The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum

Sources Sizes of
of EMR EMR

GAMMA RAYS
∞Hz
1
m
9.22 EHz
∞
∞eV 36.5 pm 36.0 keV
30.3 keV 7.76 EHz
6.52 EHz 43.4 pm
51.6 pm 25.5 keV How to read this chart
21.4 keV 5.48 EHz
4.61 EHz 61.4 pm Gamma Ray 4.61 EHz • This chart is organized in octaves (frequency doubling/halving) starting at 1Hz and going higher (2,4,8, etc) and
Radioac- 73.0 pm 18.0 keV
15.1 keV 3.88 EHz lower (1/2, 1/4, etc). The octave is a natural way to represent frequency.
tive 0.1nm 3.26 EHz 86.8 pm
103 pm 12.7 keV
elements 2.74 EHz • Frequency increases in the upward direction. and wrap around from far right to far left.
123 pm 10.7 keV
2.31 EHz 9.00 keV 2.31 EHz
1.94 EHz 146 pm • There is no limit to either end of this chart, however, due to limited space, only the “known" items have been shown
174 pm 7.57 keV
6.36 keV 1.63 EHz here. A frequency of 0Hz is the lowest possible frequency but the method of depicting octaves used here does not
1.37 EHz 206 pm
245 pm 5.35 keV allow for ever reaching 0Hz, only approaching it. Also, by the definition of frequency (Cycles per second), there is
1.15 EHz Hard XRay 4.50 keV 1.15 EHz
969 PHz 292 pm no such thing as negative frequency.
Water 347 pm 3.78 keV
Molecule 3.18 keV 815 PHz • Values labels: Frequency in Hertz, Wavelength in meters, Energy in electronVolts.
686 PHz 413 pm
0.3 nm 491 pm 2.68 keV
576 PHz 2.25 keV 576 PHz
485 PHz 584 pm
Gamma Rays
X-RAYS

694 pm 1.89 keV

1.59 keV 408 PHz
1nm 343 PHz 826 pm
982 pm 1.34 keV • Gamma radiation is the highest energy radiation (up to ≈ 1020 eV) that has been measured. At this energy, the
288 PHz 1.13 keV 288 PHz
X-Ray 242 PHz 1.17 nm radiation could be from gamma-rays, protons, electrons, or something else.
1.39 nm 946 eV
machines 796 eV 204 PHz • Alpha, beta, and delta radiation are not electromagnetic but are actually parts of the atom being released from a
171 PHz 1.65 nm
1.96 nm 669 eV radioactive element. In some cases this can cause gamma radiation. These are not to be confused with brain waves
144 PHz Soft XRay 563 eV 144 PHz
121 PHz 2.33 nm of similar names.
2.78 nm 473 eV
398 eV 102 PHz
85.7 PHz 3.30 nm
3.93 nm 335 eV
72.1 PHz 72.1 PHz Ultraviolet Light (UV)
Ionizing radiation : Harmful to living tissue.

4.67 nm 281 eV
237 eV 60.6 PHz
51.0 PHz 5.55 nm
6.60 nm 199 eV • UV light is beyond the range of human vision. A bumblebee can see light in the UVA range which helps them
167 eV 42.8 PHz identify certain flowers.
10 nm

36.0 PHz 7.85 nm 36.0 PHz

10nm 9.34 nm 141 eV
118 eV 30.3 PHz • Short-term UV-A exposure causes sun-tanning which helps to protect against sunburn. Exposure to UV-B is
25.5 PHz 11.1 nm
13.2 nm 99.4 eV beneficial to humans by helping the skin produce vitamin D. Excessive UV exposure causes skin damage. UV-C is
83.6 eV 21.4 PHz
18.0 PHz 15.7 nm 18.0 PHz harmful to humans but is used as a germicide.
18.7 nm 70.3 eV
EUV 59.1 eV 15.1 PHz • The Sun produces a wide range of wavelengths including all the UV light, however, UVB is partially filtered by the
12.7 PHz 22.2 nm
26.4 nm 49.7 eV ozone layer and UVC is totally filtered out by the earth’s atmosphere.
41.8 eV 10.7 PHz
VUV

31.4 nm t)
9.01 PHz EUV (Extreme Ultraviole 37.4 nm 35.2 eV 9.01 PHz
29.6 eV 7.57 PHz
6.37 PHz 44.4 nm
24.9 eV Emission and Absorption
ULTRAVIOLET

5.36 PHz 52.8 nm

62.8 nm 20.9 eV
4.50 PHz 17.6 eV 4.50 PHz • As EMR passes through elements, certain wavelength bands get absorbed and some new ones get emitted. This
74.7 nm
400 nm 200 nm 100 nm

100nm 14.8 eV 3.79 PHz absorption and emission produces characteristic spectral lines for each element which are useful in determining the
3.18 PHz 88.9 nm
106 nm 12.4 eV makeup of distant stars. These lines are used to prove the red-shift amount of distant stars.
10.5 eV 2.68 PHz
FUV 2.25 PHz 126 nm 2.25 PHz
149 nm 8.79 eV • When a photon hits an atom it may be absorbed if the energy is just right. The energy level of the electron is raised
Virus UV-C 7.39 eV 1.89 PHz
1.59 PHz 178 nm – essentially holding the radiation. A new photon of specific wavelength is created when the energy is released.
211 nm 6.22 eV 340nm 320 315nm 280nm
300 nm

17− MUV 1.34 PHz UV-B The jump in energy is a discrete step and many possible discrete levels of energy exist in an atom.
251 nm 5.23 eV 400nm UV-A UV-A2
300nm 1.13 PHz UV-A1 4.39 eV 1.13 PHz
NUV B 947 THz 299 nm • Johann Balmer created this formula defining the photon emission
VISIBLE SPEC TRUM u u u
355 nm 3.7 0 eV 
m2

u u u u u u
3.11 eV 796 THz V wavelength (λ); where m is the initial electron energy level integer λ = 364.56nm
u u u u u
669 TH z 423 nm R VISIBLE SP ECTRUM u m − n2
2
VISIBLE 503 nm 2.61 eV u u u u u u
number and n is the final electron energy level integer number:
563 THz u u u u u
2.20 eV 563 THz
Datacom I u u u u u u u u u u u
473 THz 598 nm • Much of the interstellar matter is made of the simplest atom hydrogen. The hydrogen visible-spectrum emission
711 nm 1.85 eV
1.55 eV 398 THz and absorption lines are shown below:
335 THz 845 nm Telecom J
Light 1.01 µm 1.31 eV Hη
281 THz H EDFA EDFA Near Infrared 1.10 eV 281 THz Emission line
bulb 237 THz 1.20 µm
K 1.42 µm 924 meV
777 meV 199 THz Absorption line Hα Hβ Hγ Hδ Hǫ Hθ
167 THz 1.69 µm Balmer series name
2.01 µm 653 meV Hζ
Bacteria 141 THz 3µm 141 THz
2.39 µm 549 meV
3µm - u
462 meV 118 THz
99.5 THz 2.84 µm • Max Planck determined the relationship
800nm 3.38 µm 388 meV White Hot
83.7 THz

Power
327 meV between the temperature of an object and
70.4 THz 4.02 µm 70.4 THz Rλ =  37418
Thermal Infrared 275 meV Red Hot its radiation profile; where Rλ is the radi-

4.78 µm 14388 − 1
INFRARED

231 meV 59.2 THz

194 meV 49.8 THz 5.69 µm Hot ation power, λ is the wavelength, T is the λ ǫ λT
5

41.8 THz 6.76 µm CMB temperature:

8.04 µm 163 meV
35.2 THz 137 meV 35.2 THz Wavelength
29.6 THz 9.56 µm
Single 11.4 µm 115 meV
Cell 97.1 meV 24.9 THz
20.9 THz 13.5 µm
10µm 17.6 THz 16.1 µm 81.7 meV
17.6 THz
Visible Spectrum
19.1 µm 68.7 meV
30µm 57.7 meV 14.8 THz • The range of EMR visible to humans is called “Light". The visible spectrum also closely resembles the range of
People 12.4 THz 22.7 µm
u
27.1 µm 48.6 meV EMR that filters through our atmosphere from the Sun.
40.8 meV 10.5 THz
8.80 THz 32.2 µm 8.80 THz
Far Infrared 38.3 µm 34.3 meV • Other creatures see different ranges of visible light; for example bumble-bees can see ultraviolet light and dogs have
28.9 meV 7.40 THz
6.22 THz 45.5 µm a different response to colors than do humans.
54.1 µm 24.3 meV
20.4 meV 5.23 THz • The sky is blue because our atmosphere scatters light and the shorter wavelength blue gets scattered the most. It
4.40 THz 64.3 µm 100µm 4.40 THz
3TuHz 76.5 µm 17.2 meV appears that the entire sky is illuminated by a blue light but in fact that light is scattered from the Sun. The longer
3THz

14.4 meV 3.70 THz

3.11 THz 91.0 µm wavelengths like red and orange move straight through the atmosphere which makes the Sun look like a bright
108 µm 12. 1 me V
10.2 meV 2.62 THz white ball containing all the colors of the visible spectrum.
129 µm
Microwave µmm − band

2.20 THz 8.58 meV 2.20 THz

1.85 THz 153 µm • Interestingly, the visible spectrum covers approximately one octave (doubling/halving of frequency).
182 µm 7.22 meV
Terahertz rays

6.07 meV 1.55 THz • Astronomers use filters to capture specific wavelengths and reject unwanted wavelengths. The major astronomical
1.31 THz 216 µm
257 µm 5.10 meV (visual) filter bands are depicted as X
1.10 THz 4.29 meV 1.10 THz
925 GHz 306 µm
364 µm 3.61 meV
3.03 meV 777 GHz
654 GHz 433 µm
2.55 meV Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB)

600 GHz
550 GHz 515 µm 550 GHz CMB
612 µm 2.15 meV
1.80 meV 462 GHz • CMB radiation is the leftover heat from the hot early universe, which last scattered about 400,000 years
300GHz

389 GHz 728 µm

866 µm 1.52 meV after the Big Bang.
1.28 meV 327 GHz z
1.03 mm Water absorption 183GH
EHF Extremely High Frequency

275 GHz 1.07 meV 275 GHz • CMB permeates the entire universe at a temperature of 2.725 ± 0 001K.
231 GHz 1.22 mm
Microwave mm-band

T=2 725K

1.46 mm 902 µeV • Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson accidentally discovered CMB while working for Bell Telephone Labora-
759 µeV 194 GHz O2 absorption 118.75GH
z
163 GHz 1.73 mm tories in 1965.
2.06 mm 638 µeV
137 GHz 100GHz 536 µeV 137 GHz
2.45 mm • The intensity is measured in Mega Jansky (Jy) per steradian.
65 GHz

Microwave W-band
u
451 µeV 116 GHz
97.2 GHz 2.91 mm 60G Hz
3.46 mm 379 µeV O2 absorp tion 1Jy = 10−26 W/m2 /Hz
319 µeV 81.7 GHz 56GHz
68.7 GHz 4.12 mm Microwave V-band 68.7 GHz • Close examination of slight CMB intensity variations in different
46GHz
u
4.90 mm 268 µeV
400
MJy/sr

Microwave Q-band u 226 µeV 57.8 GHz parts of the sky help cosmologists study the formation of galaxies.
36G Hz 48.6 GHz 5.82 mm
6.9 3 mm 190 µeV rtz Above)
Microwave Ka-band (Ku WMAP photo by NASA
u
40.9 GHz
30GHz

8.2 4 mm 160 µeV Hz 27.25GHz

34.4 GHz Water absorption 22G u
9.79 mm 134 µeV 34.4 GHz
wa ve K-b and (Ku rtz) 113 µeV 28.9 GHz
SHF Super High Frequency

Micro 11.6 mm
Honey 18GHz
u
20.4 GHz 13.9 mm 94.8 µeV 24.3 GHz
Microwave Ku-band (Ku
rtz Under) Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)
Bee mm 79.8 µeV
MICROWAVE

16. 5
17.2 GH z 12.5GHz Ku-band TV 17.2 GHz
ut ut ut ut ut ut

• A LASER is a device that produces coherent monochromatic EMR of high intensity .

ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut

t) 67.1 µeV ut ut ut ut

z SI-time standard Microwave X-band (X marks the spo

ut ut ut ut ut ut ut

1.2cm ut ut ut ut ut

14.4 GHz 19.6 mm

Cs-133 9,192,631,770H
ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut
u
56.4 µeV
ut ut ut
ut ut ut ut ut ut

23.3 mm
ut ut

Radar
ut ut ut ut ut ut ut ut

12.1 GHz • With proper equipment, any EMR like visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays can be made to operate like
27.7 mm 47.4 µeV 8GHz
39.9 µeV 10.2 GHz a LASER. A MASER functions similarly to the LASER and is made with with microwaves and radio waves.
32.9 mm mpromise) u
8.59 GHz Wireless LAN Microwave C-band (Co 39.2 mm 33.5 µeV 8.59 GHz
28.2 µeV 7.22 GHz
6.07 GHz 46.6 mm 4GHz 18 20 22 24
55.4 mm 23.7 µeV 02 04 06 08 10
12 14 16
21 23 Television (TV)
19.9 µeV 5.11 GHz 01 03 05 07 09
11 13 15 17 19
65.9 mm ) u
4.29 GHz Microwave S-band (Short 16.8 µeV 4.29 GHz
• Terrestrial broadcast TV uses the VHF and UHF ranges (30MHz - 3GHz) 05 .
S
78.3 mm
3GHz

ITF
W-LAN en 3.61 GHz
ss pho ne 2.4 GH z 2.45GHz Microwave Ov 3.04 GHz 93.2 mm 14.1 µeV
Cordle 111 mm 11.9 µeV 2GHz • Satellite television is transmitted in the C-band (4 - 8 GHz) and Ku-band (12 - 18 GHz) where one of
05 ut
GPS
UHF Ultra High Frequency

Micro- 9.97 µeV 2.55 GHz

2.15 GH z 132 mm GPS (Long) Ion. u
2.15 GHz many satellites is shown. To eliminate interference, the stations are broadcast in alternating polarities, for example,
wave GP S H Mi cro wa ve L-b and Civil
157 mm 8.38 µeV
S GP S .
5 µeV 1.8 1 GH z Ch 1 is vertical and Ch 2 is horizontal and vice versa on neighboring satellites.
oven GPS GP Nuc
186 mm 7.0 1GHz
Space SoL Mil.
5.93 µeV 1.52 GHz PPP
P

1.2 8 GH z 222 mm 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75
76 77 78 79 80 8182
83 158 • TV channels transmitted through cable (CATV) are shown as 05 . CATV channels starting with “T-" are channels
264 mm 4.98 µeV 49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 u
fed back to the cable TV station (like news feeds).
1.07 GHz 37 38 39 40 41 42
43 44 45 46 47 48
4.19 µeV 1.07 GHz 6MHz
Football 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 93 94 100 903 MH z 313 mm
25 26 27
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92
373 mm 3.5 2 µeV 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
• Air and cable analog TV stations are broadcast with
308mm 76 77 78 79 80 759 MHz P P GMRS
14 15 16 17 4.5MHz
Microwave P-band
(Previous)
443 mm 2.96 µeV S Go v 3/4 m Ham FRS
67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75
76
the separate video, color, and audio frequency carriers
1.25MHz 3.58MHz
2.4 9 µeV 638 MH z SO 58 59 60 61 62 63
64 65 66 u u u

537 MHz 527 mm 53 54 55 56 57

537 MHz Video Color Audio
Cell Military 47 48 49 50 51 52
2.10 µeV grouped together in a channel band as follows:
40 41 42 43 44 45 46
451 MHz 627 mm
µeV
300MHz

phone 35 36 37 38 39
745 mm 1.7 6 • The 15.7 kHz horizontal sweep signal is a common contaminant to VLF listening .
32 33 34
1.48 µeV 380 MHz SOS Military
319 MHz 886 mm 1 14 m 30 31
1.05 m 1.2 5 µeV 12 13 26 27 28 29 • Digital compression methods are used for HDTV broadcasts in order to pack more channels into the same 6MHz
268 MHz 10 11
23 24 25
µeV 268 MHz
VHF Very High Frequency

9 5
7 8 11 12 13
1.25 m 1.0 bandwidth as analog TV.
P PP
Ma rine Mobile 07 08 09 10
881 neV 226 MHz
W 2m W 21 22 1.49 m
19 20
741 neV 190 MHz SOS Aeronautical
16 17 18
160 MH z 1.77 m FM Ra dio 107.9
2.1 1 m 623 neV 1 100 .1 104 .1 14
15
People 96.
1.8m
134 MHz
6
87.7 92.1
95
96
97
98
113 MHz
99
2.5 1 m 524 neV 134 MHz Radio Bands
5
06 2.98 m 441 neV
4
Remote Ctrl
05
370 neV 94.9 MHz • The radio spectrum (ELF to EHF) is populated by many more items than can be shown on this chart. Only a
4
79.8 MHz 3.55 m 3

4.2 2 m 312 neV (In) Bab y 6m Ham Radio 2 3

small sampling of the bands used around the world are shown. Each country has its own rules and regulations for
67.1 MH z Cordless Pho ne (Ou t) mon . 2
neV 67.1 MHz
T-14
z 5.0 1 m 262 allotting bands in this region. FCC , CRTC , OFCOM , BNA , CII ...
T-13 220 neV 56. 4 MH
47.5 MHz 5.96 m
T-12
7.09 m 185 neV 10m Ham • Communication by EMR is done by modulating the carrier waveform:
30MHz

T-11
39. 9 MH z 11m CB
8.43 m 156 neV
33.6 MHz 15m 13m Marine T-10 131 neV 33.6 MHz
Aero 28. 2 MHz 10.0 m
Marine 16m 11.9 m 110 neV
T-9
92.6 neV 23.7 MHz 19m
House T-8
20. 0 MH z 14.2 m 22m 20m
HF High Frequency

16. 9 m 77. 9 neV Aer o 25m Ma rine No modulation Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM)
12m 16.8 MHz T-8
65.5 neV 16.8 MHz
Aero International Intnl. and relays 14.1 MHz 20.1 m
Short Wave radio

Marine 23. 9 m 55. 1 neV • RAdio Detecting And Ranging (RADAR) uses microwaves to detect the distance and speed of objects.
T-7
46.3 neV 11.9 MHz
9.98 MHz 28.4 m 40m Ham
33.7 m 38. 9 neV 49m Marine Aero • Citizens Band Radio (CB) contains 40 stations between 26.965 - 27.405MHz CB . Schumann resonances are
8.39 MHz 32.7 neV 8.39 MHz
Aero 7.0 5 MH z 40.1 m produced in the cavity between the Earth and the ionosphere S . Hydrogen gas emits radio band EMR at 21cm
60m 47.7 m 27.5 neV
Tropics 23.2 neV 5.93 MHz H . Time / frequency standards shown as . Other individual frequencies are represented as icons:
Marine MH z 56.7 m Marine
67.5 m 19.5 neV 4.9 9 80m Ham Radio
4.19 MHz 90m Aero 16. 4 neV 4.19 MHz Submarine P Pager GMRS General Mobile Radio Service
3MHz

Aeronautical 3 MHz 80.2 m xxHz

s rine 13. 8 neV 3.5
SOS 120m Tropic Ma
2.97 MHz 95.4 m xxm Ham / international W Weather Short wave
Football Marine 113 m 11.6 neV
RADIO WAVES

9.7 4 neV 2.4 9 MH z 160 Meters Ham Radio Marine

MF Medium Frequency

Field 2.10 MHz 135 m 0 1600 aco ns 2.10 MHz

140 0 150 X-B and Be m 8.1 9 neV FRS Family Radio Service Wireless Mic. Cellular Phones 3G 4G 5G
100m 1300 1.76 MHz 160
120 0 191 m 6.8 8 neV International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard morse code.
1100 5.79 neV 1.48 MHz
227 m 1000
4.8 7 neV 1.25 MHz AM Ra dio 900 A K U 0 &
1.05 MH z 270 m 800 1.05 MHz
700 z 321 m 4.09 neV B L V 1 -
Radio 4 neV 882 kH
600 382 m 3.4 C M W 2 =
tower 540 2.89 neV 741 kHz SOS W
kH z 454 m
540 m 2.4 3 neV 623
e Beacons D N X 3 ,
524 kHz Morse cod neV 524 kHz
642 m 2.0 5 E O Y 4 ’
EU&Asia AM atio nal Be aco ns 2 neV 441 kHz
300kHz

Marine Ra dio Na vig 763 m 1.7 F P Z 5 +

1.45 neV 371 kHz
312 kH z 908 m Eu rope and Asia AM Marine Radio G Q 6 ?
1.08 km 1.2 2 neV
262 kHz Navigational Beacons 1.02 neV 262 kHz H R . 7 "
220 kHz 1.28 km
erg enc y Ne two rk 3 km 860 peV I S @ 8 /
Maritime Mobile Ground Wave Em 1.5
LF Low Frequency

724 peV 185 kHz

156 kHz 1.82 km Maritime Mobile J T : 9 SOS
2.1 6 km 608 peV Radiolocation
131 kH z 512 peV 131 kHz
LORAN-C navigation 110 kH z 2.5 7 km
430 peV
Long Wave radio

92.7 kHz 3.05 km

Maritime Mobile 3.63 km 362 peV
65.5 kHz 4.32 km 304 peV 77. 9 kH z
Maritime Mobile
65.5 kHz
Sound
256 peV
Ultrasonic

55.1 kHz 5.1 3 km • Although sound, ocean waves, and heartbeats are not electromagnetic, they are included on this
40.75kHz 6.11 km 215 peV
181 peV 46.3 kHz chart as a frequency reference. Other properties of electromagnetic waves are different from sound
Maritime Mobile 39.0 kHz 7.26 km b b
30.0kH
b b b b z
30kHz

b b b b b b b
b b b b b b b b
8.6 4 km 152 peV b b b b b b b b b b b b
waves.
32.8 kHz z 24k b
Hz 128 peV 32.8 kHz
21.4kHz 22.3kH me Mobile 27.6 kHz 10.3 km
• Sound waves are caused by an oscillating compression of molecules. Sound cannot travel in a vacuum
z 18. 6kH z Ma riti 2 km 108 peV
VLF Very Low Frequency

17.8kH 23.2 kHz 12.

14.5 km 90.4 peV such as outer space.
Maritime Mobile 76. 1 peV 19.5 kHz 13.6kHz 14.7kHz 15.5kHz
16.4 kHz 17.3 km Maritime Mobile 16.4 kHz • The speed of sound in air at sea level is 1240kph (770mph), and much faster in water at 5328kph
z 20. 5 km 64.0 peV
Radionavigation 53. 8 peV 13. 8 kH
24.4 km (3311mph).
45.2 peV 11.6 kHz
9.7 4 kH z 29.0 km
34.5 km 38.0 peV • Humans can only hear sound between ≈20Hz to ≈20kHz. Some bats can hear sound up to 200kHz.
8.19 kHz 32.0 peV 8.19 kHz
6.89 kHz 41.1 km • Infrasound (below 20Hz) can be sensed by internal organs and touch. Frequencies in the 0.2Hz range
48.8 km 26. 9 peV
22.6 peV 5.79 kHz are often the cause of motion sickness.
4.87 kHz 58.1 km
69.1 km 19. 0 peV
4.10 kHz 16.0 peV 4.10 kHz • The 88 piano keys of the Equal Temperament scale are accurately located on the frequency chart.
3kHz

3.4 4 kH z 82.2 km
97.7 km 13.4 peV
2.90 kHz The musical note A (A4 or A440 at 440Hz) is depicted on the chart as A4 .
z 116 km 11.3 peV
9.51 peV 2.4 4 kH
2.05 kHz 138 km 2.05 kHz • Over the ages people have striven to divide the continuous audio frequency spectrum into individual
164 km 7.99 peV
6.7 2 peV 1.72 kHz musical notes that have harmonious relationships besides the octave. Microtonal musicians study
1.45 kHz 195 km
Human Audible range

z 232 km 5.65 peV various scales. One recent count lists 4700 different musical scales.
4.75 peV 1.2 2 kH
1.02 kHz 276 km 1.02 kHz
ELF Extremely Low Frequency

329 km 4.00 peV

Induction 3.3 6 peV 861 Hz
Heating 465 km 2.83 peV 724 Hz 391 km Gravitational Waves
2.3 8 peV 609 Hz 400Hz A4
512 Hz 553 km 512 Hz • Gravity is the mysterious force which holds large objects together and binds our planets, stars, and
Airplane Power 657 km 2.00 peV
1.6 8 peV 431 Hz galaxies together. No links have been established between gravity and electromagnetic radiation or
362 Hz 782 km
929 km 1.41 peV the other physical forces like; the Weak force, the Electromagnetic force, and the Strong force.
1.19 peV 304 Hz
256 Hz 1.11 Mm 180Hz 256 Hz • Gravity is theorized to warp space and time. In fact, gravity is responsible for bending light as
999 feV
150Hz 3rd harmonic feV 215 Hz 1.31 Mm
3rd harmonic 1.56 Mm 840 observed by the gravity-lens example of distant stars and galaxies.
707 feV 181 Hz 120Hz Lights
152 Hz 1.86 Mm 100 Hz Lig hts p= • “Gravitational waves” appear as ripples in space-time travelling at the speed of light. Long theorized,
2.21 Mm 594 feV
128 Hz p= 500 feV 128 Hz a gravitational wave was first detected in 2015, and was caused by the merger of two black holes
108 Hz 2.6 3 Mm
76Hz 3.1 3 Mm 420 feV 1.4 billion light years away.
353 feV 90.5 Hz 60Hz Power
76.1 Hz 3.72 Mm 50Hz Power v=
4.42 Mm 297 feV
64.0 Hz S v= 250 feV 64.0 Hz
S 53. 8 Hz 5.2 6 Mm
S γ (Gamma brain wa ves )
177 feV 45.3 Hz 6.25 Mm 210 feV Brain Waves
38. 1 Hz 7.44 Mm 30Hz
30Hz

Power 149 feV S • By connecting electrodes from the human head to an electroencephalograph (EEG), it is possible to
32.0 Hz 8.84 Mm gh Be ta bra in wa ves ) 32.0 Hz
Lines β (Hi 10.5 Mm 125 feV measure very small cyclic electrical signals.
S 26.9 Hz
ULF Ultra Low Frequency

(50,60Hz) ) 18H z 105 feV

Earth β (Mid Beta brain waves 88.3 feV 22.6 Hz 12.5 Mm
• There has been much study on this topic, but like all effects on humans, the findings are not as
19.0 Hz 14.9 Mm ) S 15Hz
12,756 17.7 Mm 74. 3 feV
12Hz β (Low Beta brain waves sound as the science of materials.
Subsonic - Infrasound

16.0 Hz 62.5 feV 16.0 Hz

km
α (Alpha brain waves) 13.5 Hz 21.0 Mm
25. 0 Mm 52. 5 feV • Generally, lower brain wave frequencies relate to sleep, and the higher frequencies relate to alertness.
8Hz 44.2 feV 11.3 Hz S 8Hz
9.51 Hz 29.7 Mm • Devices have been made for measuring and stimulating brain waves to achieve a desired state.
35. 4 Mm 37. 1 feV
8.0 0 Hz θ (Theta brain wa ves ) 31.2 feV 8.00 Hz
6.73 Hz 42.1 Mm
50.0 Mm 26. 3 feV
22.1 feV 5.66 Hz Système International d’Unités prefixes (SI unit prefixes)
4.7 6 Hz 59.5 Mm
70.7 Mm 18.6 feV Symbol Prefix Exp. Name Multiplier
4.00 Hz 3Hz 15.6 feV 4.00 Hz
3Hz

3.36 Hz 84.1 Mm
100 Mm 13. 1 feV Y yotta 1024 Septillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
11.0 feV 2.83 Hz
feV 2.38 Hz 119 Mm Z zetta 1021 Sextillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
141 Mm 9.2 8
2.00 Hz 7.81 feV 2.00 Hz Heart E exa 1018 Quintillion 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
1.68 Hz 168 Mm
200 Mm 6.56 feV beats P peta 1015 Quadrillion 1,000,000,000,000,000
5.52 feV 1.41 Hz
1.19 Hz 238 Mm T tera 1012 Trillion 1,000,000,000,000
One cycle 283 Mm 4.6 4 feV
1.00 Hz δ (Delta brain waves) 1.00 Hz G giga 109 Billion 1,000,000,000
per second 337 Mm 3.90 feV
Human 3.2 8 feV 841 mHz M mega 106 Million 1,000,000
707 mHz 400 Mm
Brain
z 476 Mm 2.76 feV k kilo 103 Thousand 1,000
2.32 feV 595 mH
500 mHz 566 Mm 500 mHz 100 1
673 Mm 1.95 feV
1.6 4 feV 420 mHz m milli 10-3 Thousandth 0.001
354 mHz 800 Mm µ micro 10-6 Millionth 0.000 001
952 Mm 1.38 feV
1.1 6 feV 297 mHz n nano 10-9 Billionth 0.000 000 001
250 mHz 1.13 Gm 250 mHz
z 1.35 Gm 976 aeV p pico 10-12 Trillionth 0.000 000 000 001
821 aeV 210 mH
177 mHz 1.60 Gm f femto 10-15 Quadrillionth 0.000 000 000 000 001
z 1.90 Gm 690 aeV
580 aeV 149 mH a atto 10-18 Quintillionth 0.000 000 000 000 000 001
125 mHz 2.26 Gm 0.1Hz 125 mHz
2.69 Gm 488 aeV z zepto 10-21 Sextillionth 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001
410 aeV 105 mHz
88.4 mHz 3.20 Gm Ocean y yocto 10-24 Septillionth 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001
z 3.81 Gm 345 aeV
290 aeV 74. 3 mH waves
62.5 mHz 4.53 Gm 62.5 mHz Measurements on this chart Formulas
5.38 Gm 244 aeV
205 aeV 52.6 mHz Symbol Name Value
44.2 mHz 6.40 Gm E = h·f
7.61 Gm 173 aeV
37.2 mHz 2.997 924 58 ×108 m s−1
31.2 mHz 9.05 Gm 145 aeV
31.2 mHz
c Speed of Light λ = c
1
Hz 122 aeV h Planck’s Constant 6.626 1 ×10−34 J·s f
∞ 26. 3 mH z 10.8 Gm
Sources Sizes of
∞m
22.1 mHz 12.8 Gm 103 aeV Pressure h̄ Planck’s Constant (freq) 1.054 592 ×10−34 J·s f = c
1
eV 15.2 Gm 86.3 aeV Energy waves λ
of EMR EMR ∞
Freque ncy Wa vel eng th f Frequency (cycles / second) Hz
λ Wavelength (meters) m 1Å = 0.1nm
E Energy (Joules) J (6.24 ×1018 eV) 1nm = 10Å
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Polarization Refraction
• EMR is emitted in discrete units called photons but has properties of • EMR will travel through space • Refraction, or bending of
waves. EMR can be created by the oscillation or acceleration of electrical linearly with no rotation, or el- EMR, is dependent on wave-
Reflection Infrared Radiation (IR)
charge or magnetic field. EMR travels through space at the speed of light liptically or circularly where its length. All wavelengths of • Reflection of EMR is dependent on wave- • IR is sensed by humans as heat and is below the range of human
(c = 2.99792458 × 108 m s−1 ). EMR consists of an oscillating electrical axis of electrical and magnetic EMR can be refracted by length as demonstrated when visible light vision. All creatures emit IR, and snakes can detect it.
and magnetic field at right angles to each other and spaced at a particular fluctuations are rotated. The using the proper materials. and radio waves bounce off objects that • IR remote control signals are invisible to the human eye but can
Linear Elliptical Circular
wavelength. electrical field is shown here: White light can be spread by X-Rays would pass through. Microwaves, be detected by some electronic cameras.
Ele • Some crystals cause the photon to rotate its polarization. refraction into a spectrum of which have a large wavelength compared
ctr • Night vision scopes/gog-
ic
Fie its composite colors with a Glass prism to visible light, will bounce off metal
ld
Str
• Receivers that expect polarized photons will not accept photons that are in other gles use a special camera
So eng So glass prism. mesh in a microwave oven whereas vis-
urc th urc polarities. (ex. satellite dish receivers have horizontal and vertical polarity positions). that senses IR and con-
ible light will pass through.
-B

e e
• Convex and concave verts the image to visible
• Polarized filters (like PolaroidTM sunglasses) can be used to
lenses make objects Source light. Some IR cameras
Sp demonstrate polarized light. One filter will only let photons θi θr
ace appear closer and further employ an IR lamp to help
M

that have one polarity through. Two overlapping filters at

ag
ne

-E and are used to cor-

ti

NASA/IPAC illuminate the view.

c

right angles will almost completely block the light that exits.
F
ie

rect far-sightedness and

ld

Convex Concave • A demonstration of IR is to hold a metal bowl in front of your

St

Sp The Dirac three polarizers experiment shows that a third filter

re

near-sightedness.
ng

ace face. The IR emitted by your body will be reflected back using
Reflector
th

inserted between the first two at 45◦ allows some light to come
Wave Nature Particle Nature out the end of all three filters. • Heavy objects like dense the parabolic shape of the bowl and you will feel the heat.
galaxies, stars, and large • EMR of any wavelength can be reflected,
• The particle nature is exhibited when a dimly lit solar cell emits individual • Reflections from an electrical insulator are polarized. Conductive reflectors do not however, the reflectivity of a material • IR LASERs are used for cutting material.
electrons. The wave nature is demonstrated by the double slit experiment planets cause light to bend
polarize EMR. depends on many factors including the • Fiber-optic based infrared communication signals are sometimes
due to gravitational lensing
STScI

that shows cancellation and addition of waves. wavelength of the incident beam. amplified with Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers EDFA
• Light from a rainbow is polarized due to the reflection inside the water droplets. as seen here in galaxy clus-
• The wavelength of EMR is changed when the source is receding or ap- ter Abell 2218: • The angle of incidence (θi ) and angle of
• Moonlight is slightly polarized. Rotating a polarized sunglass lens causes the moon-
proaching. Red-shift makes high-speed receding stars and galaxies appear reflection (θr ) are the same.
light to dim and brighten slightly.
more red. c
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