Question Bank-Unit 1

(Propositional Logic)
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1 Which of these sentences are propositions? What are the truth values of those that are 1 K1 L N
propositions? a) 2 + 3 = 5. b ) Answer this question. (1/12/KR)

2 Check whether these statements are wff or not:(a) (p˅q) ∧∼r (b) p˅q∧r 2 K2 M N

3 Check whether these statements are wff or not: (a) (p∧(q∧r))→s (b) ((p˅q)∧r→q) 2 K2 M N

4 Determine whether these biconditionals are true or false. 2 K2 M N

a) 2 + 2 = 4 if and only if 1 + 1 = 2. b) 1 + 1 = 2 if and only if 2 + 3 = 4.

5 Determine whether these biconditionals are true or false. 2 K2 M N

a) 1 + 1 = 3 if and only if monkeys can fly. b) 0 > 1 if and only if 2 > 1.
(16/14/KR)

6 Determine whether each of these conditional statements is true or false. 2 K2 M N

a) If 1 + 1 = 2, then 2 + 2 = 5. b) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 4.
(17/14/KR)

7 Determine whether each of these conditional statements is true or false. 2 K2 M N

a) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 5. b) If monkeys can fly, then 1 + 1 = 3.
(17/14/KR)

8 State the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of the conditional statements. 1 K1 L N

If it snows today, I will ski tomorrow.
(27/15/KR)

9 State the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of each of these conditional 1 K1 L N

statements.
I come to class whenever there is going to be a quiz.
(27/15/KR)
10. State the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of the conditional statements. 1 K1 L N
A positive integer is a prime only if it has no divisors other than 1 and itself.
(27/15/KR)

11 Let P(x) denote the statement “x ≤ 4.” What are these truth values? 2 K2 M N
a) P(4) b) P(6) (1/53/KR)

12 .Let P(x) be the statement “x = x2.” If the domain consists of the integers, what are 2 K2 M N
these truth values?
a) P(0) b) ∀xP(x) (11/53/KR)

13 Let P(x) be the statement “x = x2.” If the domain consists of the integers, what are 2 K2 M N
these truth values?
a) P(1) b) ∃xP(x) (11/53/KR)

14 Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain consists of all 2 K2 M N
integers.
a) ∀n(n + 1 > n) b) ∃n(2n = 3n) (13/53/KR)

15 Determine the truth value of each of these statements if the domain consists of all 2 K2 M N
integers.
a) ∃n(n = −n) b) ∀n(3n ≤ 4n) (13/53/KR)

16 Define Skolemization. 1 K1 L N
17 Define Skolem constant. 1 K1 L N
18 Define skolem function. 1 K1 L N
19 Let p, q, r denote the statements “It is raining”, “It is cold”, and “It is pleasant”, 3 K3 M Y
respectively. Then the statement “It is not raining and it is pleasant, and it is
not pleasant only if it is raining and it is cold” is represented by
(a) (￢p ∧ r ) ∧ (￢r → (p ∧ q)) (b) (￢p ∧ r ) ∧ ((p ∧ q) →￢r)
(c) (￢p ∧ r ) ∨ ((p ∧ q) →￢r) (d) (￢p ∧ r ) ∨ (r → (p ∧ q))
(GATE 2017, 1 mark)

20 Which one of the following is not equivalent to p↔q? 2 K2 M Y

(a) (￢p ∨ q ) ∧ (p ∨ ￢q) (b) (￢p ∨ q ) ∧ (q→ p)
(c) (￢p ∧ q ) ∨ (p ∧ ￢q) (d) (￢p ∧ ￢ q ) ∨ (p ∧ q)
(GATE 2015, 1 mark)
21 Let p, q, and r be propositions and the expression (p→q) →r be a contradiction. Then 2 K2 M Y
the expression (r→p) →q is
(a) a tautology (b) a contradiction
(c) always TRUE when p is FALSE (d) always TRUE when q is TRUE
(GATE 2017, 2 mark)

22. The statement (￢p) → (￢q ) is logically equivalent to : 2 K2 M Y

I. p → q II. q → p III. (￢q) ∨ p IV. (￢p) ∨ q
(a) I only (b) I and IV only
(c) II only (d) II and III only (GATE 2017, 1 mark)

23. Consider the following two statements: 3 K3 M Y

S1: If a candidate is known to be corrupt, then he will not be elected.
S2: If a candidate is kind, he will be elected.
Which one of the following statements follows from S1 and S2 as per
sound inference rules of logic?
(a) If a person is known to be corrupt, he is kind. (b) If a person is not known to be
corrupt, he is not kind.
(c) If a person is kind, he is not known to be corrupt. (d) If a person is not kind, he is
not known to be corrupt. (GATE2015,1)

24 Let p,q,r,s represent the following propositions: 2 K2 M Y

, q: x is a composite number, r: x is a perfect square, s: x

is a prime number
The integer which satisfies ￢((p→q ) ∧ (￢r ∨￢s) ) is……………………
(GATE2016,1)

25 Which one of the following well formed formula in predicate calculus is 2 K2 M Y

NOT valid?(a) (∀x p(x) →∀x q(x)) →(∃x ￢p(x) ∨ ∀x q(x)) (b) (∃x p(x)
∨∃x q(x)) →∃x (p(x) ∨ q(x)) (c) ∃x (p(x) ∧ q(x)) →(∃x p(x) ∧∃x q(x)) (d)
∀x( p(x) ∨ q(x)) →(∀x p(x) ∨ ∀x q(x)) (GATE 2016, 2 mark)

26 What is the logical translation of the following statements? “ None of my friends 2 K2 M Y

are perfect”
(a) ∃x(F(x) ∧￢P(x)) (b) ∃x(￢F(x) ∧ P(x))
(c) ∃x(￢F(x) ∧￢P(x)) (d) ￢∃x(F(x) ∧ P(x)) (GATE 2013, 2 mark)

27 Consider the statement:“ Not all that glitters is gold” 2 K2 M Y

 Predicate glitters(x) is true if x glitters and predicate gold(x) is true if x is
gold.
Which one of the following logical formula represents the above
statement?
(a) ∀x:glitters(x) →￢gold(x) (b) ∀x: gold(x) → glitters(x)
(c) ∃x: gold(x) ∧￢glitters(x) (d) ∃x: glitters (x) ∧￢gold (x)
(GATE 2014, 1 mark)

28 Construct a truth table for each of these compound propositions. 2 K2 M N

a) (p → q) ↔ (￢q →￢p) b) (p → q) → (q → p) (31/15/KR)

29 Construct a truth table for each of these compound propositions. 2 K2 M N

a) (p ∨ q) → (p ⊕ q) b) (p ⊕ q) → (p ⊕￢q) (33/15/KR)

30 Use De Morgan’s laws to find the negation of each of the following 2 K2 M N

statements. a) Jasbir is rich and happy b) Rajan will bicycle or run
tomorrow. (7/34/KR)

31 Use De Morgan’s laws to find the negation of each of the following 2 K2 M N

statements. a) Shakila walks or takes the bus to class. b) Ibrahim is
smart and hard working. (7/34/KR)

24 Show that each of these conditional statements is a tautology by using 3 K3 M

truth tables. (And then without using the truth tables.)
a) (p ∧ q) → p b) p → (p ∨ q) c) ￢p → (p → q) (9, 11/35/KR)

25 Show that each of these conditional statements is a tautology by using 3 K3 M N

truth tables. (And then without using the truth tables.)
(a) (p ∧ q) → (p → q) ( b) ￢(p → q) → p (c) ￢(p → q)→￢q
(9, 11/35/KR)

26 Show that (p → q) ∧ (q → r) → (p → r) is a tautology. (29/35/KR) 3 K3 M N

27 Show that two compound propositions are logically equivalent: 3 K3 M N

a) ￢(p ↔ q) and p ↔￢q b). ￢p ↔ q and p ↔￢q
c) ￢(p ↔ q) and ￢p ↔ q (17,19,21,23/35/KR)
28 Show that two compound propositions are logically equivalent: 3 K3 M N
(p → r) ∧ (q → r) and (p ∨ q) → r (17,19,21,23/35/KR)

29 Show that (p → q) → r and p → (q → r) are not logically equivalent. 3 K3 M N

(31/35/KR)

30. Show that two compound propositions are logically implied: 2 K2 M N

M3 Show that two compound propositions are logically implied: 3 K3 M N

1

32 Determine whether each of these compound propositions is satisfiable. 2 K2 M N

a) (p ∨￢q) ∧ (￢p ∨ q) ∧ (￢p ∨￢q) b) (p → q) ∧ (p →￢q) ∧ (￢p
→ q) ∧ (￢p →￢q) c) (p ↔ q) ∧ (￢p ↔ q)
(61,62/36/KR)

33 Find the dual of each of these compound propositions. 2 K2 M N

a) p ∧￢q ∧￢r b) (p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ s c) (p ∨ F) ∧ (q ∨ T)
(35/35/KR)

34 Find the Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) of (p ∨ q)→¬r. (31/35/KR) 2 K2 M N

35 Find the Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) of (∼p →r)∧ (p↔ q). (Ex 3 K3 M N
4.28/4.26/SS)

36 Find the Disjunctive Normal Form (DNF) of p↔ (∼p ˅∼q). ). (Ex 3 K3 M N

4.27/4.25/SS)

37 Put the following into Conjunctive Normal form 3 K3 M N

.(42/35/KR)

38 Put the following into Conjunctive Normal form (p∧q)˅(∼p∧q∧r). (Ex 3 K3 M N

4.26/4.25/SS)
M3 Put the following into Conjunctive Normal form (p˅∼q)→q(Ex 4.27/4.25/SS) 3 K3 M N
9

40 Translate each of these statements into logical expressions using 3 K2 M N

predicates, quantifiers, and logical connectives. a) No one is perfect. b)
Not everyone is perfect. c) All your friends are perfect. d) At least one of
your friends is perfect. e) Everyone is your friend and is perfect. f ) Not
everybody is your friend or someone is not perfect. (25/54/KR)

41 Find the argument form for the following argument and determine 1 K1 L N
whether it is valid. Can we conclude that the conclusion is true if the
premises are true?
If Socrates is human, then Socrates is mortal.
Socrates is human.
∴ Socrates is mortal. (1/78/KR)

42 Check the validity of the following arguments: Show that the premises “It 2 K2 M N
is not sunny this afternoon and it is colder than yesterday,” “We will go
swimming only if it is sunny,” “If we do not go swimming, then we will
take a canoe trip,” and “If we take a canoe trip, then we will be home by
sunset” lead to the conclusion “We will be home by sunset.”

43 1 K1 L N
Consider the argument:
“If you invest in the stock market, then you will get rich”
“if you get rich, then you will be happy”
therefore” if you invest in the stock market, then you will be happy”
check whether the given argument is valid.
44 Use rules of inference to show that the hypotheses “Randy works hard,” 2 K2 M N
“If Randy works hard, then he is a dull boy,” and “If Randy is a dull
boy, then he will not get the job” imply the conclusion “Randy will not
get the job.” (5/78/KR)

45 For each of these arguments, explain which rules of inference are used for 2 K2 M N
each step: “Danish, a student in this class, knows how to write programs
in JAVA. Everyone who knows how to write programs in JAVA can get a
 high-paying job. Therefore, someone in this class can get a high-paying
job.”

46 Determine whether each of these arguments is valid. If an 2 K2 M N

argument is correct, what rule of inference is being used? If it is
not, what logical error occurs?
a) If n is a real number such that n > 1, then n2 > 1. Suppose that n2
> 1. Then n > 1.
b) If n is a real number with n > 3, then n2 > 9. Suppose that n2 ≤ 9.
Then n ≤ 3.
c) If n is a real number with n > 2, then n2 > 4. Suppose that n ≤ 2.
Then n2 ≤ 4. (19/79/KR)

47 Check the following systems for consistency: 2 K2 M N

a) p→q,p→r,q→∼r,p (b) p→(q→r),q→(r→s),p∧q∧∼s

48 Test the validity of the following argument: All integers are 2 K2 M N

irrational numbers.Some integers are powers of 2.Therefore,some
irrational number is a power of 2.

49 Test the validity of the following argument: If philosopher are not 2 K2 M N

money-minded and some money-minded persons are not
clever,then there are some persons who are neither philosopher
nor clever.

50 Test the validity of the following argument: It is not the case that if 2 K2 M N
the price of petrol goes up,then the demand for two wheelers goes
down. It is not true that either an alternative source of energy will
be invented or the income of Indian Railways will not
increase..Therfore the demand for two wheelers will not go down
and the income of Indian Railways will increase.

51 Prove that if n is an integer and 3n+2 is odd, then n is odd. 3 K3 M N

(Ex3/76/KR)

52 Give a direct proof of the theorem “If n is an odd integer, then n2 is 3 K3 M N

odd.” (Ex1/75/KR)
53 3 K3 M N
Prove that if n is an integer and n is odd, then n is odd.
2

(Ex8/78/KR)

54 3 K3 M N
Prove that is irrational by giving a proof by contradiction.
(Ex10/78/KR)

55 Give a proof by contradiction of the theorem “If 3n+2 is odd, then n is 3 K3 M N

odd”. (Ex11/79/KR)

56 Skolemize”Every philosopher writes at least one book.” 4 K4 H N

57 Skolemize” ” 4 K4 H N

58 Skolemize” ” 4 K4 H N

59 Skolemize” ” 4 K4 H N

60 Translate these statements into English, where C(x) is “x is a 4 K4 H N

comedian” and F(x) is “x is funny” and the domain consists of all
people.
a) ∀x(C(x) → F(x)) b) ∀x(C(x) ∧ F(x))
c) ∃x(C(x) → F(x)) d) ∃x(C(x) ∧ F(x)) (7/53/KR)