(EE 321) ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 - BS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Topics for Second Semester:

1. Transformers ● Experiment 10: Regulation of Alternator

Using Synchronous Impedance Method &
Lecture: MMF Method
● Types and Construction of Transformers
● The Ideal Transformer 4. Parallel Operations of Synchronous Generators
● Theory of Operation of Real Transformer
● The Equivalent Circuit of Transformer Lecture:
● The Per-unit System ● Paralleling Generators
● Transformer Voltage Regulation and ● Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive
Efficiency Power Characteristics of a Synchronous
● The Autotransformer Generator
● Three-Phase Transformer ● Operation of Generators in Parallel with
Large Power Systems
Laboratory: ● Operation of Generators in Parallel with
● Laboratory 1: Reading and Understanding Other Generators of the Same Size.
the Nameplate of a Transformer
● Experiment 2: Open Circuit & Short Circuit 5. Induction Motors
Test on a single phase Transformer
Lecture:
2. AC Machinery Fundamentals ● Basic Concept and Construction of Induction
Motors
Lecture: ● Equivalent Circuit, Power, and Torque of an
● The Rotating Magnetic Field Induction Motor
● Magnetomotive Force and FLux Distribution ● Induction Motor Torque-Speed
on AC Machines Characteristics & Its Variations
● Induced Torque & Voltage in AC Machines ● Starting Induction Motors
● Winding Insulation in an AC Machine ● Speed Control of Induction Motors
● AC Machine Power Flows and Losses
● Voltage Regulation and Speed Regulation Laboratory:
● Experiment 11: No load and blocked rotor
3. Synchronous Machines test on a three phase induction motor
● Experiment 12: Load Test on 3-phase AC slip
Lecture: ring and 1-phase Induction Motor
● Synchronous Machine Construction ● Experiment 13: Equivalent Circuit of a single
● Speed Rotation, Internal Generated Voltage, phase induction motor
Equivalent Circuit, Phasor Diagram, Power,
and Torque of a Synchronous Generator. 6. Basic Motor Controls
● Measuring Synchronous Generator Model
Parameters Laboratory:
● The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone ● Experiment 14: Understanding the functions
● Synchronous Motors of Major Components of a Control Circuit
● Steady-State Synchronous Motor Operation ● Experiment 15: Jog Start
● Experiment 16: Direct-On-Line Starter
● Starting Synchronous Motors ● Experiment 17: Forward - Reverse (with &
● The Relationship Between Synchronous without timer)
Generator and Synchronous Motor ● Experiment 18: Delta-Wye Starter
● Synchronous Machine Ratings ● Experiment 19: Control Circuits with
sensors/switches
Laboratory:
● Experiment 6: Reading and Understanding 7. Project Output and Presentation
the Nameplate, and Identifying parts of AC Design Details - 25%
Generator. Design Concept - 20%
● Experiment 7: Reading and Understanding Project Accuracy - 25%
the Nameplate, and Identifying parts of an AC Quality of Prototype Construction - 20%
Motor . Presentation - 10%
● Experiment 8: Insulation Resistance Test on 100%
AC Generator Note: Must submit a Logbook every end of the
● Experiment 9: Insulation Resistance Test on laboratory class.
3, 6, and 9 leads AC Motors
 (EE 321) ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 - BS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

TRANSFORMERS First Law: Whenever flux linking a coil or current

changes, an emf is induced in it.
Transformers - is an electrical device that transfers Second Law: The magnitude of the induced emf
electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit by is proportional to the rate of change of flux linkages.
electromagnetic induction without a change in frequency.

Types and Characteristics of Transformers:

where: e = (instantaneous) induced voltage
Classification of transformers according to voltage or N = number of turns in wire coil
current transformation: Φ = magnetic flux in webers
● Step-up Transformer t = time in seconds
● Step-down Transformer
Induced EMF Equation of a Transformer:
Classification of transformers according to construction of
windings:
● Induction-type transformer
● Auto-type transformer

Classification of transformers according to shape of the

iron core:
● E-type or shell-type
● I - type
● O-type or core type

Classification according to uses:

● Current Transformers
● Voltage Transformers
● Street-lighting transformers
● Distribution Transformers
● Substation Transformers
● Power Transmission Transformers

Classification according to installation requirements:

● One switchboards
● Indoor Transformers The Ideal Transformer
● Out-of-door transformers - Winding resistance and reactance are negligible
● In Manholes and Vaults - Core loss is negligible
- Entire magnetic flux completely links all windings
Classification according to phases:
● Single-phase transformers
● Three-phase transformers
● Two - phase transformers

Transformer Cooling Methods:

● (ONAN) - Oil Natural Air Natural
● (ONAF) - Oil Natural Air Forced
● (OFAF) - Oil Forced Air Forced
● (OFWF) - Oil Forced Water Forced

Application of transformers in the 4 sectors of energy:

GENERATION
Output power = Input power
Output: 11kV or 13.8kV
Where:
Step-up to: 69kV, 115kV, 138kV, 230kV, 350kV, or 500kV
θp = the angle between the primary voltage and the
primary current.
TRANSMISSION
θs = the angle between the secondary voltage and the
Luzon Grid: 69kV, 115kV, 230kV, and 500kV
secondary current.
Visayas and Mindanao Grid: 69kV, 138kV, and 230kV

DISTRIBUTION: Commonly used: 11kV, 6.6kV, 3.3kV

SUPPLY: 240V to 220V

Working Principle:
Theory of Operation of Real Single-Phase Transformer
● Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
 (EE 321) ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 - BS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
excitation current - the total current flow into the primary
winding

where: Current Ratio on a Transformer and the Dot

λ = flux linkage in the coil across which the voltage is Convention
being induced.
The dots help determine the polarity of the voltages and
The flux linkage λ is the sum of the flux passing through currents in the core without having to physically examine
each turn in the coil added over all the turns of the coil. the windings.

flux leakage - flux which does not reach the secondary A current flowing into the dotted end of a winding
coil, in this case the flux leaks out of the transformer core produces a positive magnetomotive force, while a
into the surrounding. current flowing into the undotted end of a winding
produces a negative magnetomotive force.
mutual flux - the flux that reaches the secondary side.

Magnetization Current in a Real transformer

Although the output of the transformer is open circuit,

there will still be current flow in the primary
windings. The current components may be divided into 2
components: The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer

1) Magnetization current, iM – current required to produce Taking into account real transformer, there are several
flux in the core. losses that has to be taken into account in order to
accurately model the transformer, namely:
2) Core-loss current, ih+e – current required to
compensate for hysteresis and eddy current losses. ● Copper loss
● Eddy current loss
● Hysteresis Loss
● Leakage flux

Open-circuit test

Current in a transformer has the following

characteristics:

1. It is not sinusoidal but a combination of high frequency

oscillation on top of the fundamental frequency due to
magnetic saturation.
2. The current lags the voltage at 90⁰
3. At saturation, the high frequency components will be
extreme as such that harmonic problems will occur.

The core-loss current has the following

characteristics:

a) When flux is at 0Wb, core-loss current is at a maximum

hence it is in phase with the voltage applied at the primary
windings.
b) Core-loss current is non-linear due to the non-linearity
effects of hysteresis.
 (EE 321) ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2 - BS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

Short-circuit Test

Per-Unit System Measurements

Three-Phase Transformer Connection

Per-Unit System for 3-phase Transformer