Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Department
Production Engineering
Production Engineering

Tutorial (1)

Mohamed Marie
 INTRODUCTION

Mohamed Marie
Introduction…
Introduction… Thursday, June 2, 2022 3
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Petroleum System…(Conventional Reservoir Structure)
88
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Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 4
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Introduction…
88
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• To produce the hydrocarbons (oil and gas) naturally, it will move in
THP
three parts:
I. The recovery from the reservoir (from Pe to Pwf).
Tank separator
II. The production from the well (from Pwf to THP).
III. The movement in the surface until reaching the facilities.

Recovery Production

Pr Pr
Pwf
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 5
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Natural Flow
88
88 Pressure
THP Flow-line
pressure loss

𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒑 THP
@surface
Tank separator

pressure loss @ well

Depth
Drawdown

Formation
pressure loss
Pr Pwf
Pwf Pr
`
@Reservoir
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 6
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Natural Flow Natural flow
88
88 Pressure
Pwf (Psi)

Flow-line
pressure loss

𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒑 THP
@surface
𝑷𝒔
IPR
VLP
𝑷𝒘𝒇𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈

pressure loss @ well

Depth
Operating point
Drawdown

Formation
pressure loss
Pwf Pr
𝑸𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝑶𝑭 QL (STB/D) @Reservoir
 The recovery from the reservoir (from Pe to Pwf).

Which is called :
Inflow performance Relationship (IPR).

Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 8
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Inflow performance Relationship (IPR).
88
88
Darcy equation…
 Radial flow.

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉
Q= 𝒓𝒆 ∗ (𝑷𝒔 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇)
𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( )
𝒓𝒘
Q = J * (Ps – Pwf)
𝑸 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉
Productivity Index ( J = PI = = 𝒓 )
(𝑷𝒔 −𝑷𝒘𝒇) 𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( 𝒆 )
𝒓𝒘

Absolute Open Flow (AOF) = Well’s Potential = 𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑸@ 𝑷𝒘𝒇=𝟎 = 𝑱 ∗ 𝑷𝒔

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 9
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Inflow performance Relationship (IPR).
88
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Ps Pwf Pb THP Ps Pb Pwf THP

Pwf (Psi)
Pwf (Psi)

Movement from reservoir to surface Movement from reservoir to surface

Under-saturated Reservoir Under-saturated Reservoir

𝑷𝒔 𝑷𝒔 IPR
IPR

𝑨𝑶𝑭 Pb
= 𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙
= 𝑷𝒔 ∗ 𝑱

QL (STB/D) Q𝒎𝒂𝒙 QL (STB/D)

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 10
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Inflow performance Relationship (IPR).
88
88
Future IPR
Pb Ps Pwf THP
Pwf (Psi)

Pwf (Psi)
Movement from reservoir to surface
Saturated Reservoir

IPR Present IPR

𝑷𝒔 𝑷𝒔

Future IPR

Q𝒎𝒂𝒙 QL (STB/D) QL (STB/D)

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 11
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Inflow performance Relationship (IPR).
88
88
Example
When testing a well the following data was received:
Static bottom hole pressure is 3,200 psi
Flowing pressure is 1,850 psi at a flow rate of 1,650 barrels per day

What is the maximum flowrate of the well?

What is the Productivity Index of the well?

Solution
𝑸 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎
Q = J * (Ps – Pwf) J = PI = J = PI = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎 −𝟏𝟖𝟓𝟎
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑩𝑷𝑫/𝑷𝒔𝒊
𝑷𝒔 −𝑷𝒘𝒇

 Absolute Open Flow (AOF) = Well’s Potential = 𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑸@ 𝑷𝒘𝒇=𝟎 = 𝑱 ∗ 𝑷𝒔

= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑𝟗𝟏𝟏 𝑩𝑷𝑫
 The production from the well (from Pwf to THP).

Which is called :

Vertical lift performance (VLP).

Or,
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR).

Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 13
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Vertical lift performance (VLP).
88
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Flow-line
pressure loss
Flow Rate
𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒑 THP
@surface

Fluid Pressure
Losses Tubing
Type
Size
pressure loss @ well

)GLR) ΔP Tubing
Depth

Formation
pressure loss Depth

Pwf Pr

@Reservoir Pwf = pressure loss @ tubing + THP

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 14
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Vertical lift performance (VLP).
88
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Gilbert’s Charts
Flow Rate

Fluid Pressure
Losses Tubing
Type
Size
)GLR) ΔP Tubing

Depth
 How can we draw VLP curve using Gilbert correlations..

Method (1) Method (2)

Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 16
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VLP … Method (1)
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We draw ( Pwf Vs. Q ) … The same as IPR

Q (STB/day) THP (Psi) Equivalent depth for THP (ft) Total depth (Equivalent for Pwf) (ft) Pwf (Psi)
50 Total depth (Equivalent for Pwf)
100 =
Given Gilbert Chart Equivalent depth for THP (ft) Gilbert
200 + Chart
400 Well depth (ft)
600
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 17
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VLP … Method (1)
88
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We draw ( Pwf Vs. Q ) … The same as IPR

Pwf (Psi)
IPR Nodal
𝑷𝒔
Analysis..
VLP
Drawdown (DD)

𝑷𝒘𝒇𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈

Operating point

𝑸𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝑶𝑭 QL (STB/D)

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 18
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VLP … Method (2)
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We draw ( THP Vs. Q ) = THP curve

Q (STB/day) Pwf (Psi) Total depth (Equivalent for Pwf) (ft) Equivalent depth for THP (ft) THP (Psi)
50 Equivalent depth for THP (ft)
100 =
From IPR Gilbert Chart Total depth (Equivalent for Pwf) Gilbert
200 𝑸 - Chart
Pwf = Ps -
400 𝑱 Well depth (ft)
600
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 19
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VLP … Method (2)
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We draw ( THP Vs. Q ) = THP curve

Nodal
Analysis..
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 20
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Vertical lift performance (VLP).
88
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Method (1) Method (2)

𝑷𝒔
IPR
VLP
Drawdown (DD)
𝑷𝒘𝒇𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈

Operating point

𝑸𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝑶𝑭 QL (STB/D)

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 21
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Some important relationships…
88
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WOR= qw/qo

WC= qw/ql = qw/(qw+qo)

GOR=qg /qo (Scf/STB)

GLR=qg /ql= qg /(qo+qw) (Scf/STB)

GLR=GOR *(1-WC)
 Effect of some parameter on operating point

Effect of Tubing Size on operating point

Effect of THP on operating point

Effect of Water Cut on operating point

Effect of Pressure Depletion on operating point

Mohamed Marie Effect of Skin Factor on operating point

 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 23
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Effect of Tubing Size on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

VLP @ TS = 1.9 inch

IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ TS = 2.375 inch

VLP @ TS = 3.5 inch

As T.S. increase → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 24
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Effect of Tubing Head Pressure on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

VLP @ THP = 300 Psi

IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ THP = 200 Psi

VLP @ THP = 100 Psi

Pwf = pressure loss @ tubing + THP

As THP decrease → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 25
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Effect of Water Cut on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

VLP @ WC = 50 % Water more denser than oil

IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ WC = 30%

VLP @ WC = 10%

Water Cut Water influx

As WC decrease → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 26
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Effect of Water influx on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR for active water drive

IPR for partial water drive

IPR for limited water drive

Water Cut Water influx

As We increase → reservoir pressure (Ps) decrease slowly

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 27
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Effect of Pressure Depletion on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR @ Ps = 3000 Psi

IPR @ Ps = 2000 Psi

IPR @ Ps = 1000 Psi

As We increase → reservoir pressure (Ps) decrease slowly

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 28
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Effect of Skin factor on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR @ Skin = -2

IPR @ Skin = 0

IPR @ Skin = +2

Pr
Pwf

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭𝟏 𝑨𝑶𝑭2 𝑨𝑶𝑭𝟑
 Sheet Solution….

Mohamed Marie
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Sheet …(Q # 1)
88
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Enumerate principal elements of production system, and
show different pressures across the system.
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Sheet …(Q # 1) Choke
88 X-mass
Separator
88 tree
Enumerate principal elements of production system, and
show different pressures across the system.

Solution

Tubing

Ps Pwf THP P(sep)

Movement from reservoir to surface

Reservoir
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 32
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Sheet …(Q # 2)
88
88 Pressure
Draw pressure losses during production system. Flow-line
pressure loss

𝑷𝒔𝒆𝒑 THP
@surface
Solution

pressure loss @ well

Depth
Drawdown

Formation
pressure loss
Pwf Pr
`
@Reservoir
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 33
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Sheet …(Q # 3)
88
88
State equation that controls flow through porous media (inflow performance) and show pressure
distribution across reservoir.

Solution

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉
Q= 𝒓𝒆 ∗ (𝑷𝒔 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇)
𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( )
𝒓𝒘

Q = J * (Ps – Pwf)
 Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 34
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Sheet …(Q # 3)
88
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State equation that controls flow through porous media (inflow performance) and show pressure
distribution across reservoir.
Pressure

Solution

𝑷𝒔 present
Future @ 2025
Future @ 2030

𝑷𝒘𝒇

Radius Radius
𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒘 𝒓𝒆
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 35
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Sheet …(Q # 3)
88
88
Ps Pwf Pb THP Ps Pb Pwf THP

Pwf (Psi)
Pwf (Psi)

Movement from reservoir to surface Movement from reservoir to surface

Under-saturated Reservoir Under-saturated Reservoir

𝑷𝒔 𝑷𝒔 IPR
IPR

𝑨𝑶𝑭 Pb
= 𝑸𝒎𝒂𝒙
= 𝑷𝒔 ∗ 𝑱

QL (STB/D) Q𝒎𝒂𝒙 QL (STB/D)

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 36
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Sheet …(Q # 3)
88
88
Pb Ps Pwf THP
Pwf (Psi)

Movement from reservoir to surface

Saturated Reservoir

IPR
𝑷𝒔

Q𝒎𝒂𝒙 QL (STB/D)
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 37
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Sheet …(Q # 4)
88
A88field is drilled up on rectangular 80-acre spacing. The reservoir pressure (Ps) is 1000 psi, the
permeability (k) 50 md, the net sand thickness (h) 20 ft, the oil viscosity (μo) 3 cp, and the oil
formation volume factor (βo) 1.25 res bbl/STB .The wells are completed with 7-in casing.

What is the production rate per well when the producing pressure at the bottom of the well is 500
psi? And graph pressure distribution across reservoir.

Solution 𝒓𝒆
𝟐
𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟕
A = 80 * 43560 = 𝑿 X= 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟕 𝒇𝒕 𝒓𝒆 = = 𝟗𝟑𝟑 𝒇𝒕
𝟐
𝟕
𝒓𝒘 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟏𝟕 𝒇𝒕
𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟐
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐∗ 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐 ∗𝟓𝟎 ∗𝟐𝟎
Q= 𝒓 ∗ (𝑷𝒔 − 𝑷𝒘𝒇) Q= 𝟗𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕 𝑺𝑻𝑩𝑷𝑫
𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( 𝒆 ) 𝟏.𝟐𝟓∗𝟑 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( )
𝒓𝒘 𝟎.𝟐𝟗
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 38
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Sheet …(Q # 4)
88
88
Solution
Pressure

𝑷𝒔 = 1000 present

𝑷𝒘𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎

Radius
𝒓𝒆 = 833 ft 𝒓𝒘 𝒓𝒆 = 833 ft
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 39
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Sheet …(Q # 4)
88
88
Pwf Q IPR
1200
1000 0
1000
500 117 1000

0 234 800

Pwf, Psi
600
500

𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐∗ 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉
J= 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝑩𝑷𝑫/𝑷𝒔𝒊 400
𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( 𝒆 )
𝒓𝒘

AOF = Well’s Potential 200

= 1000*0.234 = 234 BPD 0

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Q, BPD
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 40
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Sheet …(Q # 5)
88
88
Calculate productivity index (J) for problem 4 and determine the well’s potential (q’).
IPR
1200

1000
1000

800

Pwf, Psi
600
500
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐∗ 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉
J= 𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒 𝑩𝑷𝑫/𝑷𝒔𝒊
𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( 𝒆 ) 400
𝒓𝒘

AOF = Well’s Potential 200

= 1000*0.234 = 234 BPD 0

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Q, BPD
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 41
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Sheet …(Q # 6)
88
88
A well is drilled in a reservoir whose static pressure was 1250 psig. The well was completed with 5-in
casing, and its drainage area was 40-acre.
Estimate average PI (J) and potential of the well (q’) if the well was flowing at flow rate (q) equals
10 bbl/day when bottom hole flowing pressure (Pwf) was 718 psi.

Determine average permeability (K) if the net sand thickness (h) is 15 ft, the oil viscosity (μo) at
reservoir conditions is 6 cp, and the oil formation volume factor (βo) 1.17 res bbl/STB.

If it was desired to flow the well at flow rates 15 bbl/day and 30 bbl/day what will be the bottom
hole flowing pressures.
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 42
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Sheet …(Q # 6)
88
88
A well is drilled in a reservoir whose static pressure was 1250 psig. The well was completed with 5-in
casing, and its drainage area was 40-acre.
Estimate average PI (J) and potential of the well (q’) if the well was flowing at flow rate (q) equals 10
bbl/day when bottom hole flowing pressure (Pwf) was 718 psi.

Solution
Q = J * (Ps – Pwf) 10 = J * (1250 – 718) J = 0.0188 STBPD/Psi
AOF = J*Ps = 0.0188*1250 = 23.5 STBPD

𝟐 𝟒𝟎 ∗ 𝟒𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟎
A = 40 * 43560 = π𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆 𝟐
= 𝒓𝒆 = 744.7 ft
π
𝟓
𝒓𝒘 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟑 𝒇𝒕
𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟐
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 43
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Sheet …(Q # 6)
88
88
Determine average permeability (K) if the net sand thickness (h) is 15 ft, the oil viscosity (μo) at
reservoir conditions is 6 cp, and the oil formation volume factor (βo) 1.17 res bbl/STB.

Solution
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐∗ 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐∗ 𝒌 ∗𝟏𝟓
J= 𝒓 0.0188= K= Average Permeability = 10.16 md
𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( 𝒆 ) 𝟏.𝟏𝟕∗𝟔 ∗ 𝐥𝐧(
𝟕𝟒𝟒.𝟕
)
𝒓𝒘 𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟖
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 44
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Sheet …(Q # 6)
88
88
If it was desired to flow the well at flow rates 15 bbl/day and 30 bbl/day what will be the bottom
hole flowing pressures.

Solution
The well could flow at the flow rate 15 bbl/day and could not flow at the flow rate 30 bbl/day (as
it is higher than its potential)

𝑷𝒘𝒇@𝒒=𝟏𝟓 𝑩𝑷𝑫

15 = 0.0188 * (1250 – Pwf)

𝑷𝒘𝒇@𝒒=𝟏𝟓 𝑩𝑷𝑫 = 452 Psi
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 45
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Sheet …(Q # 7)
88
88
A company has been carrying out a formation-stimulation program on some of its wells and that to
gauge the success of this program, ‘’before’’ and ‘’after’’ production-rate figures are used. The results
on two wells (both cutting zero water) are as follow:

If the wells are completed with 7-in casing, and both are drilled in the same reservoir, whose static
pressure was 2000 psi. Determine which well had a successful formation-stimulation program.

If the sand thickness is 10 ft, the oil viscosity is 6 cp, formation volume factor is 1.25 res bbl/STB, and
the drainage radius is 932 ft. Determine the permeability before and after the stimulation program
for the successful stimulation job, and increasing percentage of well’s potential.
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 46
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Sheet …(Q # 7)
88
88
Solution Well (A) WELL A
IPR Before IPR after

Well A 2500

Before After
Pwf Q J Pwf Q J 2000

2000 0 2000 0
1500
1400 60 0.1 1000 100 0.1

PWF, PSI
0 200 0 200
1000

Un-Successful Stimulation Job

500

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Q, BPD
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 47
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Sheet …(Q # 7)
88
88
Solution Well (A) WELL B
IPR Before IPR after

Well B 2500

Before After
Pwf Q J Pwf Q J 2000

2000 0 2000 0
600 35 0.025 1280 36 0.05 1500

PWF, PSI
0 50 0 100
1000
Successful Stimulation Job
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟐∗ 𝒌 ∗ 𝒉 500
J= 𝒓
𝑩𝒐 ∗ 𝝁𝒐 ∗ 𝐥𝐧( 𝒆 )
𝒓𝒘

𝑲𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒅 𝑲𝒂𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒎𝒅 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

increasing percentage of well’s potentia = 100 % Q, BPD

Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 48
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Sheet …(Q # 8)
88
88
Consider the following figure answer following
questions:
Production Engineering… Thursday, June 2, 2022 49
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Sheet …(Q # 8)
88
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Solution
Mohamed Marie
Petroleum Engineer ǁ TA _CUFE

Mohamed Mousa Marie

01158818982

[email protected]