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OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING introduction to OOPs Object and Classes Operator Overloading Inheritance Polymorphism Files & Streams Exception Handling & Templates NOTE: MAKAUT course structure and syllabus of OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING has been introduced as a new subject in Present curriculum, Taking special care of this matter we are providing model jea about university questions Questions & answer, so that students can get an ide Patterns. : 6 semester has been changed from 2021 10 58 83 97 128 137 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS INTRODUCTION TO OOPS 4. What will be the output of the following piece of code? [MODEL QUESTION) #include < iostream.h > define a 2; int main() t int j =37 int isatj++; cout<< i; return 0; y 2} Compilation error) 6 °)5 a4 Answer: (a) 2. What will be the output of the following? [MODEL QUESTION] #include int main ( ) ( int x = (10, 013); cout<<"ner int val = 30; int & £ ( ) (return val;) int main () ( Gout <<"Val=” MAREE AUESTION int main() { int x = 10; int y = 20; if ( ((x++)>10) & (++y)) COUR K [MODEL QUESTION] using namespace std; void main ( ) void main ( ) ( ) cout << “hai”; int main ( ) { main ( return a) hai b) haihai ¢) compile time error d) none of these Answer: (c) 8. What is the output of this program? [MODEL QUESTION] 4include Using namespace std; enum test { A = 32, B, C 7 main ( ) cout << A << B << C7- ae 07) ) 329292 ) 323130 d) none of these Answer: (a) oopP-3 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 9. What is the scope of the variable declared in the user defined function? [MODEL QUESTION} a) Whole program b) Only inside the { } block ¢) Both (a) and (b) d) None of the mentioned Answer: (b) 40. Which of the following features supports reusability and extensibility of classes? [MODEL QUESTION] a) Inheritance b) Overloading c) Polymorphism d) none of these Answer: (a) Ae is the ability for a message or data to be processed in more than one form : [MODEL QUESTION] a) Class b) Abstraction ¢) Polymorphism d) None of these Answer: (c) 12. A collection of variables referred under one name is [MODEL QUESTION] a) structure b) class ¢) union d) none of these Answer: (a) 43. y = x=2; in C++ will result in [MODEL QUESTION] a) compilation error b) runtime error c) assignment of value toxthentoy d) none of these . Answer: (c) 14. Which of the following is a valid statement in C++? [MODEL QUESTION] a) int x= (int) 2.50; b) int x= int (2.50); c) both (a) and (b) 4d) none of these Answer: (c) 15. Which data type is used to represent the absence of parameters? [MODEL QUESTION] a) Int b) Short ©) Void d) Float Answer: (c) 16. When will the cin can start processing of input? [MODEL QUESTION] a) After pressing return key b) By pressing blank space c) Both (a) and (b) d) None of these Answer: (a) 17. A macro is processed by [MODEL QUESTION] a) compiler b) interpreter ¢) pre-processor —_d) none of these Answer: (c) 48. Which of the following is not a feature of OOPS? [MODEL QUESTION] a) Encapsulation b) Inheritance ©) Static binding d) Polymorphism Answer: (c) OOP-4 OBJECT. ED PROGRAMMING 43, The design of classes in a way that hi 10 ear le knowrivas ides the details of implementation from JODEL QUESTIOI a) encapsulation b) data hiding ¢) data abstractie” d) all athe, Answer: (a) 20. Which of the following programming technique focuses on the algorithm? [MODEL QUESTION} b) Object oriented language 4) Structural language Short Answer estions 1. What are the basic features of Object-Oriented Programming? How does it differ from Structured Programming Concepts? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Object oriented programming propagates a slightly different approach to programming problems than the strategy which is usually used in procedural approach, where a problem is decomposed into sub problems and this process is repeated until the subtasks can be coded. Thus a conglomerate of functions is created, communicating through arguments and variables, In contrast, or maybe better, in addition to this, an object-oriented approach identifies the keywords in the problem. These keywords are then depicted in a diagram and arrows are drawn between these keywords to define an internal hierarchy. ‘The keywords will be the objects in the implementation and the hierarchy defines the relationship between these objects. The term object is used here to describe a limited, well-defined structure, containing all information about some entity data types and procedures to manipulate the data. This concept is shown in the Figure. a) Procedural language c) Object based language Answer: (d) Object | data Object 4 data Object 3 data ‘Object 2 data Program | ing, Objects of t rrvages to each othe. he program interact by sending Object oriented program messages t oopP-5 PULAR PI |ONS Basic features of Object Oriented Programming: Emphasis is on data rather than procedure. Programs are divided into what are known as objects, Data structures are designed such that they characterize the objects. Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied together in the data structures, Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions. Objects may communicate with each other through functions New data and functions can be easily be added whenever necessary Follows bottom-up approach in program design. 2. What do you mean by a reference variable? Is there any difference between reference variable and pointer? Explain with example. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: C++ references allows to create a second name for the a variable that one can use to read or modify the original data stored in that variable. what this means is that, when some one declare a reference and assign it a variable, it will allow to treat the reference exactly as though it were the original variable for the purpose of accessing and modifying the value of the original variable--even if the second name (the reference) is located within a different scope. Example: int x; int &y = x; // Here, y is the alias or second name of x. A pointer has its own memory address and size on the stack (4 bytes on x86), whereas a reference shares the same memory address but also takes up some. space on the stack. Since a reference has the same address as the original variable itself, it is safe to think of a reference as another name for the same variable. Example: intx=5; int y=6; int &r intx=0; int &r=x; int *p=&x; int *p2 =r; assert(p == p2); 3. How would you create space for an array of objects using pointer? Give example. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: As an array of variables can be declared, similarly one can also declare an array of objects and manipulate each member of the array as if it were a regular variable. To do this, type the name of the class, followed by a valid C-++ name for the variable, and followed by a dimension included in square brackets. Here is an example: #include using namespace std; struct Point { char Letter; OOP-6 OBIEC RIENTED PROGRAMMING int x; int yi h gnt main() { Point coordinates (4); return 0; Instead of using one pointer to an obj The syntax used is: className *VariableName (Dimension); ject, you can declare an array of pointers to object. The ClassName must be an existing object, You can use your own object or one that shipped with the compiler. After the asterisk Operator, type a valid name for a C++ variable. The dimension, which is (an estimate of) the number of elements of the array, is included in square brackets After declaring the variable, you can initialize each member of the array using the new operator. This operator allocates enough memory space for the member of the array. This means that the initialization with the mew operator can be followed by an actual initialization of the member variables of the array. To initialize a member of the array, you have various options. You must first call the new operator for each member of the array. Once again, you can use one of the constructors. Consider the above Cone object. We saw that one of its constructors took two arguments {0 create an object. You can use such a constructor to initialize a member of the array. Here are examples: Header File: cone.h #ifndef Cone ‘define ConeH Private: double _rad; double Lhgt; Piblies 9 Cone () ; Cone(double radius, double height); Cone(const Cone& ¢); ~Cone(); Void. setRadius (const doub. Void setHeight (const doub: @ouble getRadius() const le radius) { rad le height) ( _hot { return _rad; ) : oOoP-7 nu POPULAR PUBLICATIONS double getHeight() const ( return _hgt; } double CalculateBaseArea() const; double CalculateLateralarea() const; double CalculateTotalarea() const; double CalculateVolume() const; Pointers to Arrays of Objects: #include #include *cone.h" using namespace std; int main() { Cone *pCone [3]; pCone[0] = new Cone(25.55, 20.15); pCone[1] = new Cone(12.44, 18.62); pCone[2] = new Cone(48.12, 38.84); cout << "Cone's Characteristics\n"; for(int i = 0; i <3; i++) { cout << "\n - Cone No. "<< i +1 <<" ="; cout << "\nRadius: " << pCone[i]->getRadius(); cout << “\nHeight: " << pCone[i]->getHeight(); cout << "\nBase Area: " << pCone[i]- >CalculateBaseArea () ; cout << "\nfotal Area: " << pCone[i]- a >CalculateTotalArea(); cout << "\nTexture Area: " << pCone[i]- >CalculateLateralarea() << endl; } return 0; } 4. Why are cin and cont not considered as keywords? Explain the role of streams C+, [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: Keywords are predefined reserved identifiers that have special meanings. They cannot be used as identifiers in your program. Most C-+ keywords allow to do one thing, We can use int to declare an int, or that a function returns an int or expects an int as an argument. We can use new to allocate memory, and delete to free memory. We can use const t0 indicate that a variable’s value cannot be changed. But the case of cin and cout are not the same. They are called as streams. A stream is an abstraction that represents a device on which input and output operations are performed. A stream can basically be represented as a source or destination of characters of indefinite length. OOP-8 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Streams are generally associated to a physical source or destination of characters, like a disk file, the keyboard, or the console, so the chat ‘ i ‘ acter abstraction called stream are physical! tS gotten or written to/from our 7 ly input/output to thi sit i Gara ar Cec mane id een See See used to open a file, any input or output operation performed on that stream is physically reflected in the file. Another important point is the keywords functionality are not defined in some header file Their functionality are constant and are integral part of the compiler. But in case of the stream they are like predefined methods, whose functionality are defined in some header file. In order to work with them, inclusion of such headers are compulsory (where the prototypes are declared). Long Answer Juestions 1, Write short note on ADT. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: The wrapping up of data and functions into a single unit (called class) is known as encapsulation. Data encapsulation is the most striking feature of a class. The data is not accessible to the outside world, and only those functions, which are wrapped in the class, can access it. These functions provide the interface between the object’s data and the program. This insulation of the data from direct access by the program is called data hiding or information hiding. Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanations. Classes use the concept of abstraction and are defined as a list of abstract attributes such as-size, weight and cost, and functions to operate on these attributes. They encapsulate all the essential properties of the objects that are to be created, The attributes are sometimes called data members because they hold information. The functions that operate on these data are sometimes called methods or member functions. Since the classes use the concept of Types (ADT). data abstraction, they are known as Abstract Data oor-9 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS OBJECT AND CLASSES 1. Aclass is a/an.... ... for an object. [MODEL QUESTION] a) object »b) instance c) template d) none of these Answer: (c) 2. Amember that can be accessed before any object of its class created is called [MODEL QUESTION] a) Static member b) Static method c) Instance Variable d) None of these Answer: (a) 3. In protected derivation, accessibility of base members undergoes the following changes in the derived class. [MODEL QUESTION] a) public becomes protected b) public becomes private c) protected becomes private d) private is not inherited Answer: (a) 4. A class has one data member and one method member. This class is used in a program that declares ten objects of this class. The numbers of addresses for data member and method member are respectively [MODEL QUESTION] a) 10 and 1 b) 10 and 10 c) 0 and 10 d) none of these Answer: (d) 5. Constructors can be [MODEL QUESTION] a) Virtual b) Return type ©) inherited d) generated by default if not provided by programmer Answer: (d) 6. Private member of the super-class [MODEL QUESTION] a) is both extended as well as accessed inside sub-class b) is extended but cannot be accessed inside sub-class c) is not extended but can be accessed inside sub-class d) is not both extended as well as accessed inside sub-class Answer: (b) 7. The difference between new operator and malloc() is that. [MODEL QUESTION] a) more memory space is allocated in case of new operator b) matloc() allocates space dynamically c)_new can be overloaded d) malloc() can allocate memory space for any type of data Answer: (c) OOP-10 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 8, Which of the following operators is used to bind the functions to the class to wc enmeion b) [MODEL QUESTION] a)~ : ‘oy d) none of these Answer: (C) 9, Which of the following statements is correct? a) Destructors have a default value b) Destructors can take arguments c) Destructors deallocate memory allocated for the project by the constructor d) None of these Answer: (c) [MODEL QUESTION] 10, When is the call by reference method used? [MODEL QUESTION] a) Vaiues of the original variables are to be changed b) Memory needs to be properly utilized c) Both of these d) None of these Answer: (d) 11, Which operator frees memory previously allocated using new? [MODEL QUESTION] a) Free b) Malloc c) Delete d) None of these Answer: (c) é 12. A friend function can be called [MODEL QUESTION] a) by using object of the class b) should not be called - c) by using the class name d) directly like normal function Answer: (d) i DEL QUESTION] 13. An obj Jan... .. fora class. [mot a) ‘smptete oe b) friend c) instance ) none of these Answer: (c) i : MODEL QUESTION) 14. Consi statements: ; Iv : TA reference variable provide an alias to a previously defined variable Il Friend function can only be declared in the publle section Ill A static member function does not nave is! p ¥ |V. New operator canhot be overioatetue? Mehaf he taowing een i” lane’ None otha ly Answer: (b) MODEL QUESTI 16. Constructor can be t ON) a) virtual é ») with only return type vol ©) generated by default ifn 4) none of these Answer; (d) ot provided by the programmer oop-11 POPU JBLICATIONS 16. What will be the output of the following code? [MODEL QUESTION} Class XYZ { int x; Public: void func () delete this; } }; main () { XYZx; x. func ( ); } a)runtime error b) compilation error ==) no error _~—d) nothing Answer: (b) 17. Which of the following is false? [MODEL QUESTION] a) In C+# no static variable can be member of a union b) In C+ static member function may not be virtual c) In C++ a union can have virtual member function 4d) All of these Answer: (c) 18. Which is the default access specifier of a structure in C++? [MODEL QUESTION] a) Private b) Public c) Protected d) None of these Answer: (a) 19. Choose the correct statement regarding static member, variable: [MODEL QUESTION] a) Declared inside the class, initialized outside the class b) Need an object to access it c) Inherited in sub-classes d) Only can be used in static member functions Answer: (c) 20. Friend function is used for [MODEL QUESTION] a) accessing the public member of a class b) accessing the private. member of a class ¢) accessing the protected member of a class d) none of these Answer: (a), (b), (c) 21. If a method is an interface between outside world and a class, it has to be declared [MODEL QUESTION] a) Private b) Protected c) Public d) External Answer: (c) 22. A constructor is called whenever [MODEL QUESTION] a) an object is used b) an object is declared c) a class is declared d) aclass is used Answer: (b) OOP-12 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING 3. Suppose a class “Box” is derived from a base class “Square”. When we create an object of "Box class, then MODEL QUESTION] a) it will first call the “Box” cla i ” Me nictoe SS constructor then the “Square” class it will first call the “Square” clas 2 S “ constructor: constructor then the “Box” class c) it will only call the “Box” class constructor d) none of these b ‘Answer: (b) 24, The ability to declare different methods with the same name in a class is known as [MODEL QUESTION] a)overloading _b) overriding ¢)recursion _d) none of these Answer: (a) 25, What value must a destructor return? [MODEL QUESTION] a) a pointer to the class b) an object of the class c) destructors do not return a value d) none of these Answer: (c) 26. Copy constructor means [MODEL QUESTION] a) parameterized constructor b) receives no argument ¢) receives object as an argument d) none of these Answer: (d) [MODEL QUESTION] 27. Goal of Data Abstraction is a) Class formation ¢) Hide implementation details Answer: (c) b) Object formation d) none of these 28. int : [MODEL QUESTION] Inline functions are b) functions declared within a class a) fi i lared in one line . m a) functions declared i 6” function d) functions dectared outside a class Answer: (a) parameterized constructors and having no we create an object that needs a zero- [MODEL QUESTION] 29. What happens when a class with i default constructor is used in a program an argument constructor? ile-ti b) Preprocessing error i Cinhee eet a) Runtime exception Answer: (d) 30. To hide a data member from the program, you must stectara the daty member in the .. section of the class. hidden 0 QUESTION] a) concealed b) confidential °) ih Answer: (d) ooP-13 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 34. How many times a static member variable is initialised? [MODEL QUESTION} a)0 b)4 c) Depends on the number of objects created —_d) None of these Answer: (b) 32. Consider a class called matrix with object mat and the declaration: const matrix mati(x, y); Which of the following statements is false about this statement. [MODEL QUESTION] a) The values of x and y can be modified b) The object mat can call only non-const member functions ¢) Both (a) and (b) 4d) None of the above Answer: (a) 33. When a base class is inherited by a derived class as protected, the private members of the base class become [MODEL QUESTION] a) private member of the derived class b) protected member of the derived class ¢) public member of the derived class d) they cannot be inherited Answer: (d) 34. The order of execution of base class constructors for the class declaration class C: public B, virtual public A is IMODEL QUESTION] a) derive, base, virtual base b) base, derive, virtual base ¢) virtual base, base, derive 4) virtual base, derive, base Answer: (c) 35. Default visibility mode of a class is [MODEL QUESTION] a) Public b) Private ©) Protected d) All Answer: (b) 36. “this” pointer points to the object that is [MODEL QUESTION] a) declared b) destroyed c) currently unused d) currently used Answer: (d) 37. When are the Global objects destroyed [MODEL QUESTION] a) when the control comes out of the block i b) when the program terminates ¢) when the control comes.out of the function d) as soon as local objects die : Answer: (b) in which they are being used in which they are being used 38. Which of the following statements is correct? [MODEL QUESTION] a) destructors have a default value b) destructors can take arguments OOP-14 OBIECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING c) destructors deallocate m @) none of these lemory allocated for the objects ‘Answer? (C) 39. If you define the constructor i i ; . of that class. Options are: in the private section and try to create the object a) it gives the syntax error “ [MODEL QUESTION] b) it gives the run time error ¢) needs to define a proper static functions d) none of the above Answer: (a) 40. Which of the following type of class allows only object of it to be created? ss [MODEL QUESTION] a) Virtual class —_b) Abstract class ¢) Singleton class —_d) Friend class Answer: (C) 41. Which of the following statements is correct? [MODEL QUESTION] a) Base class pointer cannot point to derived class b) Derived class pointer cannot point to base class c) Pointer to derived class cannot be created d) Pointer to base class cannot be created Answer: (b) 42. Which of the following concept of oops allows compiler to insert arguments in a function call if it is not specified? [MODEL QUESTION} a) Call by value b) Call by reference ¢) Default arguments d) Call by pointer Answer: (c) 43. Which of the following concepts provides facility of using object of one class insi [MODEL QUESTION] inside another class? Se T a) Encapsulation b) Abstraction c) Composition d) Inheritance Answer: (c) [MODEL QUESTION] let t? 44. Which of the following statements is incorrect a) The default vale for ‘an argument can be a global constant q jiven in the function prototype 3 Compiler ‘inoe the. nr cotyp “information to build a call, not the function 4) rhe ata It arguments are given in the function prototype and should be e defaul repeated in the function definition Answer: (d) oop-15 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS 45. Which of the following statements is correct? [MODEL QUESTION} a) Destructor destroys only integer data members of the object b) Destructor destroys only float data members of the object c) Destructor destroys only pointer data members of the object d) Destructor destroys the complete object Answer: (4) 48. What will be the output of this program? [MODEL QUESTION] #include using namespace std; int array1 [ 1 ={1200, 200, 2300, 1230, 1543} int array2 [ ] =({12,14,16,18, 20} int tmp, result = 0; int main ( ) e for (temp = 0; temp < 5; temp++) t result += arrayl [temp]; ; for (temp temp < 4; temp ++) { result += array2 [temp]; cout << result; return 0; } a) 6553 b) 6533 ¢) 6522 d) 12200 Answer: (b) 47. What will be the output of this program? [MODEL QUESTION] # include using namespace std; int main ( ) { int array[ ] = {0, 2, 4, 6, 7, 5, 3); int n, result = 0; for (n=0; n<8; nt+) { result += array[n]; x cout << result; return 0; d a) 25 b) 26 c) 27 d) None of these Answer: (d) 48. What is the output of this program? [MODEL QUESTION] #include include using namespace std; OOP-16 QBIECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING jot main( ) struct student ¢ int num; char name [25]; ve student stu; stu.num = 123; strepy (stu.name, “John”) ; cout << stu.num << endi; cout << stu.name << endl; return 0; a) 123 john b) john john c) compile time error d) none of the mentioned Answer: (b) 49. Functions can return IMODEL QUESTION] a) arrays b) reference ©) object d) all of these Answer: (d) : 50. The memory for member functions is allocated [MODEL QUESTION] a) when a class is defined b) when an object is created ©) when an object is initialized d) none of these Answer: (a) 51. A class having no public constructors is : [MODEL QUESTION] a) a private class b) a public class ¢) an abstract class d) none of these Answer: (a) 82. What string with blank space? = [MODEL QUESTION] a) Ini ine ee ‘Dh eotine c) Putline d) None of these Nswer: (b) 83. Whi ing is not a type of constructor? -[MODEL QUESTION] optic f these Ang’) One argument constructor a panes SWer: (c) *. Object oriented Technology's use eran ath aMI ee small ides system 08 85a on 2hitecture and its snr "ge in requirements does ie reaure massive changes in the system. OP-17 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS [MODEL QUESTION) a) encapsulation; inheritance b) inheritance; Polymorphism ¢) inheritance; encapsulation d) polymorphism; abstraction Answer: (d) 55. : d example of a method that is shared by all instance o aclass. eine 209 P [MODEL QUESTION] a) Constructor b) Attribute ¢) Constructor and attribute d) None of these Answer: (b) 56. An inline function is a function that is _[MODEL QUESTION] a) declared within the class b) expanded in line with the declaration ¢) defined within the class ) equated to zero has no definition Answi is: (b) Short Answer Ty} estions 1. What is friend function? [MODEL QUESTION} Answer: As per the concept, when a data is declared as private inside a class, then it is not accessible from outside the class. A function that is not a member or an extemal class. will ‘not be able to access the private data. A’ programmer may havea situation where he or she would need to access private data from non-member functions and external classes. For handling such cases, the concept of Friend functions is a useful tool. A friend function is used for accessing the non-public members of a class. A class can allow non-member functions and other classes to access them friends. Thus, class. A friend function of a class is defined outside that access all private and protected members of the cl friend functions appear in the class definition, friend: can bea function, function template, or member function, or a class or class template, in which case the entire class and all of its members i n are friends, To declare a function as a friend of a class, precede the function prototype in the class definition with keyword friend as follows: class Box 4 its own private data, by making a friend function is an ordinary function or a member of another class’ scope but it has the right to ass. Even though the. prototypes for Is are not member functions. A friend double width; public: double length; friend void printwidth( Box box ); void setWidth( double wid ); : hs OOP-18 OBIECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING IssTWo as friends of 1 a 8 of élass ClassOne not “as ClassOne, place To declare all member functions of class Cla jaliowing declaration in the definiti : friend class Classtwo consider the following program: #include using namespace std; class Box { double width; public: friend void printwidth( Box box ); void setWidth( double wid ); A Me : // Member function definition void Box fetWidth( double wid ) ( width = wid; } // Note: printWidth() is not a member function of any class. void printWidth( Box box, } { /* Because printWidth() is a friend of Box, it can directly access any member of this class */ cout << "Width of box : " << box.width < #include using namespace std; + class Test { public: Gest(string const gname); // constructor’ with an argument -Test(); //destructors de Test: :Test (string const: &name) { cout << "Test object " << name << " created" << endl; } Test globaltest ("global"); void func() { . Test functest("func"); ) fe int main() { . Test first("main first"); fune () ; Test second("main second"); return 0; J Generated output: Test object global created Test object main first created Test object func created Test object main second created OOP-22 BJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING gt opject main second destroyea ae object func destroyed on object main first destroyed Rest object global destroyed 41. What are the advantages of using ‘new’ operator over malloc 0? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer? 3 Operator new constructs an object (calls constructor of object), malloc does not. Operator new is an operator, malloc is a function. Operator new can be overloaded, malloc cannot be overloaded. Operator new throws an exception if there is not enough memory, malloc returns a NULL. 5. Operator new[] requires to specify the number of objects to allocate, malloc requires to specify the total number of bytes to allocate. 6 malloc() returns void *, which has to be explicitly cast to the desired type but new returns the proper type. 7, Operator new/new/] must be matched with operator defete/delete[] to, deallocate memory, matloc() must be matched with free() to deallocate memory. 42. a) What is a parameterized constructor? t) Is it mandatory to use constructors in a class? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: a) CH allows constructors to be defined with or without argument lists. Constructor with parameters is called parameterized constructor. The arguments are supplied when an object is created. For the class Person a constructor expecting three strings and an size_t may be handy: these arguments then represent, respectively, the person's name, address, phone number and weight. Such a constructor is: ; Person: :Person(string const &name, string const &address, string const &phone, size_t weight) { dname = name; d_address = address; d_phone = phone; , Giweight = weight; in a class because default constructors are ni / is not ma nstructors ecte mandatory tg use con declared explicitly in a program, But, some a i jilomatically called when no constructor is es default constructor is not sufficient for all purposes. POPULAR PUBLICATIONS . Answer: A copy constructor is a special constructor in the C++ programming language for creating a new object as a copy of an existing object. The first argument of such a constructor is a reference to an object of the same type as is being constructed, which might be followed by parameters of any type. Normally the compiler automatically creates a copy constructor for each class but for special cases the programmer creates the copy constructor, known as a user-defined copy constructor. In such cases, the compiler does not create one. Hence, there is always one copy constructor that is either defined by the user or by the system. Copying of objects is achieved by the use of @ copy constructor and an assignment operator. A copy constructor has as its first parameter a (possibly const or volatile) reference to its own class type. It can have more arguments, but the rest must have default values associated with them. The following would be valid copy constructors for class X Example: ; X (const X& copy_from_me) ; Object B = A; // translates as Objec! (invoke copy constructor) Object (const Object&) 14. “Use of friend and encapsulation are contradictory” — comment critically. [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: A friend function is tsed for accessing the non-public members of a class. A class can allow non-member functions and other classes to access its own private data, by making them friends. Thus, a friend function is an ordinary function or a member of another, class. e : There is contradiction between this two because, The encapsulation comes about by hiding the details of how the class is implemented; you define a public interface separately from a private implementation. A friend function is used for accessing the non- public members of a class. A class can allow non-member functions and other classes (0 access its own private data; by making them friends. 15. Differentiate the following: a) free () and delete b) friend function and static member function. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: (a) free () and delete _ Free Delete T. Deallocate space in memory. A block oifl. In the C+* programming language. memory previously allocated using a call toldelete operator calls the destructor of Us malloc, calloc or realloc is deallocated, making it}given argument, and returns memory allocate lavailable again for further allocations, by’ new back to the heap. A call to delete woid a Imust be made for every call to new t0 ave" memory leak. OOP-24 | OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Free : Syntax! ; Delete Poa free ( void’ * ptr, 2. Syntax: Delete OBJECT NAME 13, PARAMETERS: Polater toa memory block|3+ Arrays, allocated with new{], must be| previously allocated with malloc, calloc or|deallocated with delete J, since the layout irealloc to be deallocated|of — array i i sary ted ys, allocated with new] — is| {fa null pointer is passed as argument, no action|implementation defined, and possibly not] occurs. compatible with new. (b) Friend Function: ‘As per the concept, when a data is declared as private inside a class, then it is not accessible from outside the class. A function that is not a member or an external class will not be able to access the private data. A programmer may have a situation where he or she would need to access private data from non-member functions and external classes. For handling such cases, the concept of Friend functions is a useful tool. A friend function is used for accessing the non-public members of a class. A class can allow non-member functions and other classes to access its own private data, by making them friends. Thus, a friend function is an ordinary function or a member of another class. A friend function of a class is defined outside that class' scope but it has the right to access all private and protected members of the class. Even though the prototypes for friend functions appear in the class definition, friends are not member functions. A friend can be a function, function template, or member function, or a class or class template, in which case the entire class and all of its members are friends, Where, Static Member Function: aie Static member functions have a class scope and they do not have access to the ‘this’ pointer of the class. When a member is declared as static, @ static member of class, it has only one data for the entire class even though there are many Objects created for the class. The main usage of static function is when the programmer wants fo have jafunction Which is accessible even when the clas isnot instantiated. General syntax: Static return_data_type /static function defined fuentionname () - with keyword static Statement1; ic functi i 6 dyed ¢ function //Statements for execution inside stati Statement2; OOP-25 POPULAS IBLICATIONS Accessing Static Function: ‘A normal member function is accessed using the -object and an operator called the dot member access operator. The functions declared static or static functions are accessed using only the class name and the scope resolution operator, unlike in normal member fimetions where these are not used. 46. Write a program to return an object using ‘this’ pointer. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: extern Person *const this; A member function like name(), which returns the namie field of a Person, could therefore be implemented in two ways: with or without the this pointer: class Person { public: // extension of the class Person char 4_name; // earlier members are assumed. char const name() ; . yi . char const *Person::name() //implicit usage of ‘this’ { return 4_name; char const *Person::name()//explicit usage of ‘this’ OO abla’ ene si jntnay void maint ) ‘ Person pl , p2 Pl.name(); P2.name(); cout << *pl=" << pl; cout << “pl=" << pl; i 17. Explain “Encapsulation” and “Data Abstraction” in the context of Object Oriented Programming witha focus on their need. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Data Abstraction: In data abstraction, access to the data is provided through a specific set of operations defined to examine and manipulate the data, For instance, when a programmer is using C++ standard data types, this means that users are using the concept of data abstraction, When using data types, the users are not concerned with how the data is stored but they are concerned with what operations are provided and what properties are supported. Data Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the process of combining data and functions into a single unit called class. Using the method of encapsulation, the programmer cannot directly access the data. OOP-26 Data is only accessible through the functions present inside the class. Data encapsulation led to the important concept of data hiding. Data hiding is the implementation details of a class that are hidden from the user. For instance: - class Example ( public: int sample(); int example(char *se) int endfunc(); Other member functions private: int x; float sa; . HOther data members In the above example, the data members integer x, float sq and other data members and member functions sample(),example(char* se),endfunc() and other member functions are bundled and put inside a single autonomous éntity called class Example. 18. What is static function? Write a small program to illustrate the same. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Static member functions: Static Member Function: : Static member functions have a class scope and. they do not have access to the ‘this’ pointer of the class. When a member is declared as static, a static member of class, it has only one data for the entire class even though there are many objects created for the class. The main usage of static function is when the programmer wants to have a function which is accessible even when the class is not instantiated. #include class Test { private: static int x; public: static int count() { return x; } di int Test oF OOoP-27 PUBI IS int main() { printf_s("td\n", Test::count()); return 0; d in inline and outline member functions of a class. 19, Suggest an example to explai MODE! GuESTOny Answer: An inline function is a new feature of C++. An inline function is a function that is expanded in’ line when it is invoked, ie., compiler replaces the function call with the corresponding function code. The inline functions are defined as follows: inline function_header if t ib function body ) For example, we can define an inline function to compute th¢ square of an integer variable in the following way: | inline int square(int x) { return(x * x); } Now this function can be called in the following ways: A = square (12); B = square(6+3); On the execution of these statements, the values of A & B will be 144 & 81 respectively. So, in the second calling it will send 9 to the function, Now, the advantages, disadvantages and restrictions of inline functions over normal functions are given below: Inline expansion makes a program faster because the overhead of a normal function call and return is eliminated. However, it makes the program to take more memory because the statements that define the inline function are reproduced at each point where the function is called. The speed benefits of inline functions diminish as the function grows in size. At some point the overhead of the function call becomes small compared to the execution of the function, and the benefits of inline functions may be lost. In stich cases, the use of normal functions will be more meaningful. Inline keyword sends a request to the compiler (not a command). The compiler may ignore this request if the function definition is too long or too complicated and compile the function.as anormal function. In the following situations, inline expansion may not work: * For functions returning values, if'a loop, a switch, ot a goto exists. * For functions not returning values, if'a return statement exists * If function contains static variables * Ifinline functions are recursive Inline functions are different from macros in the following ways: OOP-28 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING Macros are Preprocessor directives & are processed before compilation starts. The gefinition starts with the symbol “#, which is preprocessor directive, Incase of inline functions, the definition starts with the keyword ‘inline’, The expansions of those functions are done by the compiler. Another important difference is that. whether inline expansion will occur or not, that’s fully compiler’s decision, That means sometimes the inline functions may be treated like a-normal function, But this is not the case with mmaer0s. a Finally, in case of inline functions, there is no blind substitution of actual arguments, which may be the case for macros. For example, consider the following calling statement: X = square(6+3); ‘Now, if square() is a macro with argument, the result of X is 27. But, if the square is an inline function, we’ll get the result as 81. 20. Justify or falsify - “Declaration of a constructor must be accompanied by that of a destructor”. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: Not necessarily. A destructor is the reverse of a constructor. It is called when an instance of a class is destroyed, e.g. when an object of a class created in a block (set of curly braces "{}") is deleted after the closing brace, then the destructor is called automatically. It will be called upon emptying of the memory location storing the variable. Destructors can be used to release resources, such as heap-allocated memory and opened files when an instance of that class is destroyed. If not declared by user it's available in a class by default but it now can only deallocate memory from the objects of a class when an object is deleted. 21. What is containership? How does it differ from inheritance? " e [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: I" Part: Manipulators are operators used in C++ for fo the programmer's choice of display. There are numerous manipulators availa Manipulators are: endl, setw, setfill, ete. 5 ale ond When a class contains objects of another class or its members, this kind of relationship is called containership or nesting and the class which contains objects of another class as its Members is called as container class. Containership is basically type of hierarchy. It can also be called containment hierarchy. In other words, possessing of objects of other Slasses in a class is called containership oF nestInB- rmatting output. The data is manipulated by ble in C++. Some of the more commonly used Part: i I: ‘ concepts, they are quite different i Althor 5 jnership are two OOP concepts, they ar rent in wha He Inheritance and coe to achieve. Inheritance is the ability fora class to inherit Dropertic, ae us gs parent class By extending It while Containership is the and behavior oop-29 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS ability of a class to contain objects of different classes as member data. If a class is extended, it inherits all the public and protected properties/behavior and those behaviors may be overridden by the subclass: But if a class is contained in another, the container does not get the ability to change or add behavior to the contained. Inheritance represents an “is-a” relationship in OOP, while Containership represents a “has-a” relationship, 22. Why the argument of a copy constructor is passed by reference. [MODEL QUESTION} Answer: A reference variable is just like pointer variable with few differences. It is declared using “&” operator. A reference variable must always be initialized. The reference variable once defined to refer to a variable can’t be changed to point to other variable. Array of references can't be created like the way it is possible with,pointer. Yes, it's mandatory in case of the copy constructoé to pass the reference of an object. In copy constructor, we pass the reference of the object which we want to copy on another object, é.g., copy the content of the object A into B, where we provide the reference of A. If we try to do the same thing by passing of value, actually we are copying the content of A into dummy object which will be declared in a constructor as a type (not a reference one), then compiler copy the dummy object into B, which is really not a efficient way, and at this point question arise about the life time of the dummy object which hold the value of A, its destruction and memory management, 23. State the basic differences between a ‘Structure’ in C and a ‘Class’ in C++, [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: C+ Supports all the, features of structures as defined in C. But C++ has expanded its capabilities further to suit its OOP philosophy. It attempts to bring the user-defined types as close as possible to the built-in data types, and also provides a facility to-hide the data which is one of the main precepts of OOP. Inheritance, a mechanism characteristics from other types, is also supported by C+, In C++, a structure can have both variables and functions-as members. It can also declare some of its members as ‘private’ so that they cannot be accessed functions, In C++, the structure names are stand-alone and can be used lik That is, the keyword struet can be omitted in the declaration o example, we can declare the student variable A as student A; // C++ declaration This is an error in C, C++ incorporates all these extensions in another user-defined type known as elass. There is very little syntactical difference between structures and classes in C++ and, therefore, they can be used interchangeably with minor modifications. Since class is a specially introduced data type in C++, most of the C++ programmers tend to use the structures for holding only data, and classes to hold both the data and functions, by which one type can inherit directly by the external any other type names f structure variables. For OOP-30 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING nthis context one important point to note that wh to class all these latever the features discussed with respect features S are Supported by the structure of C++ but not the traditional C. 24, a) Should one constructor call another Constructor as a primitive? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer? Ne No. Even though it is possible, it will not do what the programmer thinks it is doing, b) When a copy constructor should be defined? Answer: A user-defined copy constructor is generally needed when an object owns pointers or non-shareable references, such as to a file, in which case a destructor and an assignment operator should also be written, 25. Write a function in C++ to search for details (Phoneno and Calls) of those Phones which have more than 800 calls from binary file “‘phones.dat”. Assuming that this binary file contains records/objects of class Phone, which is defined below: class Phone t Char Phoneno[10]; int Calls; Public: : void Get( ) {gets(Phoneno); cin>>Calls;} void Billing ( ) (cout<800) PBilling(); yyrcleseQ) i //ignore estions Long Answer Type 7 j jon and macro. ie 4; a pistinguish between inline et Can a constructor be virtual? Justify your i lat is the use of virtual de: [MODEL QUESTION} er. oopP-3t POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: . a) Inline functions are different from macros in the following ways: Macros are preprocessor directives & are processed before compilation Starts. The definition starts with the symbol ‘#’, which is preprocessor directive. Incase of inline functions, the definition starts with the keyword ‘inline’. The expansions of those functions are.done by the compiler. Another important difference is that, whether inline expansion will occur or not, that’s fully compiler’s decision. That means sometimes the inline functions may be treated like a normal function. But this is not the case with macros. . Finally, in case of inline functions, there is no blind substitution of actual arguments, which may be the case for macros. For example, consider the following calling statement X = square(6+3); Now, if square() is a macro with argument, the result of X is 27. But, if the square is an inline function, we'll get the result as 81. b) Refer to Question No. 9 of Short Answer Type Questions. 2. a) Differentiate the following: [MODEL QUESTION) i) Malloc() and new ii) Friend and member function Answer: i) Refer to Question No. 11 of Short Answer Type Questions. ii) Friend Function: Refer to Question No. 1 of Short Answer Type Questions. Member Function: Member functions are operators and functions that are declared as members of a class. Member functions do not include operators and functions declared with the friend specifier. These are called friends of a class. You can declare a member function as static; this is called a static member function. A member function that is not declared as static is called a nonstatic member function. The definition of a member function is within the scope of its enclosing class. The body of a member function is analyzed after the class declaration so that members of that class can be used in the member function body, even if the member function definition appears before the declaration of that member in the class member list. When the function add() is called in the following example, the data variables a, b, and ¢ can be used in the body of add(). class x { public: int. ada() (return atbtc;)}; private: int a,b,c; // inline member function add Ve OOP-32 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING p) What is constructor? Explain different types of constructor with example. STIO! Answer? [MODEL QUE: IN] Constructor is used for Initializing'the values to the data members of the Class. 1) Constructor is that whose name is same as name of class. 2) Constructor gets Automatically called when an object of class is created. 3) Constructors never have a Return Type even void. 4) Constructor are of Default, Parameterized and Copy Constructors. The various types of Constructor are as follows: 1, Default Constructor: Default Constructor is also called as Empty Constructor which has ‘no arguments and It is Automatically called when we creates the object of class but name of Constructor is same as name of class and Constructor never declared with the help of Return Type. Means we cant Declare a Constructor with the help of void Return Type, if we never Pass or Declare any Arguments then this called as the Copy Constructors. Example : class Cube ( int side; public: Cube () { side=10; } ve int main() { Cube c; cout << c.side; } Output: 10 A Bap cinta ats In this case, as soon as the object is created the constructor ts called.which initializes its data members. 2. Parameterized Constructor: This is Another type Constructor which has some Arguments and same name as class name but it uses some Arguments = For this We have to create object of Class by passing some Arguments a e bgehe a hen itae mies with the name of class, When we pass some Arguments to the onstucte then this will automatically pass the Arguments to the Constructor and the values will retrieve by the Respective Data Members of the Class. xample : ase Cube int side; Public; ooP-33 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Cube (int x) { side=: } vi int main() { Cube 1 (10); Cube 2 (20); Cube 3 (30); cout << cl.side; cout << c2.side; cout << c3.side; d OUTPUT : 10 20 30 By usisg parameterized construcor in above case, we have initialized 3 objects with user defined values. We can have any number of parameters in a constructor. 3. Copy Constructor: This is also Another type of Constructor, In this Constructor we pass the object of class into the Another Object of Same Class. As name Suggests you Copy, means Copy the values of one Object into the another Object of Class .This is used for Copying the values of class object into-an another object of class So we call them as Copy Constructor and For Copying the values We have to pass the name of object whose values we wants'to Copying and When we are using or passing an Object to a Constructor then we must have to use the & Ampersand or Address Operator. Copy Constructor is a type of constructor which is used to create a copy of an already existing object of a class type. It is usually of the form X (X&), where X is the class name.he compiler provides a default Copy Constructor to all the classes. Syntax of Copy Constructor class-name (class-name &) ( ) As it is used to create an object, hence it is called a constructor. And, it creates a new object, which is exact copy of the existing copy, hence it is called copy constructor. c) What is the advantage of user-defined copy constructor ‘over default copy constructor? [MODEL QUESTION) Answer: For copy constructor Refer to Question No. 13 of Short Answer Type Questions. A copy constructor is called when a new variable is created from an object. The default copy constructor does a shallow copy i.e.; the copied object points to same old memory pointed by the parent object. If the object has some dynamic memory or pointers, it is OOP-34 create a COPY Construct ser to real for. When a ne . . ent and destructor also should be wweltten ince is written, assignment Tribe programmer is defining the Copy constructor, the compiler will invoke th: sanstraetor at the time of copying the members of the calling object to the crembers of the called object This will Creates the problems if the sheet con ins ‘the | inte variables. The time copying 1S More if there are more number Gh bj non oe The default copy constructor is generated by the compiler when the aes rot Explain the following type conversions with sui : aor hesio to user-defined ith suitable examples: ji) From user — defined to basic ii) Conversion between objects of two different classes. [MODEL QUESTION] ‘Answer? Basic to Class type The conversion from basic type to class type is easy to accomplish. Let us consider a constructor to build a string type object from a char* type array. string .:: string (char *a) ( length = strlen(a); p= new char{length + 1]; stropy(D, a); } this constructor builds a string’ type object from a char* type variable. a. the variables” length and p are data members of the class string. Once this constructor has been defined in the string class, it can be used for conversion from char* type to string type. For example, let us consider the following code: string sl, s2; char *namel = “abcd! char *name2 = “xyzw"; 81 = string(namel); s2 = name2; the statement $1 = string(namel) j first converts namel from chai tothe object s1. The statement i & sans ; Also do the same job by invoking the constructor imp r* type to string type and then assigns the string type values licitly. Class to Basic type 7 order to do the opposite thing nar that could be used to convert § Sverloaded casting operator function 4 low: we have to use the concept of overloaded casting ta class type data to basic type. The general form of Igo known as conversion funetion, is shown bel ooP-35 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS operator typename () { } The function converts a class type data to typename. For example, the operator double() converts a class object to type double, the operator int() converts a class type object to type int, and so on. Let us consider the following example: vector :: vector double() { double sum = 0; for (int I = 0; I mespace std; that are used so infrequently that a default value wlt-argument facility 'y allows for specifying only are meaningful in a given call "function parameters, For example: prae- je flint a) ( return a; ) pe gant X= £(a)) { return x; } int nh) ¢ az 2i int.a = 3; return g(); } gat main() ( cout << h() << endl; This example prints 2 to standard output, because the a referred to in the declaration of (isthe one at file scope, which has the value 2 when g() is called. ‘The default argument must be implicitly convertible to the parameter type. A pointer to a function must have the same type as the function. Attempts to take the address of a function by reference without specifying the type of the function will produce an error. The type of a function is not affected by arguments with default values. b) Inline Function: When a function is defined inside a class, it is treated as an inline function. Defining members inline has the following effect: Whenever an inline function is called ina program statement, the compiler may insert the function's body at the location of the function call. The function itself may never actually be called. Consequently, the function call is prevented, but the function's body appears as often in the final program as the inline function is actually called. This construction, where the function code itself is inserted rather than a call to the function, is called an inline function. Using inline functions may result in multiple occurrences of the code of those functions ina program: one copy for each invocation of the inline function. This is probably OK if the function is a small one, and needs to be executed fast. It's not so desirable if the code ofthe function is extensive. The compiler knows this too, and considers the use of inline inctions a request rather than a command: if the compiler comicers the function too ne. it will not grant the request, but will, instead, teat the function as @ normal ion, a Class and an Object? Justify if it is possible to 6 ity hatihat is the relation between [MODEL QUESTION} Ve an object of more than one distinct classes. ooP-37 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS Answer: > A cclass is a definition of an object. It's a type just like int. A class resembles a struct with just one difference : all struct members are public by default. All classes members are private. > Aclass is a type, and an object of this class is just a variable. A class contains the descriptions of all the behaviors of the objects that it represents. In addition, a class may, but not always, contain descriptions of the internal data held _ by the objects, called its fields, as well as implementation details about its methods and fields. Yes, it's possible to have one object of more than one classes. This festure is called multiple inheritance. At first a.class must be constructed from more than one class then from that class the object can be declared. v 6. a) What is constructor? Explain the constructor overloading with an example. b) What is garbage collection? What do you mean by automatic garbage collection? Whether C++ support automatic garbage collection or not? [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: a) 1" Pai Constructor is used for Initializing the values to the data members of the Class. 1). Constructor is that whose name is same as name of class. 2) Constructor gets Automatically called when an object of class is created. 3) Constructors never have a Return Type even void. 4) Constructor are of Default, Parameterized and Copy Constructors. Features: Refer to Question No. 4 of Short Answer Type Questions. 2" Part: Constructor overloading process is very similar to the overloading of other functions. Since constructors are also functions, they can be overloaded like any other functions. This allows user to create many constructors, which can help user to create (and set) objects differently. Different constructor can allow creation of objects with desired type of values. #include #¥include elass ol 7 { public: o1() ( cout<<*Hello"< #include class time24 { int hours, minutes, seconds; public: time24() { hours=minutes=seconds } time24(int h,int m,int s) hours=| Rinutes Seconds=s; a display () 4£(hours<10) Cout<<'9"; Sout<>ht; if (hl>23) return (1); cout<<"Minutes:"; cinpoml; cout<<"Seconds cin>>s1; time24 t24(h1,m1,s1); cout<<"you entered: "; t24.display (); cout< aes: sample int a, b; Public: Sample(int x, int y)i Void operator ++(); Void operator ++(int x) 7 yoi4 display(); int y) Sample ; oopP-4l sample’ (int x, POPULAR PUBLICATIONS void sample ( ate; b++; ) void sample :: operator ++(int x) { a t+; bet; ) void sample :: display() ‘ cout << “a i" << @ <<"b:” << b; ) . int main() { sample z(10, 20); cout << “before overloading"; z.display(); 442; cout <<*after overloading-prefix form"; z.display(); zt: cout <<*after overloading-postfix form’; z2.display(); return 0; } operator ++() 9. Define a class in C** with following description: [MODEL QUESTION] Private Members * Adatamember — Flight number of type integer Adatamember _ Destination of type string Adatamember Distance of type float Adatamember Fuel of type float A member function CALFUEL/() to calculate the value of Fuel as per the following criteri: Distance Fuel <=1000 500 more than 1000 and <=2000 1100 More than 2000 2200 Public Members “A function FEEDINFO() to allow user to enter values for Flight Number, Destination, Distance & call function CALFUEL() to calculate the quantity of Fuel “~ function SHOWINFO() to allow user to view the content of all the data members. OOP-42 )BJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING ‘Answer: i 4 include 4 include 4 include class FLIGHT , Int Fno; char Destination [20]; float Distance, Fuel; void CALFUEL(); public: void FEEDINFO(); void SHOWINFO(); u void FLIGHT: :CALFUEL(); { If (Distance < 1000) Fuel = 500; else If (Distance < 2000) Fuel = 1100; else Fuel = 2200; ) void FLIGHT: : FEEDINFO() { cout << “Flight No:"; cin >> Fno; cout << “Destination: gets (Destination); cout <<* “Distance cin >> Distance; CALFUEL () ; ) void FLIGHT: :SHOWINFO() ( cout << “Flight No. ¢ “< #include class student t protected: int entryno; char name(20]; public: void getdata() t cout<<"enter name of the student"<>name; ) void display() t cout<<"Name of the student is"<>pem[j]; ) ) void display() { entryno=1; cout<<"entry no for Science student is*<>ehe [5]; } 3 void display () { entryno=2; cout<<"entry no for Arts student is*< class Student { protected: char *name; char roll; char marks; char *year; Student class has the following attributes: Name marks and year (character type pointer) ing the constructor (use the constructor overloading) ‘cords and print the student name and roll number who OOP-46 BIECT-ORIE! (OGRAMMING. publ eudent () Student + Name { (NULL), 011 (-1), marks (0), year (NULL) } student (char *n, int r, int m char ty) ; os setName (n) ; setRoll (x); setMarks(m) ; setYear(y) ; } student (Student &s) { name = s.getName(); roll = s.getRoll(); * > marks = s.getMarks(); year = s.getYear(); ) void setName(char’ *n) { . name = new char[strlea(n) + 1]; strepy(name, n); ) void setRoll(int r) { roll = x; } void setMarks(int m) ( marks = m; } void setYear(char *y) £ year = new char{strlen(y) + 11; strepy(year, y)i } char *getName() { return name; } int getRoll() { return roll; } int getMarks() ( return marks; } char *getYear() { return year; } Student operator =(const Student &s) { name = s.getName();, roll = s.getRollt); marks = s.getMarks(); year = s.getYear(); return *this; } di int main() { Student students[5]; students[0] = student ("MercUury” » tReet students [1] “= Student (*Venue", 2. 68) "Ctyo ee students(2] = Student ("Jupiter", 4, 9% g OoP-47 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS students [3] students [4] int maxMarks for (int i = { student ("Saturn", 5, 76, "1955"); student ("Uranus", 11, 46, "1922"); =1, index = -1; L.< 5y-de+) if (students[i).getMarks() > maxMarks) c ‘ ° maxMarks = students({i].getMarks(); index = it ) std::cout << "Student scoring highest is " << students [index] .getName() << " whose roll number is " << students [index] .getRoll() 13. Write a class to represent com| numbers with necessary constructors. Overload “ “” operators using friend function. A complex number is of the form a + ib where a and b are real numbers. Two complex numbers a + ib and c + id are added to obtain the sum: (a + c) + i(b + d). Two complex numbers are multiplied to obtain the product (ac - bd) + i(bc + ad). Also write a main function to demonstrate all operations involved complex numbers. [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: #include #include #include struct complex { float rel; float img; }s1,82; void main() { clrser(); float a,b; cout<<"Enter real and ima cin>>s1.rel>>s1.img; cout<<"Enter real and ima cin>>s2.rel>>s2.im //RAdi tion a=(s1.rel)+(s2.re1) ; b=(s1.img) +(s2.img) ; cout<<*nAddi tion: //Subtraction a=(s1.rel)~(s2.rel); ginary part of 1st complex number:"; ginary part of 2nd complex number; SST (Ses ace*) Meet aecet (Neebect) Hee"? OOP-48 BJECT-ORIEN’ \GRAMMING pe (s.img) - (82. img) ; out<<™nSubtraction: *<<"(ccacen) #cenye ee altiplication (S using namespace std; class employee $ int emp_num; char emp_name(20); float emp_basic; float sal; float emp_da; float float publi void get_details(); void find_net_sal()i void show_emp_details(); di void employee :: get_details() { . cout<<"\nEnter employee number: \n"; cin>>emp_num; ant, cout<<"\nEnter employee name: \n"; cin>>emp_name; siti cout<<"\nEnter employee basic:\n"; cin>>emp_basic; ) void employee +: { emp_da=0 .52*emp_basic? : emp_it=0.30* (emp_basicremp_da) te ‘emp_basic+emp_da) ~emP— find_net_sal () oop-49 POPULAR PUBLICATIONS void employee { i cout<<"\n\n\nDetails of + cout<<*\n\nEmployee number: cout<<*\nBasic salary : cout<<"\nEmployee DA cout<<"\nIncome Tax : cout<<"\nNet Salary : ) int main() € employee emp(10]; int i,numj show_emp_details() *<>num; for (i=0; i . class M { protected: int m; public: void gét_m(int); Vi class N { protected: int n; public: void get_n(int); class P: public M, public'N public: void display (void) ; i void M::get_m(int x) { m=x; } void n::get_n(int y) ney; ) void P:: { Cout<<*"m="<

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