2 | Page | Crouse | Female | 2010-10-07 | China |

(2 rows)

##understanding Primary key

To drop the primary key construnt by alter

test1=# alter table person drop construnt person_pkey;

test1=# select * from person where id = 4;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+-------

4 | Kriste | McFall | Female | 2012-12-13 | Yemen |

(1 row)

test1=# select * from person where id = 1;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+-------

1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China |

(1 row)

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name , last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth, email )
values (1, 'Jeffie', 'Backshill', 'Male', '1/29/2013', 'China', null);

ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "person_pkey"

DETAIL: Key (id)=(1) already exists.

test1=# Alter table person drop constraint person_pkey;

ALTER TABLE
test1=# select * from person where id = 1;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+-------

1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China |

1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China |

(2 rows)

test1=# \d person

Table "public.person"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------

id | bigint | | not null | nextval('person_id_seq'::regclass)

first_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

last_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

gender | character varying(10) | | not null |

date_of_birth | date | | not null |

country_of_birth | character varying(80) | | not null |

email | character varying(150) | | |

test1=# alter table person add primary key(id);

ERROR: could not create unique index "person_pkey"

DETAIL: Key (id)=(1) is duplicated.

test1=# delete from person where id = 1;

DELETE 2

test1=# delete from person where gender = 'Female' and country_of_birth = 'China';
DELETE 77

test1=# alter table person add primary key(id);

ALTER TABLE

test1=# \d person

Table "public.person"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------

id | bigint | | not null | nextval('person_id_seq'::regclass)

first_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

last_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

gender | character varying(10) | | not null |

date_of_birth | date | | not null |

country_of_birth | character varying(80) | | not null |

email | character varying(150) | | |

Indexes:

"person_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)

test1=# select * from person;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

------+-----------------+----------------+--------+---------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------
-----

2 | Page | Crouse | Female | 2010-10-07 | China |

3 | Anabelle | Wadwell | Female | 2010-12-26 | Sweden |

[email protected]

4 | Kriste | McFall | Female | 2012-12-13 | Yemen |

 5 | Joey | Vizor | Female | 2012-08-13 | Japan | [email protected]

test1=# select * from person order by id;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

------+-----------------+----------------+--------+---------------+----------------------------------+---------------------------------
-----

1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China |

2 | Page | Crouse | Female | 2010-10-07 | China |

3 | Anabelle | Wadwell | Female | 2010-12-26 | Sweden |

[email protected]

4 | Kriste | McFall | Female | 2012-12-13 | Yemen |

5 | Joey | Vizor | Female | 2012-08-13 | Japan | [email protected]

## Unique Constraints

it alows to have unique values from a given columns

test1=# select email, count(*) from person group by email;

email | count

--------------------------------------+-------

[email protected] | 1

[email protected] | 1

[email protected] | 1

| 304

[email protected] | 1

[email protected] | 1

[email protected] | 1

[email protected] | 1
[email protected] | 1

test1=# select email, count(*) from person group by email having count(*) > 1;

email | count

-------+-------

| 304

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name , last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth, email )
values (3, 'Eleni', 'Wadwell', 'Female', '12/26/2010', 'Sweden', '[email protected]');

ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "person_pkey"

DETAIL: Key (id)=(3) already exists.

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name , last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth, email )
values (1001, 'Eleni', 'Wadwell', 'Female', '12/26/2010', 'Sweden', '[email protected]');

INSERT 0 1

test1=# select email, count(*) from person group by email having count(*) > 1;

email | count

---------------------+-------

| 304

[email protected] | 2

test1=# alter table peson add constraint unique_email_address unique(email);

ERROR: relation "peson" does not exist

test1=# alter table person add constraint unique_email_address unique(email);

ERROR: could not create unique index "unique_email_address"

DETAIL: Key (email)=([email protected]) is duplicated.

test1=# delete from person where id = 1001;

DELETE 1

test1=# alter table person add constraint unique_email_address unique(email);

ALTER TABLE

test1=# \d person

Table "public.person"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------

id | bigint | | not null | nextval('person_id_seq'::regclass)

first_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

last_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

gender | character varying(10) | | not null |

date_of_birth | date | | not null |

country_of_birth | character varying(80) | | not null |

email | character varying(150) | | |

Indexes:

"person_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)

"unique_email_address" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (email)

test1=# Alter table person drop constraint unique_email_address;

ALTER TABLE

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name , last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth, email )
values (1001, 'Eleni', 'Wadwell', 'Female', '12/26/2010', 'Sweden', '[email protected]');

INSERT 0 1

test1=# \d person

Table "public.person"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------

id | bigint | | not null | nextval('person_id_seq'::regclass)

first_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

last_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

gender | character varying(10) | | not null |

date_of_birth | date | | not null |

country_of_birth | character varying(80) | | not null |

email | character varying(150) | | |

Indexes:

"person_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name , last_name, gender, date_of_birth, country_of_birth, email )
values (1001, 'Eleni', 'Wadwell', 'Female', '12/26/2010', 'Sweden', '[email protected]');

ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "unique_email_address"

DETAIL: Key (email)=([email protected]) already exists.

test1=# delete from person where id = 1001;

DELETE 1

test1=# alter table person add unique (email);

ALTER TABLE

test1=# alter table person add constraint gender_constraint check(gender = 'Female' or gender =
'Male');

ALTER TABLE

test1=# \d person

Table "public.person"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------

id | bigint | | not null | nextval('person_id_seq'::regclass)

first_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

last_name | character varying(80) | | not null |

gender | character varying(10) | | not null |

date_of_birth | date | | not null |

country_of_birth | character varying(80) | | not null |

email | character varying(150) | | |

Indexes:

"person_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)

Check constraints:

"gender_constraint" CHECK (gender::text = 'Female'::text OR gender::text = 'Male'::text)

test1=# select * from person where gender = 'Female' and country_of_birth = 'China';

test1=# select * from person where gender = 'Male' and country_of_birth = 'China';

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

-----+------------+-------------+--------+---------------+------------------+--------------------------------

1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China |

35 | Leonidas | Morde | Male | 2017-09-13 | China |

59 | Drud | Gouldsmith | Male | 2012-10-18 | China | [email protected]

91 | Stavro | Gedling | Male | 2010-12-08 | China |

104 | Wilbur | Malatalant | Male | 2018-02-02 | China |

119 | Alexis | Elesander | Male | 2017-04-02 | China | [email protected]

## UPDATE RECORDS

update evry singl row

test1=# update person set email = '[email protected]' where id = 1;

test1=# select * from person where id = '1';

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+----------------------
 1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China | [email protected]

(1 row)

## UPDATE RECORDS

update evry singl row

test1=# select * from person where id = '1';

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+----------------------

1 | Jeffie | Backshill | Male | 2013-01-29 | China | [email protected]

(1 row)

test1=# select * from person where id = 2;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+-------

2 | Page | Crouse | Female | 2010-10-07 | China |

(1 row)

test1=# update person set first_name = 'Addisu', last_name = 'Bole', gender = 'Male', country_of_birth =
'Ethiopia', email = '[email protected]' where id = 2;

UPDATE 1

test1=# select * from person where id = 2;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+-------------------

2 | Addisu | Bole | Male | 2010-10-07 | Ethiopia | [email protected]

(1 row)
## ON conflict

## Do nothing

how to deal with dupilicate key error or exception handiling

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name, last_name, gender, email, date_of_birth, country_of_birth)

test1-# values (2, 'Abishalom', 'Addisu', 'Male', '[email protected]', Date '2010-10-15', 'Ethiopia');

ERROR: duplicate key value violates unique constraint "person_pkey"

DETAIL: Key (id)=(2) already exists.

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name, last_name, gender, email, date_of_birth, country_of_birth)

test1-# values (2, 'Abishalom', 'Addisu', 'Male', '[email protected]', Date '2010-10-15', 'Ethiopia')

test1-# ON conflict (id) Do nothing;

INSERT 0 0

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name, last_name, gender, email, date_of_birth, country_of_birth)

test1-# values (2, 'Abishalom', 'Addisu', 'Male', '[email protected]', Date '2010-10-15', 'Ethiopia')

test1-# ON conflict (email) Do nothing;

ERROR: there is no unique or exclusion constraint matching the ON CONFLICT specification

## Upset to change one cele in the table.

test1=# select * from person where id = 2;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+------------------

2 | Addisu | Bole | Male | 2010-10-07 | Ethiopia | [email protected]

(1 row)
INSERT 0 1

test1=# select * from person where id = 2;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+------------------

2 | Addisu | Bole | Male | 2010-10-07 | Ethiopia | [email protected]

(1 row)

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name, last_name, gender, email, date_of_birth, country_of_birth)

test1-# values (2, 'Abishalom', 'Addisu', 'Male', '[email protected]', Date '2010-10-15', 'Ethiopia')

test1-# ON conflict (id) Do update set email = excluded.email;

INSERT 0 1

test1=# select * from person where id = 2;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+------------------

2 | Addisu | Bole | Male | 2010-10-07 | Ethiopia | [email protected]

(1 row)

## Do update set email = excluded.email

test1=# insert into person (id, first_name, last_name, gender, email, date_of_birth, country_of_birth)

test1-# values (2, 'Abishalom', 'Addisu', 'Male', '[email protected]', Date '2010-10-15', 'Ethiopia')

test1-# ON conflict (id) Do update set email = excluded.email,

test1-# last_name = excluded.last_name, first_name = excluded.first_name;

INSERT 0 1

test1=# select * from person where id = 2;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | email

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------+------------------+------------------

2 | Abishalom | Addisu | Male | 2010-10-07 | Ethiopia | [email protected]

(1 row)

## ADDING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TABLES

let as add relationships between car and person.

test1=# \dt

List of relations

Schema | Name | Type | Owner

--------+----------+-------+----------

public | car | table | postgres

public | person | table | postgres

public | student | table | postgres

public | student1 | table | postgres

(4 rows)

test1=# drop table person;

DROP TABLE

test1=#

test1=# drop table car;

DROP TABLE

test1=# \i C:/Users/Adisu/Downloads/person-car.sql

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

test1=# \d

List of relations

Schema | Name | Type | Owner

--------+-----------------+----------+----------

public | car | table | postgres

public | car_id_seq | sequence | postgres

public | person | table | postgres

public | person_id_seq | sequence | postgres

public | student | table | postgres

public | student1 | table | postgres

public | student1_id_seq | sequence | postgres

(7 rows)

test1=# \dt

List of relations

Schema | Name | Type | Owner

--------+----------+-------+----------
public | car | table | postgres

public | person | table | postgres

public | student | table | postgres

public | student1 | table | postgres

(4 rows)

test1=# select * from person;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id

----+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+--------

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia |

2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia |

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia |

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia |

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia |

(5 rows)

test1=# select * from car;

id | make | model | price

----+------------+--------------+-----------

1 | Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

2 | Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

3 | Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

4 | Isuzu | obamamod | 997865.38

(4 rows)

## UPDATINIG FOREIGN KEYS COLUMNS

test1=# \d person

Table "public.person"

Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default

------------------+------------------------+-----------+----------+------------------------------------

id | bigint | | not null | nextval('person_id_seq'::regclass)

first_name | character varying(100) | | not null |

last_name | character varying(100) | | not null |

gender | character varying(8) | | not null |

email | character varying(150) | | |

date_of_birth | date | | not null |

country_of_birth | character varying(120) | | not null |

car_id | bigint | | |

Indexes:

"person_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)

"person_car_id_key" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (car_id)

Foreign-key constraints:

"person_car_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (car_id) REFERENCES car(id)

## UPDATE FOREIGN KEYS COLUMNS

test1=# update person set car_id = 1 where id = 1;

UPDATE 1

test1=# select * from person;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id

----+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+--------

2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia |

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia |

 4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia |

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia |

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia | 1

(5 rows)

test1=# select * from car;

id | make | model | price

----+------------+--------------+-----------

1 | Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

2 | Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

3 | Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

4 | Isuzu | obamamod | 997865.38

(4 rows)

test1=# update person set car_id = 3 where id = 2;

UPDATE 1

test1=# select * from person;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id

----+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+--------

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia |

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia |

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia |

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia | 1

 2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia | 3

(5 rows)

## INNER JOINS

test1=# select * from person;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id

----+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+--------

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia |

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia |

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia | 1

2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia | 3

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia | 2

(5 rows)

test1=# select * from car;

id | make | model | price

----+------------+--------------+-----------

1 | Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

2 | Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

3 | Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

4 | Isuzu | obamamod | 997865.38

(4 rows)

test1=# select * from person

test1-# join car on person.car_id = car.id;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id | id |

make | model | price

----+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+--------+----+------------+--------
------+-----------

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia | 1| 1|

Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia | 2| 2|

Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia | 3| 3|

Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

(3 rows)

test1=# \x

Expanded display is on.

test1=# select * from person

test1-# join car on person.car_id = car.id;

-[ RECORD 1 ]----+---------------------

id |1

first_name | Addisu

last_name | Bole

gender | Male

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1986-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

car_id |1
id |1

make | Toyota

model | extorureruer

price | 107865.38

-[ RECORD 2 ]----+---------------------

id |5

first_name | Eleni

last_name | Getnet

gender | Female

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1992-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

car_id |2

id |2

make | Merichedis

model | Storeiaot

price | 678695.38

-[ RECORD 3 ]----+---------------------

id |2

first_name | Mersha

last_name | G/hiwot

gender | Female

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1956-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia
car_id |3

id |3

make | Hyhonday

model | ltvyLsdhf

price | 89865.38

test1=# select person.first_name, car.make, car.model, car.price

test1-# from person

test1-# join car on person.car_id = car.id;

first_name | make | model | price

------------+------------+--------------+-----------

Addisu | Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

Eleni | Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

Mersha | Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

(3 rows)

##LEFT JOIN

to includ a people that do not have car to

test1=# select * from person

test1-# left join car on car.id = person.car_id;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id | id |

make | model | price

----+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+--------+----+------------+--------
------+-----------

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia | 1| 1|

Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia | 2| 2|

Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38
 2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia | 3| 3|
Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia | | |

| |

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia | | |

| |

(5 rows)

test1=# select * from person where car_id is null;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------------+------------------+--------

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia |

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia |

(2 rows)

test1=# select * from person

test1-# left join car on car.id = person.car_id

test1-# where car.* is null;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id | id |

make | model | price

----+------------+-----------+--------+---------------------+---------------+------------------+--------+----+------+-------+-------

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia | | | |

|

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia | | | |

|

(2 rows)

test1=# select * from person;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id

----+------------+------------+--------+--------------------------+---------------+------------------+--------
 3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia |

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia |

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia | 1

2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia | 3

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia | 2

6 | Staford | Antrack | Male | | 2008-04-12 | Haiti |

7 | Jacynth | Messenbird | Female | [email protected] | 2009-03-21 | China |

8 | Aldus | Duffyn | Male | [email protected] | 2018-10-19 | Philippines |

9 | Merline | Gascoyen | Female | [email protected] | 2009-06-21 | Indonesia |

10 | Christie | Reeve | Male | [email protected] | 2014-02-10 | Poland |

11 | Durant | Sumption | Male | [email protected] | 2019-10-16 | Portugal |

12 | Hirsch | Adamek | Male | [email protected] | 2009-03-16 | Liechtenstein |

(12 rows)

test1=# select * from car;

id | make | model | price

----+------------+--------------+-----------

1 | Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

2 | Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

3 | Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

4 | Isuzu | obamamod | 997865.38

5 | Volkswagen | 2000 | 469737.50

6 | Infiniti | 2005 | 13187.63

7 | Saab | 1999 | 18152.43

 8 | Volkswagen | 1985 | 577799.52

9 | Isuzu | 2006 | 336875.04

10 | Dodge | 1995 | 374024.64

11 | Subaru | 2001 | 327004.32

12 | Toyota | 1996 | 981970.55

(12 rows)

test1=# update person set car_id = 10 where id = 8;

UPDATE 1

test1=# select * from person;

id | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth | country_of_birth | car_id

----+------------+------------+--------+--------------------------+---------------+------------------+--------

3 | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-01-12 | Ethiopia |

4 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-01-12 | Ethiopia |

1 | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-01-12 | Ethiopia | 1

2 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] | 1956-01-12 | Ethiopia | 3

5 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] | 1992-01-12 | Ethiopia | 2

6 | Staford | Antrack | Male | | 2008-04-12 | Haiti |

7 | Jacynth | Messenbird | Female | [email protected] | 2009-03-21 | China |

9 | Merline | Gascoyen | Female | [email protected] | 2009-06-21 | Indonesia |

10 | Christie | Reeve | Male | [email protected] | 2014-02-10 | Poland |

11 | Durant | Sumption | Male | [email protected] | 2019-10-16 | Portugal |

12 | Hirsch | Adamek | Male | [email protected] | 2009-03-16 | Liechtenstein |

8 | Aldus | Duffyn | Male | [email protected] | 2018-10-19 | Philippines | 10

(12 rows)

## DELETING RECORDS WITH FOREIGN KEY

test1=# delete from car where id = 10;

ERROR: update or delete on table "car" violates foreign key constraint "person_car_id_fkey" on table
"person"

DETAIL: Key (id)=(10) is still referenced from table "person".

###

EXPORTING QUERY RESULTS TO CSV FORMAT

\?

test1=# \copy (select * from person left join car ON car.id =person.car_id) To
'/Users/Adisu/Desktop/result.csv' DELIMITER ',' CSV HEADER;

COPY 20

#SERIAL SEQUENCE

bigserial is special data type outo increament number that number is an integer.

# EXTENSIONS

now you can see a list of all extension.

test1=# select * from pg_available_extensions;

name | default_version | installed_version | comment

--------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------

adminpack | 2.0 | | administrative functions for PostgreSQL

amcheck | 1.2 | | functions for verifying relation integrity

autoinc | 1.0 | | functions for autoincrementing fields

bloom | 1.0 | | bloom access method - signature file based index

btree_gin | 1.3 | | support for indexing common datatypes in GIN

btree_gist | 1.5 | | support for indexing common datatypes in GiST

# UUID-ASS

is generate universally unque identifiers(uuids)

understanding uuid data type

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier

it is globaly unique

we must install the extension if not exist

test1=# create extension if not exists "uuid-ossp";

CREATE EXTENSION

test1=# select * from pg_available_extensions;

name | default_version | installed_version | comment

--------------------+-----------------+-------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------

adminpack | 2.0 | | administrative functions for PostgreSQL

amcheck | 1.2 | | functions for verifying relation integrity

autoinc | 1.0 | | functions for autoincrementing fields

bloom | 1.0 | | bloom access method - signature file based index

btree_gin | 1.3 | | support for indexing common datatypes in GIN

btree_gist | 1.5 | | support for indexing common datatypes in GiST

citext | 1.6 | | data type for case-insensitive character strings

test1=# \df

List of functions

Schema | Name | Result data type | Argument data types | Type

--------+--------------------+------------------+---------------------------+------

public | uuid_generate_v1 | uuid | | func

public | uuid_generate_v1mc | uuid | | func

public | uuid_generate_v3 | uuid | namespace uuid, name text | func

public | uuid_generate_v4 | uuid | | func

public | uuid_generate_v5 | uuid | namespace uuid, name text | func

public | uuid_nil | uuid | | func

public | uuid_ns_dns | uuid | | func

public | uuid_ns_oid | uuid | | func

public | uuid_ns_url | uuid | | func

public | uuid_ns_x500 | uuid | | func

test1=# select uuid_generate_v4();

uuid_generate_v4

--------------------------------------

6db42457-198d-43a4-9b07-3937fa5c0440

(1 row)

test1=# \i C:/Users/Adisu/Downloads/person-car2.sql;

CREATE TABLE

CREATE TABLE

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

INSERT 0 1

test1=# select * from person2;

 person_uid | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth |
country_of_birth | car_uid

--------------------------------------+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+---
------

0b63042f-8568-4a1d-8a40-f02f4d4fd90c | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-

01-12 | Ethiopia |

c7e620ac-f09f-48c1-9483-57b073bfe8b0 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] |

1956-01-12 | Ethiopia |

f6955beb-dbfa-4442-9985-88a05197ca2d | Kidus | Menfese | Male | [email protected] | 1988-

01-12 | Ethiopia |

15afa68b-9a77-4d31-87cb-e4da37c13844 | Zelalem | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 0192-

01-12 | Ethiopia |

14f2bfb7-a0a1-4ce7-8e2f-b7269db25813 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] |

1992-01-12 | Ethiopia |

(5 rows)

test1=# select * from car2;

car_uid | make | model | price

--------------------------------------+------------+--------------+-----------

efc1bd86-46a1-4294-be7a-368495257729 | Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-8d942c632488 | Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

d241e8a6-a0d5-490a-bded-36ef05118878 | Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

ab9547af-9ed6-4700-8808-baafe4507825 | Isuzu | obamamod | 997865.38

(4 rows)

test1=# UPDATE person2 SET car_uid = 'a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-8d942c632488' WHERE person_uid

= 'c7e620ac-f09f-48c1-9483-57b073bfe8b0';

UPDATE 1
test1=# UPDATE person2 SET car_uid = 'd241e8a6-a0d5-490a-bded-36ef05118878' WHERE person_uid =
'14f2bfb7-a0a1-4ce7-8e2f-b7269db25813';

UPDATE 1

test1=# select * from person2

test1-# join car2 on person2.car_uid = car2.car_uid;

person_uid | first_name | last_name | gender | email | date_of_birth |

country_of_birth | car_uid | car_uid | make | model | price

--------------------------------------+------------+-----------+--------+----------------------+---------------+------------------+---
-----------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+--------------+-----------

0b63042f-8568-4a1d-8a40-f02f4d4fd90c | Addisu | Bole | Male | [email protected] | 1986-

01-12 | Ethiopia | efc1bd86-46a1-4294-be7a-368495257729 | efc1bd86-46a1-4294-be7a-
368495257729 | Toyota | extorureruer | 107865.38

c7e620ac-f09f-48c1-9483-57b073bfe8b0 | Mersha | G/hiwot | Female | [email protected] |

1956-01-12 | Ethiopia | a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-8d942c632488 | a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-
8d942c632488 | Merichedis | Storeiaot | 678695.38

14f2bfb7-a0a1-4ce7-8e2f-b7269db25813 | Eleni | Getnet | Female | [email protected] |

1992-01-12 | Ethiopia | d241e8a6-a0d5-490a-bded-36ef05118878 | d241e8a6-a0d5-490a-bded-
36ef05118878 | Hyhonday | ltvyLsdhf | 89865.38

(3 rows)

test1=# select * from person2

test1-# join car2 on person2.car_uid = car2.car_uid;

-[ RECORD 1 ]----+-------------------------------------

person_uid | 0b63042f-8568-4a1d-8a40-f02f4d4fd90c

first_name | Addisu

last_name | Bole

gender | Male

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1986-01-12
country_of_birth | Ethiopia

car_uid | efc1bd86-46a1-4294-be7a-368495257729

car_uid | efc1bd86-46a1-4294-be7a-368495257729

make | Toyota

model | extorureruer

price | 107865.38

-[ RECORD 2 ]----+-------------------------------------

person_uid | c7e620ac-f09f-48c1-9483-57b073bfe8b0

first_name | Mersha

last_name | G/hiwot

gender | Female

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1956-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

car_uid | a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-8d942c632488

car_uid | a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-8d942c632488

make | Merichedis

model | Storeiaot

price | 678695.38

-[ RECORD 3 ]----+-------------------------------------

person_uid | 14f2bfb7-a0a1-4ce7-8e2f-b7269db25813

first_name | Eleni

last_name | Getnet

gender | Female

email | [email protected]
date_of_birth | 1992-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

car_uid | d241e8a6-a0d5-490a-bded-36ef05118878

car_uid | d241e8a6-a0d5-490a-bded-36ef05118878

make | Hyhonday

model | ltvyLsdhf

price | 89865.38

test1=# select * from person2

test1-# join car2 using(car_uid);

-[ RECORD 1 ]----+-------------------------------------

car_uid | efc1bd86-46a1-4294-be7a-368495257729

person_uid | 0b63042f-8568-4a1d-8a40-f02f4d4fd90c

first_name | Addisu

last_name | Bole

gender | Male

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1986-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

make | Toyota

model | extorureruer

price | 107865.38

-[ RECORD 2 ]----+-------------------------------------

car_uid | a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-8d942c632488

person_uid | c7e620ac-f09f-48c1-9483-57b073bfe8b0
first_name | Mersha

last_name | G/hiwot

gender | Female

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1956-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

make | Merichedis

model | Storeiaot

price | 678695.38

-[ RECORD 3 ]----+-------------------------------------

car_uid | d241e8a6-a0d5-490a-bded-36ef05118878

person_uid | 14f2bfb7-a0a1-4ce7-8e2f-b7269db25813

first_name | Eleni

last_name | Getnet

gender | Female

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1992-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

make | Hyhonday

model | ltvyLsdhf

price | 89865.38

test1=# select * from person2

test1-# left join car2 using(car_uid);

-[ RECORD 1 ]----+-------------------------------------
car_uid | efc1bd86-46a1-4294-be7a-368495257729

person_uid | 0b63042f-8568-4a1d-8a40-f02f4d4fd90c

first_name | Addisu

last_name | Bole

gender | Male

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1986-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

make | Toyota

model | extorureruer

price | 107865.38

-[ RECORD 2 ]----+-------------------------------------

car_uid | a839ba0a-621b-4827-ba66-8d942c632488

person_uid | c7e620ac-f09f-48c1-9483-57b073bfe8b0

first_name | Mersha

last_name | G/hiwot

gender | Female

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1956-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

make | Merichedis

model | Storeiaot

price | 678695.38

-[ RECORD 3 ]----+-------------------------------------
test1=# select * from person2

test1-# left join car2 using(car_uid)

test1-# where car2.* is null;

-[ RECORD 1 ]----+-------------------------------------

car_uid |

person_uid | 15afa68b-9a77-4d31-87cb-e4da37c13844

first_name | Zelalem

last_name | Bole

gender | Male

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 0192-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia

make |

model |

price |

-[ RECORD 2 ]----+-------------------------------------

car_uid |

person_uid | f6955beb-dbfa-4442-9985-88a05197ca2d

first_name | Kidus

last_name | Menfese

gender | Male

email | [email protected]

date_of_birth | 1988-01-12

country_of_birth | Ethiopia
make |

model |

price |

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