CE144

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

WITH C++

UNIT-10
Managing Console I/O Operations

N. A. Shaikh
[email protected]
 Topics to be covered
 Introduction
 C++ stream
 C++ stream classes
 Unformatted console I/O Operations
 Formatted console I/O Operations

Unit 10: Managing Console I/O Operations Prepared By: Nishat Shaikh
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 Introduction
 Every program takes some data as input and generates
processed data as output following the familiar input-
process-output cycle.
 We have used cin and cout with the operators >> and
<< for the I/O operations.
 C++ supports a rich set of I/O functions and operations.
 C++ use the concept of stream and stream classes to
implement it I/O operations with the console and disk
files
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 C++ Streams
 The I/O system supplies an interface to the
programmer that is independent of the actual device
being accessed. This interface is known as stream.
 A stream is a sequence of bytes.
 The source stream that provides data to the program is
called the input stream.
 The destination stream that receives output from the
program is called the output stream.

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 C++ Streams

 The data in the input stream can come from the

keyboard or any other device.
 Similarly, the data in the output stream can go to the
screen or any other storage device
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 C++ Streams
 C++ contains several pre-defined streams that are
automatically opened when a program begins its
execution.

 Ex: cin represents the input stream connected to the

standard input device(usually keyboard) and cout
represents the output stream connected to the
standard output device(usually screen)

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 C++ Stream classes
 The C++ I/O system contains a hierarchy of classes that
are used to define various streams to deal with both
the console and disk files. These classes are called
stream classes.

 These classes are declared in the header file iostream

which should be included in all the programs that
communicate with the console unit.

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 C++ Stream classes

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 C++ Stream classes

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 Unformatted console I/O Operations
 Overloaded Operators >> and <<

 put() and get() functions

 getline() and write() functions

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 Overloaded Operators >> and <<
 The objects cin and cout are used for the input and
output of data of various types by overloading >> and
<< operators.
 The >> operator is overloaded in the istream class and
<< is overloaded in the ostream class
General format for cin and cout:

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 Overloaded Operators >> and <<
Notes on >>
 >> will cause the computer to stop the execution and
look for input data from the standard input device.
 Spaces, newlines and tabs will be skipped.
 The reading for a variable will be terminated at
• A white space OR
• A character that does not match the destination
type

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 Overloaded Operators >> and <<

Suppose user enters 8524D, then ‘D’ remains in the input

stream and will be input to the next cin statement.

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 put() and get() functions
 get() and put() are member functions of istream and
ostream classes.
 For single character input/output operation including
blank space , tab and newline character.
 There are two types of get() functions:
• get(char*)->Assigns the input character to its
argument
• get(void)->returns the input character
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 put() and get() functions

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 put() and get() functions

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 put() and get() functions

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 getline() and write() functions
 The getline() function reads a whole line of text that
ends with a newline character.

 The reading is terminated as soon as either the new

line character is read or size-1 characters are read.

 write() function displays an entire line of text

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 getline() and write() functions
getline() & write() cin & cout

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 getline() functions

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 write() functions

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 write() functions
It is possible to concatenate two strings using the write()
function.

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 Formatted console I/O Operations
 C++ supports a number of features that could be used
for formatting the output.

These features include:

 ios class functions and flags.

 Manipulators.

 User-defined output functions

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 ios class functions and flags

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 Defining field width: width()
 The width() function is used to define the width of a
field necessary for the output of an item

 The output will be printed in a field of w characters

wide at the right end of the field

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 Setting Precision: precision()
 We can specify the number of digits to be displayed
after the decimal point while printing the floating point
numbers.
 By default, the floating numbers are printed with six
digits after the decimal point.

NOTE: Unlike, the function width(), precision() retains the

setting in effect until it is reset.

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 Filling and Padding: fill()
 The unused positions of the field are filled with white
spaces.
 However, the fill() function can be used to fill the
unused positions by any desired character

NOTE: Like precision(), fill() stays in effect till we change it

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 Formatting Flags, Bit-fields and setf()
 The setf() (set flags) member function of the ios class is
used for various types of formatting

 The arg1 is one of the formatting flags, specifying the

action required for the output.
 The arg2 known as bit field specifies the group to which
the formatting flag belongs.
 There are three bit fields and each has a group of
format flags

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 Formatting Flags, Bit-fields and setf()

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 Formatting Flags, Bit-fields and setf()

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 Displaying trailing zeros and Plus sign
 The setf() can be used with the flag as a single
argument for achieving various format of output.
 There are some flags that do not have bit fields

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 Displaying trailing zeros and Plus sign

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 Manipulators
 The header file iomanip provides a set of functions
called manipulators which can be used to manipulate
the output formats.
 Some manipulators are more convenient to use than
the member functions and flags of ios.
 Two or more manipulators can be used as a chain in one
statement.

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 Manipulators

NOTE: Refer Unit-3 for more details.

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 Manipulators
 We can jointly use the manipulators and the ios
functions

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 Manipulators VS ios Member Function
 The ios member function return the previous format
state which can be used later.

 But the manipulator does not return the previous

format state.

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 Manipulators VS ios Member Function

Difference between ios member functions and

manipulators

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 User-defined output functions/ Manipulators
The programmer can also define his own manipulator
according to the requirement of the program.
Syntax:

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 User-defined output functions/ Manipulators

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 User-defined output functions/ Manipulators

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 Let’s Practice

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 Let’s Practice

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 Let’s Practice

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End of Unit-10