ELECTRIC CIRCUITS 3
EEP412L1
INTRODUCTION TO
THREE PHASE SYSTEM
JURIEVE R. BAGAY
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 2
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 3
POLYPHASE SYSTEM
• Consist of two or more equal voltages with
fixed phase difference which supply power to
load connected to lines
• In two phase system, two equal voltage differ
in phase by 90°
• In three phase system, the voltages have a
phase difference of 120°
• In system with six or more phase are
sometimes use in polyphase rectifier to obtain
a rectified voltage with low ripple.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 4
Three Phase System
• Commonly and practically used in generation and
transmission of electric power
• The induced voltage in the three equally spaced
coils has a phase difference of 120°
• The voltage in coil A reaches a maximum first,
followed by B and then C for sequences ABC
• The three-phase system was introduced and
patented by Nikola Tesla in 1887 and 1888.
• A three-phase AC system consists of three-phase
generators, transmission lines, and loads.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 5
Typical Transformer Yard
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 6
Basic Three-Phase Circuit
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 7
Three Phase System
• A three-phase system is generally more
economical than others because it uses
less conductor material to transmit
electric power than equivalent single-
phase or two-phase systems at the same
voltage.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 8
Three-Phase Voltages
vaa 2 V cos t
vbb 2 V cos( t 120)
vcc 2 V cos( t 240)
(a) The three windings on a
cylindrical drum used to
obtain three-phase voltages (b) Balanced three-phase
voltages
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 9
Generation of three-phase voltages and currents
A three-phase AC
generator consists of
three single-phase
generators with
voltages of equal
amplitudes and phase
differences of 1200.
Generation of three-phase voltages and currents
Each of three-phase
generators can be
connected to one of three
identical loads.
This way the system would
consist of three single-
phase circuits differing in
phase angle by 1200.
The current flowing to each
load can be found as
V
I
Z
Generation of three-phase voltages and currents
Therefore, the currents flowing in each phase are
V 00
IA I
Z
V 1200
IB I 120
Z
V 2400
IA I 240
Z
Generation of three-phase voltages and currents
We can connect the negative (ground) ends of the three single-
phase generators and loads together, so they share the common
return line (neutral).
Generation of three-phase voltages and currents
The current flowing through a neutral can be found as
I N I A I B IC I I 1200 I 2400
I cos( ) jI sin( ) I cos( 1200 ) jI sin( 1200 ) I cos( 2400 ) jI sin( 2400 )
I cos( ) cos( 1200 ) cos( 2400 ) jI sin( ) sin( 1200 ) sin( 2400 )
I cos( ) cos( )cos(1200 ) sin( )sin(1200 ) cos( )cos(2400 ) sin( )sin(2400 )
jI sin( ) sin( )cos(1200 ) cos( )sin(1200 ) sin( )cos(2400 ) cos( )sin(2400 )
1 3 1 3
Which is: I N I cos( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( )
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
jI sin( ) sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( )
2 2 2 2
0
Generation of three-phase voltages and currents
As long as the three loads are equal, the return current in the neutral is
zero!
Such three-phase power systems (equal magnitude, phase differences
of 1200, identical loads) are called balanced.
In a balanced system, the neutral is unnecessary!
Phase Sequence is the order in which the voltages in the individual
phases peak.
ABC Sequence ACB Sequence
Phasor (Vector) Form for abc
Vc=Vm/+120°
Va=Vm/0°
Vb=Vm/-120°
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 16
Phasor (Vector) Form for abc
Vc=Vm/+120°
Va=Vm/0°
Vb=Vm/-120°
Note that KVL applies .... Va+Vb+Vc=0
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 17
Three-Phase Generator
• 2-pole (North-South)
rotor turned by a
“prime mover”
• Sinusoidal voltages are
induced in each stator
winding
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 18
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 19
THREE PHASE GENERATOR
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 20
GENERATOR WORK
• The generator consists of a rotating magnet
(rotor) surrounded by a stationary winding
(stator).
• Three separate windings or coils with
terminals a-a’, b-b’, and c-c’ are physically
placed 120 apart around the stator.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 21
GENERATOR WORK
• As the rotor rotates, its magnetic field cuts the
flux from the three coils and induces voltages
in the coils.
• The induced voltage have equal magnitude
but out of phase by 120.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 22
GENERATION OF THREE-PHASE AC
S
x x
N
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 23
THREE-PHASE WAVEFORM
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
120 120 120
240
Phase 2 lags phase 1 by 120. Phase 2 leads phase 3 by 120.
Phase 3 lags phase 1 by 240.JURIEVE R. BAGAY
Phase 1 leads phase 3 by 240.
24
GENERATION OF 3 VOLTAGES
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
S
x x
Phase 1 is ready to go positive.
Phase 2 is going more negative. N
Phase 3 is going less positive.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 25
Construction of three phase sine waves
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 26
Three Phase System
• BALANCED SYSTEM – It has a
balanced source (equal voltages) and
a balanced load (equal impedances)
• UNBALANCED SYSTEM – It has an
unbalanced source (unequal
voltages) or an unbalanced load
(unequal impedances)
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 27
Three Phase System
a a
V0 Wye Connected
_
n Source
_ _
V-240 V-120
+ +
b b
c
c
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 28
Three Phase System
a a
_ + Delta
Source
+ _
c b b
_ +
Delta Connected Source c
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 29
SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
SOURCE LOAD CONNECTION
Wye Wye Y-Y
Wye Delta Y-
Delta Delta -
Delta Wye -Y
SOURCE-LOAD CONNECTION
• Common connection of source: WYE
– Delta connected sources: the circulating current
may result in the delta mesh if the three phase
voltages are slightly unbalanced.
• Common connection of load: DELTA
– Wye connected load: neutral line may not be
accessible, load can not be added or removed
easily.
Wye Connected Source – Wye Connected Load
a A
Zl
ZL
n
N
ZL ZL
b
c B C
Zl
Zl
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 32
Delta Connected Source – Delta Connected Load
a A
Zl
_ +
ZL
ZL
+ _
b
c _ + B C
Zl ZL
Zl
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 33
Delta Connected Source – Wye Connected Load
a A
Zl
_ + ZL
+ _
ZL ZL
b
c _ + B C
Zl
Zl
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 34
Wye Connected Source – Delta Connected Load
a a
A
IaA IAB ICA
+
V0
_
Z Z
n
_ _
V-240 V-120 IBC
+ +
b b B C
c Z
c
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 35
THREE PHASE QUANTITIES
QUANTITY SYMBOL
Phase current I
Line current IL
Phase voltage V
Line voltage VL
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 36
PHASE VOLTAGES and LINE VOLTAGES
• Phase voltage is measured between the
neutral and any line: line to neutral voltage
• Line voltage is measured between any two of
the three lines: line to line voltage.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 37
PHASE CURRENTS and LINE
CURRENTS
• Line current (IL) is the current in each line of
the source or load.
• Phase current (I) is the current in each
phase of the source or load.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 38
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
There are two types of connections in three-phase circuits: Y and .
Each generator and each load can be either Y- or -connected. Any
number of Y- and -connected elements may be mixed in a power system.
Phase quantities - voltages and currents in a given phase.
Line quantities – voltages between the lines and currents in the lines
connected to the generators.
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
1). Y-connection
Assuming
a resistive
load…
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
1). Y-connection
Van V 0 0
Vbn V 120 0
Vcn V 240 0
Since we assume a resistive load:
I a I 0 0
I b I 120 0
I c I 240 0
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
1). Y-connection
The current in any line is the same as the current in the
corresponding phase.
I L I
Voltages are:
1 3 3 3
Vab Va Vb V 0 V 120 V V j V V j V
0 0
2 2 2 2
3 1
3V j 3V 300
2 2
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
1.) Y-connection
Magnitudes of the line-to-line voltages and the line-to-neutral voltages are
related as:
VLL 3V
In addition, the line voltages
are shifted by 300 with respect
to the phase voltages.
In a connection with ABC
sequence, the voltage of a
line leads the phase voltage.
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
2.) -connection
assuming a
resistive load:
Vab V 0 0
I ab I 0 0
Vbc V 120 0
I bc I 120 0
Vca V 240 0
I ca I 240 0
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
2.) -connection
VLL V
The currents are:
1 3
I a I ab I ca I 0 I 240 I I j
0 0
I
2 2
3 3 3 1
I j I 3I j 3I 300
2 2 2 2
The magnitudes: I L 3I
Voltages and Currents in Three Phase
For the connections with the ABC phase sequences, the current of a
line lags the corresponding phase current by 300
For the connections
with the ACB phase
sequences, the line
current leads the
corresponding phase
current by 300.
Conclusions for the Y connection
• The amplitude of the line-to-line voltage is
equal to √3 times the amplitude of the phase
voltage.
• The line-to-line voltages form a balanced set
of 3-phase voltages.
• The set of line-to-line voltages leads the set of
line-to-neutral (phase) voltages by 30°.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 47
Conclusions for the Delta Connection
• The amplitude of the line current is equal to
√3 times the phase current.
• The set of line currents lags the phase
currents by 30°.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 48
Summary
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 49
Three Phase Balanced System
WYE CONNECTED SYSTEM DELTA CONNECTED SYSTEM
Line _ Voltage 3Phase _ Voltage Line _ Voltage Phase _ Voltage
VL 3V VL V
Line _ Current Phase _ Current Line _ Current 3Phase _ Current
I L I I L 3I
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 50
Comparison between Star and Delta
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 51
Power Relationships
Phase quantities in each phase of a Y- or -connection.
Real Power P 3V I cos 3I Z cos 2
Reactive Power Q 3V I sin 3I 2 Z sin
Apparent Power S 3V I 3I 2 Z
Note: these equations are valid for balanced loads only.
Power Relationships
Line quantities: Y-connection.
Power consumed by a load: P 3V I cos
Since for this load I L I and VLL 3V
VLL
Therefore: P3 I L cos
3
Finally:
P 3VLL I L cos
Note: these equations are valid for balanced loads only.
Power Relationships
Line quantities: -connection.
Power consumed by a load: P 3V I cos
Since for this load I L 3I and VLL V
IL
Therefore: P3 VLL cos
3
Finally:
P 3VLL I L cos
Same as for a Y-connected load!
Note: these equations were derived for a balanced load.
Power Relationships
Line quantities: For both Y-connection and -connection.
Reactive power Q 3VLL I L sin
S 3VLL I L
Apparent power
Note: is the angle between the phase voltage and the phase
current – the impedance angle.
Electrodynamic Wattmeter
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 56
Digital Power Meter VAR Meter
pf Meter
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 57
Single-Phase Vs. Three-Phase
• Three-phase current offers a steadier source
of power.
• Magnetic force which, causes motor rotation
is strongest when current flow is at its peak in
the cycle.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 58
Single-Phase Vs. Three-Phase
• Single-phase current peaks twice during one
cycle, whereas, three-phase current peaks six
times during one cycle.
• Three-phase motors are simpler, cheaper to
buy and maintain, and safer to use around
combustible materials since there is no
sparking when they start.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 59
Single-Phase Vs. Three-Phase
• This is because three-phase current allows a
motor to be self-starting since it produces a
rotating field of magnetism in the motor.
• This eliminates the need for a separate
starting winding, centrifugal switch, starting
capacitor, or a system of brushes.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 60
Single-Phase Vs. Three-Phase
• Three-phase motors are available in larger
horsepower sizes than single-phase motors.
• Current is supplied to the motor with three
conductors rather than two.
• They supply a single phase two-wire circuit of
the same capacity, voltage rating, length of
circuit, and transmission efficiency.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 61
Single-Phase Vs. Three-Phase
• This allowed the power supplied to larger
three-phase motors to be on the same size
conductor as that required for smaller single-
phase motors.
• A balanced three-phase, three-wire circuit
with equal voltages uses 75% of the copper
required for conductors.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 62
Single-Phase Vs. Three-Phase
• Three-phase motors are less expensive and
usually lighter and smaller than single-phase
motors of the same horsepower rating.
• There is also a wider choice of enclosures
available than for single-phase motors.
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 63
Single-Phase Vs. Three-Phase
• Three-phase current service is much more
expensive to have than single-phase current at
a local farm.
• It requires more lines to be brought in and
three transformers versus one transformer
required for single-phase current
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 64
EXAMPLE 1
A balanced delta connected load having an
impedance 20-j15 is connected to a delta
connected, positive sequence generator having
Vab = 3300 V. Calculate the phase currents of
the load and the line currents.
EXAMPLE 2
A balanced positive sequence Y-connected
source with Van=10010 V is connected to a -
connected balanced load (8+j4) per phase.
Calculate the phase and line currents.
EXAMPLE 3
Determine the total power (P), reactive power
(Q), and complex power (S) at the source and at
the load
EXAMPLE #4
A three phase motor can be regarded as a
balanced Y-load. A three phase motor draws
5.6 kW when the line voltage is 220 V and
the line current is 18.2 A. Determine the
power factor of the motor
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 69
“To the one who has, more will be
given; from the one who has not,
even what he has will be
taken away.”
– Mark 4:25
70
JURIEVE R. BAGAY
JURIEVE R. BAGAY 71
THANK YOU!
JURIEVE R. BAGAY JURIEVE R. BAGAY 72
